Sensory Abnormalities Research Articles

Corneal Sensory Changes and Nerve Plexus Abnormalities in Chronic Neuropathic Ocular Pain and Dry Eye Post-Refractive Surgery.

Corneal Sensory Changes and Nerve Plexus Abnormalities in Chronic Neuropathic Ocular Pain and Dry Eye Post-Refractive Surgery.

A pathophysiological and mechanistic review of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy therapy

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves characterized by proximal and distal muscle weakness and sensory abnormalities. CIDP has been associated with various pathophysiological mechanisms that are not fully understood and that likely differ across groups of patients. It has been proposed that an interplay of different immunopathological mechanisms including the cellular, humoral and complement pathways play a key role in peripheral nerve damage in CIDP. Currently approved treatments and therapies in research often target different potential pathophysiological mechanisms. The efficacy of these different treatments can shed light on the prominence of particular pathophysiological pathways in subsets of patients with CIDP. For example, the complement pathway plays a key role in promoting macrophage-mediated demyelination, and complement inhibitors are under development as new targets in CIDP treatment, with mixed results. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has also been targeted as a promising treatment avenue due to its role in immunoglobulin G degradation. Efgartigimod is the first FcRn blocker approved for the treatment of CIDP. This review provides an overview of key proposed mechanisms of action in CIDP pathophysiology in the context of both basic scientific findings and treatment targets in recent clinical studies.

Reliability and Validity of the Ten Test for the Assessment of Digit Sensation.

Reliability and Validity of the Ten Test for the Assessment of Digit Sensation.

Investigating the Effect of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS) Surgery on Sexual Function in Male Patients over 50 Years

Background and Objectives: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a leading cause of back surgery in elderly individuals. Additionally, LSS can result in buttock pain; abnormal sensations; or even loss of sensation in the thighs, feet, legs, and buttocks, as well as potential loss of bowel and bladder control. As a further consequence, sexual activity is impaired. However, there is limited information on sexual function in patients undergoing LSS surgery, in general, and among male patients, in specific. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LSS surgery on sexual function in male patients over 50 years. Materials and Methods: Participants were fifty male patients with LSS aged 50 years and older who underwent LSS surgery at the Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah from March 2024 to the end of 2024. To assess sexual performance over time, participants completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) questionnaire both before LSS surgery and six months after LSS surgery. For pre–post comparison, we used paired t-tests. Results: Compared to the pre-surgery stage, six-month post-surgery improvements were erectile function (+21%; Cohen’s d: 1.40), orgasmic function (+35.1%; Cohen’s d: 1.49), sexual desire (+27.3%; Cohen’s d: 1.48), intercourse satisfaction (+14% Cohen’s d: 0.77), overall satisfaction (+34.6% Cohen’s d: 1.74), and overall sexual function (+25.3%; Cohen’s d: 1.48). Conclusions: Among a sample of male patients aged 50 years and older, LSS surgery improved all dimensions of sexual satisfaction, including orgasmic, erectile, and sexual functions; sexual desire; intercourse satisfaction; and overall satisfaction. Medical doctors treating males with LSS might consider informing their patients about the favorable effects of LSS surgery on sexual life and sexual satisfaction.

The Decline of Sensory-Motility Coordination in Rectal Evacuation due to Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.

Constipation, a common defecatory disorder, exhibits various symptoms and individual variability. Abnormalities in rectal sensation and/or motility are prevalent among patients. However, the mechanisms linking rectal sensation and motility, and their impact on rectal evacuation function, remain poorly understood. Our study gathered data from 154 chronic constipation patients, including rectal sensation and motility, electromyography, motor evoked potentials, defecography, and balloon expulsion test. The aim was to investigate the association between rectal sensation and motility in the context of different symptom profiles and to identify potential influencing factors and to evaluate their effect on rectal evacuation. Defecatory desire volume affects contrast evacuation (r = -0.181, p = 0.042). Hyposensitive patients show lower balloon expulsion rates, rectoanal gradient, and manometric defecation index than hypersensitive patients (p = 0.002, 0.007, and 0.041). Rectal sensation correlates with rectoanal gradient across all sensitivity levels (p < 0.05). Excessive electromyographic activity affects maximum tolerable volume in rectoanal gradient compared to normal (r = -0.551 vs. -0.434). Neurological conduction dysfunction weakens rectal sensation-motility coordination. Age and gender synergistically affect this coordination in normal rectal sensitivity (p < 0.05), while patients with abnormal rectal sensitivity are more sensitive to constipation severity (p < 0.05). A decrease in rectal sensitivity may impair normal rectal evacuation, a process that may involve rectal motility changes mediated by rectal sensation. Excessive electromyographic activity and neurological conduction dysfunction may both contribute to the decreased coordination between rectal sensation and motility. Furthermore, the severity of the disease, age, and gender may all influence this association.

