Sensor For Glucose Detection Research Articles

Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for detection of glucose and insulin

Electrochemical sensors for the detection of specific biomolecules have attracted a lot of interest over the recent years due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, simple preparation and quick response. This article summarizes the recent progress related to the application of nanomaterials in electrochemical detection of glucose and insulin. We give an overview of electrode concepts based on nanomaterials for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose detection and non-immune insulin detection and review the electrochemical performances and limitations of these sensors. The mechanisms of the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose on different nanomaterial-based metallic electrodes are compared. Attention is also focused on schemes of insulin detection on selected nanoparticle-modified carbon electrodes. Finally, the review outlines perspectives of future developments in electrochemical detection of both biomolecules.

Enzymatic manipulation of a DNA-mediated ensemble for sensitive fluorescence detection of glucose

In this work, controllable turn off/on fluorescent sensors for label-free detection of glucose have been successfully developed by designing different DNA/ligands-based ensembles and using enzyme-catalyzed Fenton reaction.

Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Glucose Based on Ni@Pt Core‐shell Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon

AbstractIn this work, Ni@Pt core‐shell nanoparticles with diameter of 3–4 nm and thin Pt shell was synthesized by a successive reduction approach using carbon as support to develop high‐performance non‐enzymatic glucose sensor. The resulting electrochemical sensor displayed good catalytic activity toward glucose oxidation, presenting a high current density of 66.9 µA mM−1 cm−2 at an applied potential of −0.1 V. It showed a wide linear range of 0.1–30.1 mM and the limit of detection was down to 30 µM (S/N=3). Notably, it was found that the proposed sensor exhibited good selectivity to avoid the interference from ascorbic acid, uric acid, fructose and acetamidophenol. Furthermore, the feasibility of the as‐prepared non‐enzymatic glucose sensor in the determination of glucose in serum samples was successfully implemented.

Heteroatom-enriched porous carbon/nickel oxide nanocomposites as enzyme-free highly sensitive sensors for detection of glucose

An eco-friendly synthesis of heteroatom-enriched activated carbon (HAC)-nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposites invoking a simple electrochemical strategy is reported. The structure and surface properties of the synthesized HAC/NiO materials were characterized by a variety of different analytical and spectroscopic techniques, viz. elemental and thermal analyses, physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission-scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties were probed by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The HAC/NiO-modified electrodes exhibited remarkable sensitivity (1722μAμM−1cm−2) and excellent detection limit (55nM) for detection of glucose with desirable selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and tolerance to interference, even for practical analysis of real samples. The unique properties and remarkable electrochemical performances possessed by such facilely prepared HAC/NiO nanocomposite materials render their prospective applications as cost-effective, non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Surface Modification of Cellulose Paper for Quantum Dot-based Sensing Applications

Cellulose paper specimens with and without surface modification were compared in order to study their physicochemical compatibility with quantum dots (QDs) for biochemical sensing applications. Silane and chitosan modification methods were applied. The distribution of QDs deposited on untreated paper and papers modified with silane and chitosan were investigated in order to understand the interaction between QDs and fibre. Modified papers were shown to significantly reduce the undesirable redistribution of QDs during paper drying. The retention ability and thermal resistance of QDs to the loss of fluorescence on modified papers were also studied for the purpose of determining the most suitable paper surface modification for developing QD-Paper-based analytical devices (QD-PADs). Furthermore, chitosan-modified paper was used to design QD-PADs to quantify glucose concentration in aqueous samples; the quenching effect of the enzymatic product on the fluorescent emission of QDs was used as the indicator system. The change of fluorescence of QDs was measured by a simple in-house constructed fluorescence imaging system. The detection limit of glucose was 5 mg/dL, which is comparable with other reported paper sensors for detection of glucose.

