Semi-hardwood Cuttings Research Articles

ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN SEEDLING FORMATION OF BARBADOS CHERRY (Malpighia emarginata D.C.)

ABSTRACT The use of beneficial microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may favor both the growth phase and the stabilization of the seedlings after transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of different AMF species on the development of Barbados cherry seedlings from herbaceous and semi-hardwood cuttings. Softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings, previously rooted, were planted in 500 ml tubes filled with Plantmax® substrate and inoculated with three species of mycorrhizal fungi (Gigaspora margarita - Gimarg, Claroideoglomus etunicatum - Claetun and Glomus clarum - Glclar) isolated and combined (Gimarg + Claetun, Gimarg + Glclar, Claetun + Glclar and Gimarg + Claetun + Glclar). The statistical design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 2 x 8 (two types of cuttings and eight types of inoculation, including control without AMF inoculation) with ten replications. The seedlings were kept in a greenhouse for 100 days and height was measured every 15 days to determine the absolute and relative growth rate (AGR and RGR). At the end of the experiment the seedlings were sacrificed and determined height, fresh and dry shoot mass and root and mycorrhizal colonization rate. The results indicate potential for production of Malpighia emarginata D.C. seedlings inoculated with AMF with tendency to reduce the time for transplanting. The Gimarg + Claetun combination promoted higher rates of absolute growth and height of seedlings from herbaceous cuttings. The species Glomus clarum, isolated or associated with C. etunicatum, promoted higher colonization rates in herbaceous and semi-hardwood seedlings, respectively.

Rooting of Herbaceous and Semihardwood Cuttings of Guava cv. Século XXI, under Varying Concentrations of Indolebutyric Acid

In the commercial production of guava seedlings (Psidium guajava L.) the quality of the cuttings, homogeneity, high percentage of rooting are the factors important to be analyzed. Therefore, as the Século XXI cultivar is recent, it is necessary to do more studies regarding the behavior of this guava to the factors that aid in the rhizogenic process. The objective of this work was to verify the concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) that provide the best rooting of cuttings herbaceous and semihardwood, as well as to verify the best kind of cuttings used for vegetative propagation the guava cuttings cultivar ‘Século XXI’. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 2 + 1 factorial design, beginning with five concentrations of IBA (0, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg L-1), two kinds of cuttings (herbaceous and semihardwood) and one control treatment (immersed in distilled water for 12 hours), with four replications and 10 cuttings per plot. In relation of the variables: the percentage of cuttings live without roots, callus, number of roots and dry weight of shoots did not present significant interaction among treatments, not adjusting to any regression model. Therefore, concluding that the herbaceous cutting is the most indicated for the propagation of guava seedlings of ‘Século XXI’; The concentration of 2500 mg L-1 of IBA promotes a higher percentage of rooted semihardwood cuttings without leaf; The hormone solution diluted with alcohol 50% (v/v) resulted in toxicity for herbaceous and semihardwood cuttings cv. Século XXI.

Effect of Cutting Type, Collection Time of Cutting, Plant Sex, Stem Wounding Method and Presence or Absence of Leaves on Rooting and Growth of Jojoba Shrub Cuttings

A series of six experiments were conducted with an objective of studying the effect of cutting type, collection time of cutting, plant sex, presence or absence of leaves and wounding method on the rooting and growth of jojoba shrub cuttings during 2016-2017 in the Jojoba Naturals Company greenhouses at Sana’a, Yemen. The cuttings were collected, prepared and planted under the transparent plastic tunnel. Perlite medium and automatic mist irrigation were used in the propagation beds. Relative humidity was between 80-99% and the temperature range was not more than 40 o C. Different parameters of rooting and growth of rooted cuttings were determined. Semi-hardwood and softwood cuttings recorded higher rooting percentages (77.77% & 82.22%) respectively than hardwood cuttings (26.11%). The cuttings collected in the spring season gave the greatest value of rooting compared to those collected in autumn and winter season. The presence of leaves on the cuttings within rooting time affected significantly the rooting percentage in comparison with the cuttings without leaves. However, the plant sex and wounding method did not differ significantly in respect of the rooting percentage of semi-hardwood cuttings. By this investigation, an efficient protocol including collection time of cuttings, rooting medium, plant hormone with its concentration, cutting type and rooting conditions was standardized. Thus, jojoba rooted cuttings would be produced in commercial quantities. As rooting success ratio of cuttings exceeds more than 90%.

