Area Of Semarang Research Articles

Model for Empowering Farmers at Dry Land through Quadruple Helix Approach

<p>There are many potentials in the sector of <em>silvoagriculture, silvopastura </em>and <em>silvoagrofisher</em>y at Kandri and Cepoko district as “green belt” areas of Semarang. Unfortunately, these potentials do not give a significant impact on society yet. This is due to the lack of farmer’s institution system, limited human resource, and infrastructure. The Triple Helix approach involving academician, businessman, and government is found to be less optimal. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of the model used for empowering the farmers at dry land area through the Quadruple Helix approach as the development of Triple Helix one involving academician, businessman, civil society, and government. The locus of the research area is Kandri and Cepoko district at Gunungpati subdistrict in Semarang City of Central Java Province, Indonesia. This research employed qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative approach, the data are analyzed using an interactive model. While the quantitative approach, Human Development Index (HDI) analysis is employed. The results find that farmers' empowerment program is conducted through the Quadruple Helix approach by involving academicians, businessmen, local governments and civil society groups at the villages. Then, the HDI calculation results show that the index of human development in Kandri has decreased 0.09444. Before the program, it was amounted from 0.82367 to 0.72923. Whereas, the human development index of farmers in Cepoko before the program has increased from 0.83142 to 0.84085. Its increase reaches 0.09425. This indicates that the farmer group at Cepoko district is more resistant to national economic issues such as the weak exchange rate than the farmers in Kandri disctrict. Therefore, this study makes recommendation that farmers should organize integrated farming by establishing integrated economic region so that they can make use of existing resources efficiently and effectively. </p>

Environmental and Risk Factors of Leptospirosis: A Spatial Analysis in Semarang City

Leptospirosis is zoonotic potentially epidemic with clinical manifestations from mild to severe and can cause death. The incidence of leptospirosis in Indonesia tends to increase by the year. The case fatality rate in Semarang was greater than the national’s (9.38%). The purpose of this study was to describe the environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in Semarang spatially. The study design was descriptive observational with cross sectional approach. The population and samples in this study were confirmed leptospirosis in Semarang from January 2014 until May 2015, 88 respondents in 61 villages of 15 sub-districts in Semarang. The variables were environmental conditions, the presence of rats, wastewater disposal, waste disposal facilities, the presence of pets, the presence of rivers, flood’s profile, tidal inundation profile, vegetation, contact with rats, and Protected Personal Equipment/PPE utilization. Based on the spatial analysis, variables that found in the big half area of Semarang are environmental conditions, the presence of rats, wastewater disposal, waste disposal facilities, contact with rats, and PPE utilization. The presence of pets at risk, the presence of rivers, flood’s profile, inundation profile, and vegetation were found only in small half of Semarang area. People are expected to maintain their personal and environmental hygiene to prevent the transmission.

PENATAAN DRAINASE PERKOTAAN BERBASIS BUDAYA DALAM UPAYA PENANGANAN BANJIR DI KOTA SEMARANG

Abstract Flood happened in most of Indonesian areas is basically because of the condition of nature and human conduct. As any other cities in Indonesia, Semarang is a city that never free from flood and it is getting worse and worse each year. Ten to sixteen sub-districts are flooded increasingly each year, among others Northern, Eastern and Western Semarang. Histotically, Semarang is never free from flood. Through forced labour, in 1850 and 1896 Dutch colonizer built two big cannals, called East Banjirkanal (Banjirkanal Timur) and West Banjirkanal (Banjirkanal Barat) anticipating flood in Northern Semarang that becomes business center in Semarang harbour. East Banjirkanal was built to anticipate flood in East Semarang and the development area of Semarang harbour. Originally those cannals built to flow water from the upper part of Semarang (area of Semarang district on the foot of Ungaran hill). Flood problem should be handled not only by structural method, such as building infrastructure, but also by non-structure method namely social and socio cultural aspects. To overcome flood in Semarang, wholy and integratedly starting from planning phase, execution, reconstruction, evaluation and revitalization should be carried out. In planning activities, synoptic comprehensive and transactive or social learning are applied. Synoptic comprehensive planning is applied to study technical problems and policies related to execute the technical execution. Administered synoptic comprehensive is comprehensively, inter-sectors and administration. Transactive or social learning is stressed on social participation related to awereness, objective and education related to culture that nurture the environment maintenance. Keywords: Penataan, drainase, banjir, perkotaan, budaya