Glutamate as a Therapeutic Substrate in Migraine.

Recurrent and intense headache is a well appreciated cardinal feature of migraine, a common and incapacitating neurological disorder. Often, there are associated canonical sensory abnormalities, such as light and sound sensitivity, as well as associated nausea. Given this phenotype of disordered sensory processing and, in a third of patients, the phenomenon called aura accompanying migraine attacks, it has been suggested that the pathophysiology of migraine is likely to involve glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate plays a role in nociception, central sensitization, and cortical spreading depression (CSD), three processes that are deemed important in migraine biology. With an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting various glutamate receptors in migraine, this review will discuss the currently available literature and emerging findings on the role of targeting glutamatergic pathways for the treatment of migraine. A thorough literature review was carried out on the functions of both metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), and the ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate) in migraine pathogenesis. The ever-present need for new treatments, the role of glutamate in the migraine aura phenomenon, and the consequences of monogenic migraine mutations on mediating prolonged, complex, or permanent aura are all discussed, culminating in a suggestion that glutamatergic targeting may hold particular promise in the management of migraine aura. There are plausible roles for metabotropic receptors in regulating pain processing in important migraine-related brain structures, like the thalamus and trigeminal nucleus. Similarly, ionotropic receptors contribute to excitatory neurotransmission and neuronal hyperexcitability. Recent studies have shown preclinical and early clinical results for treatments targeting these receptors, but there are still significant issues with treatment response, including drug transport, side effects, and efficacy. With ongoing and emerging discoveries in the field, there is increasing promise of new migraine medications targeting glutamate receptors. For bench to bedside translation in this area, continued study of the molecular basis of migraine, receptor subtypes, and exploration of potential drug delivery methods are needed.

PDH Inhibition in Drosophila Ameliorates Sensory Dysfunction Induced by Vincristine Treatment in the Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Models

Background/Objectives: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a significant dose-limiting side effect of many effective anticancer agents, including vincristine. While CIPN adversely affects both oncological outcomes and the quality of life for cancer patients, the in vivo mechanisms behind CIPN pathology remain largely unknown, and effective treatments have yet to be developed. In this study, we established a novel Drosophila model of CIPN using vincristine to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. Methods: We assessed the impact of vincristine exposure on thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae using a programmable heat probe. Additionally, we investigated vincristine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and dendritic abnormalities in class IV dendritic arborization (C4da) neurons with various fluorescent protein markers. Results: We found a dose-dependent increase in thermal hypersensitivity, accompanied by changes in the sensory dendrites of C4da neurons in vincristine-treated fly larvae. Moreover, vincristine significantly enhanced mitochondrial ROS production and mitophagy—a selective autophagy that targets dysfunctional mitochondria—indicating vincristine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction within C4da neurons. Surprisingly, inhibiting the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), a key mitochondrial metabolic enzyme complex, effectively rescued the mitochondrial and sensory abnormalities caused by vincristine. Conclusions: Findings from this first Drosophila model of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in VIPN pathology, representing PDH as a potential target for the treatment of VIPN.