MULTIPLICATION OF Cattley guava BY DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES AND VARIABILITY AMONG GENOTYPES IN VIGOR AND ROOTING

ABSTRACT Cattley guava (Psidium catteyanum Sabine) is a widespread native plant species of South America and constitutes important genetic resources for the improvement of guava trees. Fruits of these species are consumed by wild animals and extracted by local human populations. However, the vegetative propagation of adult plants, which is necessary for fixing desired characteristics, has been inefficient. The objective of this work was to evaluate the rescue of adult plants of P. cattleyanum by herbaceous and semi-hardwood cuttings for the establishment of clonal mini-gardens and to evaluate the rooting potential of mini-cuttings of different genotypes. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with the treatments being different propagule or propagation techniques (herbaceous and semi-hardwood cuttings from mother plants cultivated in the field and by mini-cuttings), with five repetitions and six propagules per plot. The potential for multiplication by the mini-cutting technique and plant vigor were evaluated for 20 genotypes of cattley guava during three seasons of the year (autumn, winter and summer). The use of semi-hardwood cuttings is feasible for the rescue of adult plants and the establishment of clonal mini-gardens. The mini-cutting technique provided the highest rooting percentage, and was most efficient in summer. The genotypes evaluated varied in rooting percentage and plant vigor.

English

Scientific confirmation of the traditionally known health benefits of pomegranates caused a tremendous increase in the consumption and production of this highly valuable fruit tree. Reproduction of pomegranate plants with seeds shows great variability in tree vigour and fruit quality. Cuttings is one of the most successful and preferred methods for the propagation of pomegranates. It is easy, quick, economic and most the convenient method of obtaining true-to-type trees in considerably less time; however, it has a high rate of mortality. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effects of cutting length, collection time of cuttings and rooting media on the sprouting of dormant semi-hardwood cuttings collected from pomegranate cv. Wonderful. Studies conducted with the completely randomized block design with four replications, each replication containing 25 individual cuttings. According to the results, the highest sprouting percentage obtained from the 10 cm cuttings collected 43±3 days before sprouting (DBS) and grown in soil with 98%. Results showed that the sprouting percentage is higher at the shorter cuttings. It was also concluded from the results that, as time pass, the sprouting percentage of the cuttings decrease, and is important to collect cuttings about 40 days before sprouting. The growing media was found to significantly affect the sprouting percentage and soil was found to be better than perlite media. Key words: Perlite, rooting, soil, sprouting, transplant. &nbsp

Rooting of semihardwood cuttings of olive: indolbutyric acid, calcium and Azospirillum brasilense

Nowadays the semihardwood cuttings of olive is the most used method to produce seedlings of this specie; however, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of this method to enable the intensive exploitation of this fruit crop and reduce the seedling production costs. Thus, two experiments were conducted concurrently in sand bed, under a canvased shelter of the State University of Western Paraná (Brazil) to evaluate the number and average length of roots per cuttings, the percentage of rooted cuttings, cuttings with callus and dead cuttings. In the first experiment cuttings of olive cultivars Arbequina, Maria da Fé and clone 2 were treated with IBA (3.0 g L-1) associated with calcium concentration at 0.0; 0.25; 0.50 and 1.0 mmol L-1, implanted in a completely randomized design in a split plot design, with four replications containing ten cutting each, under intermittent mist. For this experiment the Arbequina cultivar presented the highest average number of roots per cutting and the highest percentage of rooted cuttings, but Maria da Fé cultivar promoted the highest average of cuttings with callus. In the second experiment Clone 2 cuttings were submitted to calcium (0.5 mmol L-1) and IBA (3.0 g L-1), and substrate inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense bacterium, implanted in a completely randomized design containing three replications of ten cuttings each. In this experiment, the highest percentage of rooted cuttings was obtained for IBA (3.0 g L-1) + A. brasilense.