Core-shell–CuFe2O4/PPy nanocomposite enzyme-free sensor for detection of glucose

We demonstrated, for the first time, an enzyme-free sensor for detection of glucose based on chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole monomers on the surface of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs). The morphology and surface property of coating phenomenon of CuFe2O4/PPy core-shell nanoparticles were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrocatalytic activity of CuFe2O4/PPy toward glucose oxidation was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry under alkaline conditions. CuFe2O4/PPy core-shells with different shell thickness by varying the amount of pyrrole monomers incorporated were synthesized, and its influence on the morphology and sensing of sensor were also examined. In the amperometric detection of glucose, CuFe2O4/PPy core-shell-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited limit of detection and sensitivity of 0.1 μM and 637.76 μA mM−1 for low concentrations and 0.47 μM and 176 μA mM−1 for high concentrations of glucose, respectively. It was shown that the presence of pyrrole increased the electronic interaction between NPs and polypyrrole matrices. These excellent performances made CuFe2O4/PPy a potential enzyme-free sensor. The glucose sensor exhibited a linear range response toward glucose in concentration between 20 μM and 5.6 mM.

An Overview of the Latest Graphene‐Based Sensors for Glucose Detection: the Effects of Graphene Defects

AbstractIn this review, we analyze several types of graphene‐based sensors for glucose detection with respect to their preparation, properties and efficiency in electrochemical processes. Graphene may display different types of defects, which play a role in the electron transfer processes. Oxygenated groups on the edges of graphene planes reduce the graphene in‐plane conductivity, but may enhance the heterogeneous electron/proton transfer constant. Other positive effects of defects are related to the shortening of the distance between active centers and electrodes upon enzyme or protein immobilization. However, though by different mechanisms, all types of graphene enhance the electrochemical response at the electrode.

Ultrasensitive nonenzymatic sensing of glucose on Ni(OH)2-coated nanoporous gold film with two pairs of electron mediators

Fabrication of new advanced nonenzymatic electrochemical nano-sensors of glucose has recently attracted intensive attention. In this work, we designed a novel ultrasensitive nonenzymatic amperometric sensor for detection of glucose by incorporating two pairs of effective electron mediators, Ni(II)/Ni(III) and Au/Au(I), into a nanoporous structure, namely a nanoporous gold film (NPGF) coated with a thin layer of nickel hydroxide about 4nm in thickness. The NPGF with high roughness was quickly prepared by anodic potential step, and the thin surface coating of Ni(OH)2 was easily obtained by electrooxidizing the electrodeposited Ni coverlayer. The incorporation of thin Ni(OH)2 coating into/on the NPGF led to mutual stabilization without changing the nanoporous structure. The Ni(OH)2/NPGF electrode fabricated totally by facile electrochemical methods at room temperature showed high electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose within a wide potential range (−0.5∼0.2V) due to co-mediating of the two pairs of electron mediators including their coupling Ni(III)+Au=Ni(II)+Au(I). The electrode also demonstrated excellent performance in sensing glucose concentration with a wide linear range (2μM∼7mM), ultrasensitivity (3529μAmM−1cm−2), low detection limit (0.73μM), good repeatability, and long-term stability (3 weeks), which was successfully applied to detect glucose in a human blood serum sample by standard addition method with satisfactory recovery. This work is expected to open a new avenue to fabricate nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors of glucose involving co-mediating.

Glucose sensing by waveguide-based absorption spectroscopy on a silicon chip.

In this work, we demonstrate in vitro detection of glucose by means of a lab-on-chip absorption spectroscopy approach. This optical method allows label-free and specific detection of glucose. We show glucose detection in aqueous glucose solutions in the clinically relevant concentration range with a silicon-based optofluidic chip. The sample interface is a spiral-shaped rib waveguide integrated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic chip. This SOI chip is combined with micro-fluidics in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). We apply aqueous glucose solutions with different concentrations and monitor continuously how the transmission spectrum changes due to glucose. Based on these measurements, we derived a linear regression model, to relate the measured glucose spectra with concentration with an error-of-fitting of only 1.14 mM. This paper explains the challenges involved and discusses the optimal configuration for on-chip evanescent absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the prospects for using this sensor for glucose detection in complex physiological media (e.g. serum) is briefly discussed.