HD-tDCS effects on social impairment in autism spectrum disorder with sensory processing abnormalities: a randomized controlled trial

This study examined the effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on social impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), focusing on those with and without sensory processing abnormalities. A randomized double-blind sham-controlled trial involved 72 children with ASD, divided into three groups based on sensory integration status. A post-hoc analysis of 51 children aged 4–8 years who received true HD-tDCS was conducted, categorizing them into hypo-tactile, hyper-tactile, and typical tactile sensitivity groups. Therapeutic efficacy was compared across these groups. (1) The randomized cntrolled Trial: The typical sensory integration group showed significant improvements in social awareness (t = 5.032, p < 0.000) and autistic mannerisms (t = 3.085, p = 0.004) compared to the sensory integration dysfunction group. (2)The result of the post-hoc analysis: The hypo-tactile and typical tactile sensitivity groups exhibited notable improvements in social awareness, cognition, communication, autistic mannerisms, and total SRS scores. In contrast, the hyper-tactile group only had a significant reduction in social communication (t = 2.385, p = 0.022) post-intervention. HD-tDCS effectively improved social impairment symptoms in children with ASD, particularly those with typical sensory integration and either typical or hypo-tactile responsiveness.

Restless head syndrome: A retrospective study.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterized by an urge to move with an unpleasant sensation in the lower limbs. RLS typically affects the legs. However, it can also affect several other body regions, such as the arms, abdomen, face, neck, head, and genital area. There are only a few reports of the RLS variant affecting the head. To assess the epidemiological, clinical, and other aspects of the RLS variant affecting the head. We conducted a retrospective study of 17 adult patients (> 18 years) who met the RLS criteria and simultaneously experienced RLS-like symptoms in the head. The median age at which symptoms appeared was 41.6 years. Males and females were equally affected (1.1:1). All 17 patients had uncomfortable sensations in the lower legs. Insomnia or disturbed sleep was the most common comorbidity (n = 16, 88.2%). However, headache was the most common presenting or primary symptom (n = 10, 70.5%). Dizziness or an abnormal sensation in the head was the second most common presenting symptom (5 patients, 29.4%). Other presenting features were leg pain, backache, and generalized body pain. All patients responded favorably to dopaminergic medications. If RLS-related unpleasant sensations and pain are felt in the head, they may be misinterpreted as headache, dizziness, or psychosomatic symptoms. RLS and headaches in a subset of patients may be two phenotypic manifestations of the same disorder.

Mesh-reinforced reconstruction after abdominal wall desmoid tumor resection: a retrospective analysis of 16 cases.

Managing the defect after abdominal wall desmoid tumor resection is challenging due to the wide excision required. This report aims to review our institutional experience with mesh-reinforced reconstruction following desmoid tumor resection in the abdominal wall. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent abdominal wall desmoid tumor resection with mesh-reinforced reconstruction between April 2014 and January 2019. Patient records were analyzed to collect data on demographic characteristics, surgical procedures, and complications. Sixteen eligible patients were identified, including one patient who underwent simultaneous resection of affected intra-abdominal organs. The mean size of the abdominal wall defect was 88.1 ± 71.6cm², and the mean mesh size was 160.3 ± 56.5cm². The mean operative time was 87.5 ± 41.4min, the mean hospital stay was 15.7 ± 6.0 days, and the mean follow-up period was 83.8 ± 18.0 months. Complications included seroma (n = 1) and abnormal sensation (n = 2). Tumor recurrence was observed in 1 patient, who died due to cancer progression (lung cancer). No surgical site infections or mesh infections were observed. Additionally, no patients developed ventral hernias or abdominal bulging. Mesh-reinforced reconstruction is a feasible and effective approach for patients requiring abdominal wall desmoid tumor resection.

Clinical and Molecular Barriers to Understanding the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS).