Clonal propagation technique for mass multiplication of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) seedlings

A study was under taken to standardize the type of cutting, concentration of growth hormone and suitable rooting media to produce elite seedlings in Morinda citrifolia at Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam. Investigation was carried out to standardize the treatments to induce root and shoot growth in different types of cuttings of Morinda citrifolia L. using two growth regulators (IAA, IBA) used in different concentrations (1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm) in two kinds growth medium (Sand and Coir) for different type of cuttings, 2500 ppm IBA treatment recorded its superiority in terms of maximum sprouting (85%), rooting (79%) and survival (70%) percentage, number of roots (15.83), root length (8.51 cm), number of shoots (4.00) and shoot length (9.43 cm) in leafy shoot cuttings, irrespective of rooting media used. From this current study it is concluded that, for macro clonal propagation of noni ( Morinda citrifolia L.), either leafy shoot cuttings or hard wood cuttings could be treated with 2500 ppm IBA or semi hard wood cuttings could be treated with 1500 ppm IAA and could be planted in coir pith medium for the production of elite planting materials.

Development of an effective propagation protocol for <i>Osbeckia octandra</i> (L.) DC. (Heen Bovitiya)

Effective multiplication technique for mass propagation of Osbeckia octandra (L.) DC, an endemic species to Sri Lanka with potential values as an ornamental flowering plant was investigated. Production of planting materials was evaluated using seeds, conventional vegetative propagation and tissue culture techniques. Effect of substrate on in-vivo seed germination and effect of Gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination under in-vivo and in- vitro conditions were investigated. Survival rates of in-vitro germinated seedlings were tested with three different acclimatization environments. Rooting performances of cuttings were evaluated by using both softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings treated with Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Effect of shoot multiplication of plant under in-vitro conditions was investigated by establishing nodal cultures. The substrate containing sand: soil at 1:1 ratio was found as the best for seed germination. There was no effect of GA3 on seed germination and a higher (P<0.05) number of seedlings (61.27%) could be obtained by the seeds under in-vitro conditions. Use of non-sterilized growing medium (sand : soil - 1:1) in a polythene sleeve arranged as a single propagator was the most cost effective way of acclimatizing in-vitro grown plants, and use of semi-hardwood cuttings with an initial dip in 500 mg L-1 IBA solution for 10 minutes was the most effective method for rapid plant multiplication. A successful shoot production was achieved by culturing single nodes on full strength Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 Benzyl-aminopurine under in-vitro conditions.

Efeito do genótipo no enraizamento e aclimatação de estacas semilenhosas de porta enxertos de pessegueiro

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of rooting and acclimatization of semi-woody cuttings of different rootstocks of Prunus spp. (I-93-38, I-93-27, I-67-57-14, I-67-55-13) e Prunus persica (I-67-54-12), both originating in North America. Semihardwood cuttings were prepared with 15 cm maintaining a couple of whole leaves in the apical portion were conditioned in trays with fine vermiculite and kept under intermittent mist for 50 days. Cuttings ready to be transplanted were placed in ‘citropotes’ containing 2 L commercial Carolina® substrate and kept in acclimation for 60 days. It was observed that the percentage of rooted cuttings was higher for genotype I-93-27 (66.66%), not differing from genotypes I-67-55-13, I-67-54-12 and I-67- 57-14, with 57.77%, 52.22% and 44.44% of rooted cuttings, respectively, this cultivar also recorded the average length of three major roots (4.74 cm) to the average number of roots per cutting, the highest values were observed in I-93-27 genotypes (20.35) and I-67- 57-14 (23.65). It was also observed that the average percentage of transplanted and acclimatized stakes were higher for genotype I-93-27 (72.22%) compared to the others. The I-67-55-13 genotype showed better results for all variables, and more established plants after acclimatization.