Decorating PtCo Bimetallic Alloy Nanoparticles on Graphene as Sensors for Glucose Detection by Catalyzing Luminol Chemiluminescence

A new type of PtCo(x) @graphene nanocomposite is prepared by a simple chemical solution method, which can dramatically enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity of luminol-H(2)O(2) system, making it possible for the detection of glucose through measuring the H(2)O(2) produced from its catalytic oxidation.

Preparation and characterization of copper nanoparticles/zinc oxide composite modified electrode and its application to glucose sensing

We report a new method for selective detection of d(+)-glucose using a copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) attached zinc oxide (ZnO) film coated electrode. The ZnO and Cu-NPs were electrochemically deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrode and glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by layer-by-layer. In result, Cu-NPs/ZnO composite film topography was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. SEM and AFM confirmed the presence of nanometer sized Cu-NPs/ZnO composite particles on the electrode surface. In addition, X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that Cu-NPs and ZnO films were attached onto the electrode surface. Indeed, the Cu-NPs/ZnO composite modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for glucose oxidation in alkaline (0.1 M NaOH) solution. Further, we utilized the Cu-NPs/ZnO composite modified electrode as an electrochemical sensor for detection of glucose. This glucose sensor showed a linear relationship in the range from 1 × 10 − 6 M to 1.53 × 10 − 3 M and the detection limit ( S/ N = 3) was found to be 2 × 10 − 7 M. The Cu-NPs/ZnO composite as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor presents a number of attractive features such as high sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, selectivity and fast response. The applicability of the proposed method to the determination of glucose in human urine samples was demonstrated with satisfactory results.

Glucose sensors based on a responsive gel incorporated as a Fabry-Perot cavity on a fiber-optic readout platform

An optical sensor for detection of glucose is implemented by incorporating a carbohydrate sensitive hydrogel as a Fabry-Perot cavity at the end of optical fiber for high sensitivity readout of the gel length. The glucose sensing functionality was achieved by incorporating boronic acid moieties into an acrylamide-based hydrogel. The interaction between glucose and boronic acid changes the driving forces for gel swelling thus inducing a glucose sensitive hydrogel swelling. The effects on the carbohydrate swelling response, with respect to sensitivity and selectivity, by incorporation of a cationic monomer, dimethyl-aminopropyl acrylamide, into the boronic acid functionalized responsive gels were determined. The linear gel swelling response in aqueous solutions at aqueous 2.5mM carbohydrates were determined to −1760nm/mM for glucose whereas mannose, sucrose, fructose and galactose displayed a response of about 10% of the glucose response for the hydrogels containing 10mol% dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide. This gel composition with 10mol% dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide is the most promising for detection of glucose at physiological pH and ionic strength. A mechanism where carbohydrate specific stabilisation of the boronic acid group and possible carbohydrate mediated additional crosslinking of the elastically active polymer chains is suggested.

Biosensors based on light-addressable potentiometric sensors for urea, penicillin and glucose

Novel potentiometric biosensors based on light-addressable potentiometric sensors for detection of glucose, penicillin and urea as model compounds are described. n-type silicon substrates covered with SiO 2 and/or Al 2O 3 were applied as a pH sensor. The Al 2O 3 and SiO 2 films were pH-sensitive in the range pH 3–11. The pH-sensitive electrode was applied to produce biosensors for glucose, penicillin and urea by immobilizing glucose oxidase, penicillinase and urease, respectively, on the insulating films. For the glucose and urea sensors, a linear relationships between glucose and urea concentration and bias potential was obtained below 4 mM and 15 mM, respectively. The sensitivity of the glucose sensor was improved by the presence of hexacyanoferrate(III) as an alternative to O 2, which reacts with the coenzyme of glucose oxidase and produces two protons. Penicillin was measured in the range 5–25 mM.