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is an idiopathic, highly debilitating chronic disorder with persistent regional pain accompanied by a combination of sensory, motor, and autonomic abnormalities. It is not only difficult to treat but also difficult to study. This scoping review aimed to identify the key clinical and molecular challenges encountered in CRPS research and to examine the assessment tools currently employed. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar using a combination of free text and MeSH terms related to CRPS, clinical and molecular aspects, neuroinflammation, biomarkers, and research challenges. We analyzed 55 original clinical research papers on CRPS and 17 studies of immunological/biochemical/molecular aspects of CRPS. A significant degree of heterogeneity was observed in the methodologies employed across the reviewed studies. The most frequently reported challenges included difficulties in participant recruitment and controlling confounding factors (reported in 62% of studies), such as the heterogeneity of the patient population, the influence of pain coping strategies and psychological factors, and the impact of sociocultural factors (reported in 62% of studies). Research into diagnostic and prognostic markers for CRPS also faces numerous challenges. Recruiting participants is difficult due to the rarity of the condition, resulting in small sample sizes for studies. In vitro models often fail to replicate the complexity of in vivo inflammation, limiting their applicability. Findings from early CRPS stages may not generalize to chronic CRPS because of differing pathophysiological mechanisms and symptom profiles. Additional obstacles include the disorder's heterogeneity, difficulties in controlling confounding factors, variability in treatment approaches, and the lack of standardized tools and baseline comparisons. These issues hinder the development of reliable biomarkers and evidence-based treatments. Due to these difficulties, the exact cause of CRPS is still not fully understood, making it difficult to develop effective, specific treatments and conduct targeted research.

The Impact of Urodynamic Findings on Fatigue and Depression in People with Multiple Sclerosis.

Background: Fatigue and depression are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) that severely impair quality of life. The factors influencing both are of increasing interest for establishing therapeutic synergisms. Correlations between the symptoms of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), fatigue, and depression have been described, but the impact of pathological urodynamic study (UDS) findings has not been investigated to date. Method: This retrospective, observational study correlated UDS findings of 274 people with MS (PwMS), prospectively collected between February 2017 and September 2021, with scores on the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions and the German version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The effects of abnormal UDS on the FSMC and ADS scores were examined. Abnormal UDS was defined as follows: first desire to void (FDV) < 100 mL, strong desire to void < 250 mL (SDV), abnormal sensation, detrusor overactivity, detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia, reduced cystometric bladder capacity < 250 mL (MCBC), and compliance < 20 mL/cm H2O (Clow). Results: PwMS with Clow (mean difference 3.21, 95% CI 0.25; 6.17, p = 0.036) or FDV < 100 mL (mean difference 2.61, 95% CI 0.1; 5.12, p = 0.041) had significantly higher FSMC mean values than those without. PwMS with MCBC < 250 mL (relative risk 1.06, 95% CI 1.02; 1.1, p = 0.006) or Clow (relative risk 1.06, 95% CI 1.02; 1.1, p = 0.004) had an increased risk of clinically relevant fatigue. No effects were found for depression. Conclusions: PwMS with NLUTD have higher FSMC scores and an increased risk of fatigue in our retrospective study. The assessment of prospective longitudinal data regarding the effect of successfully treated NLUTD on fatigue is important for utilising therapeutic synergisms for improved quality of life in PwMS.

Deletion of filamin A-interacting protein (FILIP) results in a weak grip strength and abnormal responses to nociceptive stimulation.

Deletion of filamin A-interacting protein (FILIP) results in a weak grip strength and abnormal responses to nociceptive stimulation.

Translation and Response Validation of Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for the Child’s Primary Caregiver (Kannada Version): A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a collection of long-term conditions that impact posture and movement, frequently accompanied by cognitive, sensory, behavioural and communication abnormalities. Children with CP experience a variety of effects on their Quality of Life (QOL), including social, emotional and physical aspects. The CP-specific questionnaire, known as the CP QOL-Child, has not yet been translated or validated in the Kannada language, limiting its applicability in regions where Kannada is the primary language. Aim: To translate and validate the CP QOL-Child Primary Caregiver questionnaire into Kannada. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional cultural study conducted at Department of Paediatric Physiotherapy, KLE College of Physiotherapy, Hubballi, Karnataka, India, over the course of one month (September 14, 2024, to October 14, 2024). It included 50 children with CP (ages 4-12) and their primary caregivers. The Child Primary Caregivers were given a Kannada-translated questionnaire and the data were collected. The internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels and CP QOL were evaluated and compared. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the internal consistency of CP QOL scores; a value of &gt;0.7 was considered indicative of internal consistency and response validity. Results: The mean age observed was 8.1±2.3 years, with 36 (72%) of the children being diagnosed with spastic quadriplegia. Cronbach’s alpha scores for the items in each quality-of-life area demonstrated very good reliability, ranging from 0.687 to 0.882. Overall, the QOL was found to be 41.8±4.2. QOL significantly decreased as GMFCS levels increased, particularly at levels IV (42.8±1.5) and V (36.8±1.4). Pain and the impact of disability showed no significant differences across the GMFCS levels. Conclusion: The present study concludes that the Kannadatranslated CP QOL-Child Primary Caregiver questionnaire (for ages 4-12) is a reliable tool for assessing parent-reported CP QOL in Kannada-speaking primary caregivers.