AOX1-Subfamily Gene Members in Olea europaea cv. "Galega Vulgar"-Gene Characterization and Expression of Transcripts during IBA-Induced in Vitro Adventitious Rooting.

Propagation of some Olea europaea L. cultivars is strongly limited due to recalcitrant behavior in adventitious root formation by semi-hardwood cuttings. One example is the cultivar ”Galega vulgar”. The formation of adventitious roots is considered a morphological response to stress. Alternative oxidase (AOX) is the terminal oxidase of the alternative pathway of the plant mitochondrial electron transport chain. This enzyme is well known to be induced in response to several biotic and abiotic stress situations. This work aimed to characterize the alternative oxidase 1 (AOX1)-subfamily in olive and to analyze the expression of transcripts during the indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-induced in vitro adventitious rooting (AR) process. OeAOX1a (acc. no. MF410318) and OeAOX1d (acc. no. MF410319) were identified, as well as different transcript variants for both genes which resulted from alternative polyadenylation events. A correlation between transcript accumulation of both OeAOX1a and OeAOX1d transcripts and the three distinct phases (induction, initiation, and expression) of the AR process in olive was observed. Olive AOX1 genes seem to be associated with the induction and development of adventitious roots in IBA-treated explants. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the stimulus needed for the induction of adventitious roots may help to develop more targeted and effective rooting induction protocols in order to improve the rooting ability of difficult-to-root cultivars.

Determination of radio sensitivity of jasmine (Jasminum spp.) to gamma rays

Present study was carried out to find out mutagenic sensitivity of jasmine species to gamma rays. In this study, terminal and semi hardwood cuttings of three different jasmine species (Jasminum grandiflorum, cv. White, Jasminum multiflorum cv. Arka, Arpan and Jaminum nitidum pre-release culture Acc.Jn-1) were subjected to eight different dosages of gamma radiation ranging between 5 Gy and 40 Gy. The results revealed a gradual and significant reduction in survival of cuttings, shoot length, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width with increase in dosage of gamma rays. The probit curve analysis based on the survival percentage and growth rate of treated cuttings revealed that the LD50 dosages of gamma rays for cv. White, Arka Arpan and ACC Jn-1 were 17.8 Gy, 28 Gy and 25.1 Gy respectively.

Effect of Potting Mixture on Growth of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Through Semi-Hardwood Cuttings

An experimental trial was conducted to find out the effective potting mixture and low cost quality planting material through semi-hardwood cuttings propagation of endangered medicinal plant Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. The experiment was carried out in CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with six treatments, three replications and 20 cuttings per treatment. Growth in cutting was measured by eleven parameters. Parameter such as sprouting percentage (88.67%), rooting percentage (83.45%), minimum days for sprouting (9.82), number of sprouts (7.17), length of shoot (15.25cm), diameter of shoot (3.950mm), number of leaves (24.83), chlorophyll content a, b and total (7.6290, 5.7083 and 13.3374 mg/100g, respectively) was significantly superior under potting mixture S+S+V (soil+sand+vermicompost). Furthermore rooting parameter such as number of roots (7.51), length of root (14.60cm), diameter of root (1.338mm) was found higher in media containing S+S+C (soil+sand+cocopeat).

Effect of IBA concentration on the production of coratina olive plant

The effect of different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) at 4g/L and 0.12/31.2 ml hardwood and semi hardwood cuttings of coratina olive was observed. Cuttings were taken in the month of February from coratina plant and dipped for 10 seconds in the required IBA solutions. The highest survival percentage, shoot formation, number of roots formation was maximum in 4g/L treated hardwood cuttings. The maximum number of branches were observed in hardwood cuttings as compared to softwood cuttings. It was concluded that either type of olive cutting treated with IBA solution 4g/L showed best results to propagate coratina olive.