The Correlation Between Dietary Habits and Dental Hygiene Practice with Dental Caries Among School Children at Urban Area in Semarang

<p>Dental caries is a major cause of tooth loss in children and young adults. Dental caries have been linked to the situation of underprivileged families, nutritional imbalance, and poor oral hygiene techniques, including lack of tooth brushing or flossing the teeth, and also have a genetic etiology. Dietary habits and dental hygiene practice can result in high caries in school children. This research aimed to reveal the correlation between dietary habits and dental hygiene practice with dental caries among school children in urban area of Semarang. The subjects of this research are the elementary student 7 – 9 years old enrolled in schools located in at urban area in Semarang in 2016 and the mother of a student who became the study sample. Data were statisically analyzed usingbivariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Based on the research result, it can be concluded that: there was no correlation between total carbohydrate intake, refined carbohydrate intake, fiber intake, dental hygiene practice with dental caries, bottle feeding and duration of bottle feeding were assosiated with dental cariest-score. Overall, def-t score in the study was very bad with high median of dental caries score and many children have dental caries t-score more than 6.</p>

Struktur Komunitas Mikroartropoda Tanah di Lahan Penambangan Galian C Rowosari, Kecamatan Tembalang, Semarang

Rowosari miningsite isthe ‘C’ type of excavation area in Semarang. Mining activities may affect environmental disturbance, including on soil fauna. This research aims to determine the community structure of soil microarthropods in Rowosari mining area. The research was conducted in August-September 2015. Soil samples were taken on diagonal plot of 5x5 m2 with a five-point sampling on two stations, namely Post Mining Area (PoMA) and Pre Mining Area (PeMA). The analysis used in the research are relative abundance index, Shannon-Weiner diversity index, evenness index, and Sorensen similarity index. The results shows that there are 360-660 individuals/m2 from 10 ordo and 24 taxa found in Rowosari Excavation Site. The highest relative abundance index is Carabidae (22,22) in PoMA station and Prostigmata (21,21) in PeMA station. The diversity both station belongs to medium category (2,43-2,45). The highest evenness index is 0,95. The similarity taxa of soil microarthropods in two stations are categorized as medium. Community structure of soil microathropods in Post Mining Area and Pre Mining Areawere no significant differences. Keywords: Community structure, Soil microarthropods, Miningexcavation C.

The Space Utilization by Street Vendors Based on the Location Characteristics in the Education Area of Tembalang, Semarang

Street vendors are often regarded as an ‘element out of place’ against their location, activity, physical appearance, even structure and pattern of urban design.They have rapidly grown in a functional area in Semarang, that is, the education area of Tembalang. Their problem basically arises due to the absence of reference in determining location that is not listed in City Spatial Plan and it has happened only based on their number. They have located on the streets of Prof. Sudarto, SH, Sirojudin, and Banjarsari. Space utilization not based on location characteristics will lead to conflict and consequently regarded as ‘element out of place’.The purpose of this paper is to examine their space utilization based on the location characteristics that discuss their strategic location, accessibility, main activity, comfort, and characteristics referring their activity. The writer applied quantitative descriptive method and obtained data by conducting surveys and questionnaires.Finally the writer concludes that the space utilization based on their location characteristics is strategic location, main activities, accessibility and comfort.

Pengaruh Land Subsidence terhadap Genangan Banjir dan Rob di Semarang Timur

Inundation of flood and rob (flood due to high tides) in Semarang City is increase wtithin area and depth. It be more seroius condition because of land subsisdence that happened in coastal area of Semarang City. This research is foccused on prediction and mapping of inundation flood and rob due to land subsidence effect in East Semarang, especially Tenggang Watershed and Sringin Watershed. On this research, data analysis including analysis of land subsidence, analysis of hydrological data, analysis of flood discharge with HEC-HMS, hydraulics analysis with HEC-RAS and then mapping the results of the flood inundation with Arc GIS. The inundation will be create with overlay the DEM of flood water level and DEM of topographic. According to the results of analysis is known that minimum land subsidence is 0 cm/year that happened in south area of Semarang and more higher ini north area with maximum land subsidence is 5.58 cm/year. On periode 2014-2031, the contribute of land subsidence to increase the inundation of flood and rob is 1.39%/year.