Clinical features of phantom limb pain in patients with lower limb amputation in a Spanish population.

Clinical features of phantom limb pain in patients with lower limb amputation in a Spanish population.

SARS-CoV-2-induced sensory perturbations: A narrative review of clinical phenotypes, molecular pathologies, and possible interventions.

SARS-CoV-2-induced sensory perturbations: A narrative review of clinical phenotypes, molecular pathologies, and possible interventions.

Enhancing Foot Sensitivity in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: The Impact of Diabetic Foot Exercises

Physical activity is an essential way for people with Diabetes Mellitus, especially in dealing with increased sensitivity of the foot. Diabetic foot gymnastics is an exercise performed by DM patients to prevent injuries, help smooth blood circulation, and increase foot sensitivity. The study was designed as a one-group pre and post-test design. The study was conducted on 22-26 May 2018 at the Public Health Center of Peterongan. The sample consisted of 35 respondents using the Purposive Sampling technique. The Independent variable was Diabetic foot gymnastics; the dependent variable was foot sensitivity. The results of analysis used the Wilcoxon test at significance level α = 0.05 was found that ρ &lt;α or 0,000 &lt;0.05, which means that there was an influence of diabetic foot gymnastics with plastic ball to the level of foot sensitivity in DM patients, in which pre-test of half respondent (54.3%) sensitivity of the foot of the ring as many as 19 respondents, and after the post-test become higher as many as respondent (42.9%) had their sensitivity of the foot of the ring as many as 15 respondents. A sensory examination of the foot was required. Because of these results, the risk of complications in the foot could be prevented as early as possible. Normal foot sensation and abnormal foot sensation were sometimes not known by people with diabetes mellitus as one of the factors of diabetic foot gymnastics.

Pain experience of children with Christianson syndrome.

Children with Christianson syndrome (CS), an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the alkali cation/proton exchanger SLC9A6/NHE6, display severe cognitive impairments, mutism, and sensory abnormalities such as hyposensitivity to pain. However, it is unclear whether these children display other sensory abnormalities and whether their pain hyposensitivity is the result of an elevated pain threshold or a complete insensitivity to pain. To better characterize the sensory abnormalities in this disorder, we used a combination of a mouse model of CS and pain questionnaires directed at nonverbal patients with CS. We recruited 14 young male participants with CS and subjected them to a novel observational tool, the Pain Sensory and Painful Situations Questionnaire (PSQ), which takes multiple painful situations into account to broaden the description of pain expression. By analyzing social expressive behaviours of pain in these nonverbal patients, the PSQ documented that over 60% of the participants were unaffected by mechanical or inflammatory painful stimuli. This reduced pain sensitivity was also observed in the mouse CS model. Surprisingly, CS mice also displayed aversive reactions to innocuous stimuli, which prompted us to examine whether such reactions were also present in children with CS. Indeed, the results from the PSQ revealed that 30% to 50% of these patients showed an aversive response to normally innocuous stimuli like light touch and gusts of air. Our results demonstrate that children with CS have aversive reactions to innocuous stimuli and are hyposensitive to painful stimuli, the latter making them at risk for developing complications from unreported injuries.