Effect of Paclobutrazol on Adventitious Root Formation of IBA-Treated Cuttings of ‘Zard’ and ‘Dakal’ Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Cultivars

Olive cuttings are difficult to propagate. They root well using synthetic auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). To evaluate the rooting and viability of olive semi-hardwood cuttings of ‘Dakal’ and ‘Zard’ cultivars in response to application of growth retardant, paclobutrazol (PBZ), and interaction of IBA and PBZ, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in 2012. Cuttings were dipped for 30 minutes in PBZ (0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg.L -1 ) and for 50 seconds inIBA (2000 mg.L -1 ) solutions, respectively and then planted in a sandy bed of propagation under automatic mist system with 95% humidity and 20±5 o C base temperature. Results showed that cutting viability, percentages of rooted, callused and rooted plus callused cuttings and root growth parameters were higher in ‘Dakal’ cultivar than ‘Zard’ cultivar. The 2000 mg.L -1 PBZ treated cuttings had a higher cutting viability, rooting percentage, number of branches per cutting, shoot length, number of roots per cutting, root length and root fresh and dry weights than the control. It appears that the rooting of ‘Dakal’ cultivar can be substantially improved by the treatment of PBZ (included IBA).

CUTTING TYPES COLLECTED AT DIFFERENT SEASONS ON BLACKBERRY MULTIPLICATION

ABSTRACT Blackberry is a shrubby perennial tree with high economic importance among horticultural crops in several countries. The fruit has a good market value, both at national and international level. The objective of this work was to evaluate the multiplication of blackberry cv. Xavante cuttings under different seasons over the year, aiming to improve the production of nursery plants. The experiment was carried out from April 2012 to March 2013 and it was laid out in randomized complete block design with different types of cutting: tip, softwood, semihardwood and root, examined in different seasons: autumn, spring and summer, with 5 replications and 10 cuttings per plot. The variables studied were: cutting rooting, cutting survival, number of roots, length of major roots and roots dry weight. Cuttings of blackberry had a significant temporal variation in the percentage of successful rooting and survival of cuttings. It was verified that softwood and semihardwood cuttings collected in summer are the best option for blackberry cv. Xavante multiplication for commercial production of nursery plants.

Propagation, micropropagation and cryopreservation of Buxus hyrcana Pojark., an endangered ornamental shrub

Buxus hyrcana Pojark. is an important ornamental shrub, widely used for landscape and gardens. This ornamental shrub is a critically endangered species due to invasion of some pathogens. Rooting of this species is slow using propagation technique such as cutting. This study was carried out in three sections: 1) the effect of indole-3-butiyric acid (IBA) and ɑ-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings in greenhouse condition; and 2) the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), IBA and NAA on micropropagation in tissue culture condition and 3) cryopreservation of shoot tip by encapsulation-dehydration technique. For the first experiment, the basal region of the cutting was treated with various IBA and NAA solutions: 0 (free of IBA), 500, 1000, 2000 and 3000mgl−1. The 1000mgl−1 IBA along with 1000mgl−1 NAA induced the largest number of root (8.700/plantlet). For the second experiment, shoot tip dissected from 2-years-old pot-grown plants was cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 50 combinations of BAP, IBA and NAA at concentrations of 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00mgl−1. Here, we present a new protocol for sterilization of shoot tip. This shoot tip sterilization protocol minimized bacterial and fungal contamination. Multiple shoot formation (6.433/plantlet) was obtained through the use of 1.00mgl−1 BAP. Also, the optimum plant growth regulators (PGRs) combination for the largest number of root (7.633/plantlet) was 0.50mgl−1 BAP plus 1.00mgl−1 NAA. Plantlets were hardened-off and transferred to soil for further growth. About 95% of the acclimatized plantlets were established successfully. Regenerated plantlets were morphologically identical. For the third experiment, B. hyrcan shoot tip was cryopreserved by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN) using encapsulation-dehydration method. After rapid rewarming, encapsulated and non-encapsulated shoot tips were cultured on MS medium enriched with 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00mgl−1 of BAP, IBA and NAA for rapid germination and growth. The highest percentage of re-growing the cryopreserved shoot tip was 60% for those grown on medium containing 0.50mgl−1 BAP along with 1.50mgl−1 NAA. No survival was observed for non-encapsulated shoot tip after storage in LN and through cultivation on regeneration medium.

