Sensor Tube Research Articles

Selection of optimal composition-control parameters for friable materials

A method for composition analysis of coal and minerals is proposed which uses scattered gamma radiation and does away with preliminary sample preparation to ensure homogeneous particle density, surface area, and size. Reduction of the error induced by material heterogeneity has previously been achieved by rotation of the control object during analysis. A further refinement is proposed which addresses the necessity that the contribution of the radiation scattered from each individual surface to the total intensity be the same. This is achieved by providing a constant linear rate of travel for the irradiated spot through back-and-forth motion of the sensor. An analytical expression is given for the laws of motion for the sensor and test tube which provides for uniform irradiated area movement along a path analogous to the Archimedes spiral. The relationships obtained permit optimization of measurement parameters in analyzing friable materials which are not uniform in grain size.

A new microviscometer for determining the viscosity of middle ear effusion

A new microviscometer has been developed based on the capillary viscometer method. The device uses a glass sensor tube for aspirating 15-microliter samples. The relative viscosity of the samples was estimated from the negative pressure required for aspiration of the fluid. These pressures ranged widely from 1 centipoise (cp) to 10,000 cp. Measurement of the viscosity of middle ear effusions in 119 samples from 110 otitis media with effusion patients using this device revealed a close relation between their values and their gross appearance (serous less than seromucoid less than mucoid). The microviscometer is useful to determine the relative viscosity of a very small amount of fluid such as middle ear effusion.

Measurements on galvanic cells involving solid-sulphide electrolytes

It has been shown that emf measurements on galvanic cells involving solid-sulphide electrolytes may yield valuable thermodynamic data. CaSY 2S 3 and CaSZrS 2 solid solutions were expected to satisfy the conditions as solid electrolyte. Emf measurements on the cells MoMo 2S 3(3 + s)/electrolyte/CuCu 2S(1 + 1) (I), MoMo 2S 3(s + s)/electrolyte/Fe FeS(s + 1) (II), MoMo 2S 3(s + s)/electrolyte/WWS 2(s + s) (III), WWS 2(s + s)/electrolyte/CuCu 2S(1 + 1) (IV), and WSW 2(s + s)/ electrolyte/FeFeS(s + 1) (V) have been made using sulphide sensors in the temperature range 1000–1285°C. Observed emf values were compared with those calculated from the H 2H 2S gas equilibrium investigations. The sensor tubes were also dipped into liquid copper with sulphur concentration from 0.43 to 1.06 at% 1180–1312°C and the emf data were checked by the values deduced from the gas equilibrium experiments.