Atlas Subluxation Complex, National Upper Cervical Chiropractic Association Intervention, and Dizziness Improvement: A Narrative Review of Historical Perspectives, Literature Synthesis, and a Path for Future Care.

Dizziness is a non-specific and common condition in which the afflicted individual experiences abnormal sensations such as lightheadedness, imbalance, or a false sense of spinning (vertigo).The experience of "dizziness" can result from a wide spectrum of abnormal physiological states, including exhaustion, hypotension, and hypoglycemia, but could also indicate a serious underlying health issue. Since it has many potential generating causes, accurate identification of the underlying etiology of dizziness can present a challenge to clinicians, often resulting in ineffective treatments. We present a hypothesis that atlas subluxation complex (ASC) may comprise an etiological agent of dizziness that can be successfully addressed with National Upper Cervical Chiropractic Association (NUCCA) chiropractic care. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of the ASC, introduce the NUCCA chiropractic procedure, and complete a literature review and synthesis.Conceptual evidence, case reports, and theory provide foundational evidence that the ASC may be a contributory factor of dizziness generation and that NUCCA chiropractic corrective care of the ASC may produce favorable dizziness outcomes.However, high-quality studies are lacking. The foundation evidence provides indication that further research via observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is warranted.

46 POSITIVE BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE RECOVERY OF SOCIAL FUNCTIONING IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA

Abstract Background Schizophrenia belongs to a kind of chronic and serious mental illness, which usually manifests itself as abnormalities in sensation, perception, emotion and behaviour, causing serious impact on patients’ life and work. Medication, psychotherapy, social support and other interventions are often used to help patients better adapt to the social environment and improve their quality of life. However, due to the complex pathogenesis and individual differences of schizophrenia, the intervention effect of existing treatments is limited. Existing studies have shown that regular physical activity can promote the plasticity of neurons in the brain, enhance the formation of connection points between neurons, and promote blood circulation in the brain, improve the metabolism and function of neurons, and promote the generation and stabilisation of synapses. However, the role of physical activity in the social functioning of schizophrenic patients remains to be confirmed. Therefore, the study examined whether the positive benefits of physical activity as an intervention for schizophrenia could be extended to the level of social functioning. Methods Sixty subjects who met the Chinese Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Mental Disorders (ICD-10) criteria for schizophrenia were divided equally into an experimental group and a control group; patients in the control group received conventional treatment, and the experimental group received physical activity therapy intervention on top of conventional treatment for a 6-month intervention period. The experimental group and the control group received the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS), the Social Anxiety Subscale (SAS), the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP), and the Social Performance Scale (SPS), respectively, before the intervention and at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th months after the intervention. and Social Performance Scale (PSP), Scale of Social function in Psychosis Inpatients (SSPI), and Social Disability Screening Schedule (SDSS) were measured. Results Compared with the control group, the total SADS scores of the patients in the experimental group decreased significantly after the physical activity intervention (P&amp;lt;0.05) from (13.511±2.646) to (6.456±2.766); and there was a significant statistical difference (P&amp;lt;0.01), and the social interaction function of the experimental group was significantly improved. In the social function analysis, starting from the 4th month of physical activity intervention, there was a significant difference in PSP scores between the experimental group and the control group (P&amp;lt;0.05), and the experimental group’s scores were higher than those of the control group. In addition, the SDSS scale scores of the control group did not change significantly before and after the treatment (P&amp;gt;0.05), while the SDSS scores of the experimental group increased from (15.462±3.146) to (20.164±2.694), which was significantly different from the pre-intervention (P&amp;lt;0.05). Finally, there was a significant difference (P&amp;lt;0.05) in SDSS scores between the different subject groups. Discussion Relative to the control group that received conventional treatment, physical activity produced positive positive benefits on the social functioning of the patients in the experimental group, with significant improvements in social avoidance, social distress, and social motivation. The study suggests that by participating in physical activities, patients can gradually establish positive interactions with others and enhance their sense of social belonging. Combined with previous studies, the results suggest that in the treatment of schizophrenia, physical activity can be considered as one of the adjunctive therapies in order to improve the therapeutic efficacy and the quality of life of patients.