BACTÉRIAS DIAZOTRÓFICAS NÃO SIMBIÓTICAS E ENRAIZAMENTO DE ESTACAS SEMILENHOSAS DE OLIVEIRA (&lt;i&gt;Olea europaea&lt;/i&gt; L.)

Bactérias diazotróficas não simbióticas (BDNS) atuam no desenvolvimento das plantas principalmente por meio da fixação biológica de nitrogênio e pela produção e liberação de substâncias reguladoras do crescimento vegetal. Não há descrito na literatura internacional o efeito dessas bactérias no enraizamento de estacas de oliveira, o qual tem sido proporcionado pelo uso de tratamento hormonal à base de ácido indolbutírico (AIB).Em vista disso, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a diversidade fisiológica de isolados obtidos em amostras de solo da Reserva Biológica Serra dos Toledos (Itajubá - MG) e de estirpes-tipo de BDNS, e o potencial de substituição do hormônio AIB no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de oliveira na Fazenda Experimental de Maria da Fé (FEMF-EPAMIG). Os isolados foram distribuídos em 5 grupos (G1 a G5) de acordo com suas características fenotípicas culturais baseadas em cor, diâmetro e consistência das colônias, e as estirpes-tipo utilizadas foram Azospirillum brasilense (BR11001), Azospirillum amazonense (BR11040), Herbaspirillum seropedicae (BR11175) e Burkholderia brasilensis (BR11340). A diversidade fisiológica foi avaliada através de experimentos de solubilização de fosfato, tolerância a diferentes condições de pH, temperatura e produção de ácido indolacético (AIA). Para avaliação do potencial de enraizamento nas estacas semilenhosas de oliveira foram utilizados os cultivares Ascolano 315, Arbequina e Grappolo 541, oriundas do banco de germoplasma da FEMF-EPAMIG. Aplicaram-se 33 tratamentos, nos quais as estacas foram inoculadas com os grupos de isolados bacterianos, com as estirpes-tipo, sem inoculação (controle) e apenas com AIB, comercialmente utilizado na FEMF-EPAMIG. Apenas dois isolados mostraram capacidade de solubilização de fosfato. Os grupos de isolados e das estirpes-tipo apresentaram exigências ambientais muito similares com amplas faixas de condições ótimas de pH (5,0 a 9,0) e temperatura (15-35ºC) para máximo crescimento. Os isolados e estirpes-tipo apresentaram uma produção de AIA variando de 110,53 a 383,58 µg mL-1, sendo que os grupos dos isolados, em geral, não diferiram significativamente dos valores obtidos pelas estirpes-tipo. Todos os grupos de isolados apresentam potencial de enraizamento de estacas de oliveira, sendo aqueles dos grupos 1 e 4 mais indicados para o cultivar Arbequina, grupo 2 para o Grappolo 541 e grupos 1 e 5 para o Ascolano 315, com desempenhos semelhantes àquele proporcionado pelo AIB.

Rooting of Stem Cuttings with Different Indole 3 Butyric Acid (IBA) Treatments and Development of Micropropagation Protocol for &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Piper betle&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L. Node Culture

The present study, conducted during 2016 and 2017 seasons, aimed to investigate the effect of IBA on rooting of Piper betle L. stem cuttings (softwood and semi-hardwood). The experiment was undertaken in misting house field 2 UPM using the sand media to determine the adventitious roots initiation and development using the histological method. The cuttings were treated with different IBA concentrations (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L). The nodes explants were used in the development of a protocol for in vitro propagation of P. betle L., with different concentrations of Clorox with different times of immersion (20% Clorox 10 minutes, 30% Clorox 10 minutes, 20% Clorox 20 minutes, and 30% 20 minutes). In multiplication of the plantlets, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/L) were used to investigate the rooting of the explants. The results indicated that the types of the cuttings were different in the rooting capacity and the length of the roots. Moreover, it was found that in comparison with the control treatment, by a rise in the concentrations of the IBA, there was a significant upsurge in the rooting percentage, the root diameter, and the number of the roots. The results indicated that the types of cutting with 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/L IBA perform better in the root percentage (100%) in the semi hardwood cuttings. The best results, however, were 2000 mg/L IBA in the semi hardwood cuttings, with the number of the roots to be 35.05, and the fresh weight of the roots to be 3.94 g, the dry weight of the roots to be 0.33 g, the length of the roots to be 391.88 cm, the roots diameter to be 1.21 mm, the surface area of the roots to be 121.83 cm2, and the root volume to be 2.99 cm3. Nonetheless, the optimal concentration of Clorox with the time immersion was 20% with the 20-minute immersion time, which produced a shoot induction percentage of 30% dead explants and a mean number of 70.00 shoots per explant and the optimal concentration of benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 1.0 mg/L. It is of note that a shoot induction percentage of 22.29% and a mean number of 4.1% number of auxiliary bud per treatment. P. betle shoots in MS medium without PGR MS (0.0) yielded a good rooting.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Rooting of Cuttings in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cv. 'Bhagwa'

An experiment was conducted at Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Center (RHREC), UHS, GKVK, Bengaluru, in the summer of 2014. Ten treatments of growth regulator formulations were imposed, including the Control, under Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Semi-hardwood cuttings of pomegranate were prepared from healthy twigs 20 to 30cm long, bearing 4 to 5 nodes and a thickness of 0.75 to 1.0cm. The cuttings were treated with a combination of different concentrations (500, 1000 or 1500 ppm) of indole butyric acid (IBA), and 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for 8 hours. Results showed that highest sprouting percentage (68.00%), highest rooting percentage (60.40%), maximum number of sprouts (2.09), greatest diameter of sprout (0.59cm), longest roots (18.9cm) and widest diameter of root (1.62mm) were recorded in cuttings treated with IBA 1500ppm + NAA 1500ppm, whereas, longest sprout (34.50cm), highest number of primary roots (10.30) and secondary roots (62.70), highest fresh weight of sprout (9.03g), highest dry weight of shoot (4.66g), highest fresh weight of root (2.70g) and the highest dry weight of root (1.63g) per cutting was recorded with IBA 1500ppm + NAA 1000ppm.

Growth and development of moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) stem cuttings as affected by diameter magnitude, growth media, and indole-3-butyric acid

The acknowledged status of Moringa oleifera L. in sub-Saharan Africa, especially western Africa, has of recent accorded it the significance of being a good source of income to a large segment of many of its populace. Intensification of research into the realization of its full economic potential will be of utmost value to impoverished societies globally. One way to achieve this is the full exploration of all possible means that will facilitate its successful growth, propagation, and domestication. Even though it can be successfully raised through seeds, the high level outcrossing (64.3%) observed is a hindrance to realization of true to type trees. Vegetative propagation can be employed as an option to tackle the noted limitation, ease the cultivation process, and achieve the required realization of its economic potential. Our trial was carried out to study the influence of two growth media and three levels of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) on root and shoot development in cuttings taken from a coppiced moringa tree existent in Universiti Putra Malaysia. Semi-hardwood cuttings of moringa, of between 20 and 30 mm diameter, cut into 25 cm length, were obtained, rinsed with a fungicide, then dipped, through their basal portion, inside varying levels (0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm) of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for between 7 and 10 seconds. The treated cuttings were then transplanted into a polyethylene bags (23 cm × 36 cm), containing two growth media - a munchong series soil (M) and a combination of a munchong series soil thoroughly mixed with biochar (MB) in a 3:1 ratio sequence. The trial was conducted inside a shade house where the humidity of the experimental area was manipulated through a regular daily manual hand sprinkling. Plant height, percentage of primary branch produced, leaf area, and dry matter (DM) were found to be significantly (P 0.05) influenced. The MB growth media was observed to significantly affect the plant height, percentage root number, and root length as compared to the M growth media. For a successful vegetative propagation and subsequent domestication, the MB growth media coupled with a higher stem diameter size are recommended.