PENGELOLAAN SUPERVISI AKADEMIK KEPALA SEKOLAH DI SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI KOTA SEMARANG

<p>This study aimed to know the management of school academic supervision activity that conducted by principal in the state primary school Pongangan, Gunungpati, Semarang area that included the planning, implementation, and the follow-up to increacse teachers’ performace. This research was conducted with qualitative descriptive method. The collecting data used interview, observation, and documentation. Research results revealed that (1) the planning of academic supervision by the principal at SDN Pongangan rated very good. (2) the implementation of academic supervision in SDN Pongangan a great fit the program, the schedule, the instruments that used according to the design, aspects that disupervisi votes had been lead on target academic supervision adapted to the needs of teachers and schools, the approach was with the program, academic supervision techniques used varied enough, the academic supervision of implementation constraints by the head of the school is the limited time; (3) the principal efforts made in the follow-up assessed academic supervision has been very good and hard-wired. Activities performed were: a) the beginning of each semester were held in groups/joint supervision of teachers meeting school/KKG school; b) performs the inverse to the teacher in order to reflect ourselves; c) implementing guidance on drafting/administration/creation of learning; d) emphasize on teachers that always paid attention to the discipline of work in carrying out the task of teaching as a teacher; e) provided guidance for teachers on how to teach in interesting and fun way; f) conducted coaching and guidance for teachers in the use of learning media, techniques/methods of teaching; g) provide a learning device formats that are new to the teacher, and taught how to fill them; g) For School Superintendent gave a complete written report in the end of years.</p>

Manajemen Pengembangan Obyek Wisata Kawasan Kota Lama Semarang

The old area in Semarang is one of assets the city of Semarang and a number of the building worth of the high historical. The condition is currently very poor, so it needs special development and management of governmment in doing conservation and revitalization to revive the area. Revitalization area program the old city Semarang proposed by the government the city of Semarang based on the bylaw year 2003 on spatial planning buildings and environments area the old city Semarang. The local regulations in question is an effort to produce guidelines in developing and managing the old city Semarang be a tourist attraction that can be enjoyed within the city of Semarang. This research should be conducted based on the existing problems in the management and the development of its old city Semarang. Problems arise in the form of what factors be a barrier in development and management of old town area to get into an area of tourism in Semarang city. The purpose of this research is to describe the process of management the development of its old city Semarang as a tourist attraction and analyzing the factors an impediment to the case for the government city of Semarang in the development of tourism old town area Semarang. Efforts to answers questions and the purpose of this research by the use of the theory of public administration, public management, public organization and public policy, management and tourism. The writing of this analysis uses the technique of qualitative data descriptive. Based on the results of this research that there are still several problems that is situated on the weakness of coordination between the relevant SKPD that was one of factors that hampers in development and management of old town area Semarang. In addition there are some forms of market not according to rule areas which have been made municipalities to enhance old town area Semarang.

EVALUASI DAMPAK ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN PERTANIAN KE NON PERTANIAN DI KECAMATAN GUNUNGPATI KOTA SEMARANG

Population growth and Semarang’s development which outspread into urban area cause increasing of land requirement in urban area. Gunungpati District, one of urban areas around Semarang, becomes the area of Semarang’s development. How the land conversion in Gunungpati District occurs is because city development outspreads into urban area as well assupported by some facilities such as education and settlements. Hence, many agricultural lands convert for nonagricultural activity in Gunungpati District. Land conversion, mainly agricultural land conversion, causes the change of social and economic condition as well as the change of livelihood or employment of population. The purposes of this research are to discover the impact of land conversion from agricultural land into developed land, to know the change of social and economic condition of community, and also to know the available employment opportunity after land conversion occurs in Gunungpati. The research approach used is qualitative approach and method used is matrix Leopold. Designed to determine the impact on the region's natural environment. So that can know the value impact of the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural in District Gunungpati Semarang. The result of this research shows that agricultural land conversion into developed land in Gunungpati District has positive effect towards social and economic condition of society and has negative effect towards natural environment surround. According to Leopold matrix, the positive effects has values 25 are good value shown by improving quality of life and increasing the varieties of livelihood or employment, whereas the negative effects has values -13 are bad value shown by decreasing the amount of agricultural land and damaging the sanitation or water infiltration in Gunungpati District. The agricultural land conversion is suggested to divert less productive agricultural land so that it would not damage ecological function of Gunungpati District as infiltration water area.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH KOTA SEMARANG MENURUT PERDA NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH

Waste management policy based on the event by the high number of heaps of garbage that exists in the city of Semarang. Production of garbage in the city of Semarang per day reached 800 tons/day with a capacity of landfill of 400 tons/day. This happens because with the increase of the population of Semarang city around 1.5 million inhabitants and is also one of the goals of the urbanization. As a result of such activities is the increased production of waste caused by the people. To deal with the problem of local government issued regulation Semarang city waste management areas number 6 in 2012 about waste management that aims to improve public health and the quality of the environment as well as made the waste as a resource. The purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation and the factors that encourage and inhibit the implementation of waste management Policies according to the Semarang area number 6 in 2012. Research methods used in this research is qualitative research methods are descriptive, i.e. by providing a comprehensive overview of the focus of the research. The results of this research show that the implementation of waste management policies are not fully managed to reduce the number of existing middens. In practice there are still various obstacles such as, communications, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure. Recommendations that can be given to the problem of socialization such as local regulations through electronic media, the addition of human resources and facility cleanliness, training, motivation for employees as well as the establishment of a special section dealing with communities who break the rules are already set.

ANALISIS EFISIENSI PENGGUNAAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR PRODUKSI KEBUN BENIH PADI PADA BALAI BENIH TANAMAN PANGAN DAN HORTIKULTURA WILAYAH SEMARANG

Rice as staple food most of Indonesian people as well as a threat to food tenacity. The use of certified seeds is one way to increase productivity. Balai Benih Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura (BBTPH) Wilayah Semarang as one of the technical unit in terms of seed production showed a decline in the last few years. The decrease may result due to the use of factors of production is inefficient. The purpose of this study is: (1) analyze the factors that affect the production of rice seed production orchard in BBTPH Semarang area, (2) analyze the technical efficiency, (3) analyze the allocative efficiency (4) analyzing the economic efficiency, (5) analyzing rate of return to scale in rice seed orchard BBTPH Semarang area. The data used in this study are panel data. The analysis tools are production function with stochastic frontier approach. Based on the obtained data processing technical efficiency value of 85%, 12.15 allocative efficiency and economic efficiency of 10.32. The results showed that fertilizer and seed variables have positive and significant. Values return to scale of 7.67 indicates that production activities are increasing returns to scale. ©

EVALUASI DAMPAK PERDA KOTA SEMARANG NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2010 TENTANG PENATAAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU (RTH) DI KOTA SEMARANG (STUDI DI KECAMATAN MIJEN KOTA SEMARANG)

RTH has provide benefits on the quality of an urban environment so as to need an attempt to maintain and improve the quality of the environment through the provision of green open space (RTH) adequate. To support the arrangement of green space (RTH) in Kota Semarang then formed perda kota semarang No. 7 tahun 2010 tentang penataan RTH. Although the implementation of this regulation has created a new green space area and there have been a reduction in activity development as the impact of the output of perda Kota Semarang No. 7 tahun 2010 tentang penataan RTH, but not equal in every region in the Kota Semarang. So the purpose the arrangement related to the fulfillment of green space area achievement of green open space by up to 30 % yet could be met. The study is done in kecamatan Mijen as one of the areas with the highest green space area in kota Semarang whose aim is to give clear evidence about the impact of Perda Kota Semarang No. 7 tahun 2010 tentang penataan RTH in Kota Semarang on the community in Kecamatan Mijen. Research shows that the implementation of Perda Kota Semarang No. 7 tahun 2010 tentang penataan RTH in kota Semarang no major impact on the social life of the community in Kecamatan Mijen .

Changes the Pattern of Residential Space into Commercial Space in Chinatown Semarang

Chinatown is a settlement community of ethnic Chinese who has a long history as one of the conservation area in Semarang. Trade activities and services as the dominant activity in Chinatown. It's a very strategic location in the business centre. The ethnic Chinese community using their home building also as trade and services activity, so it's called shophouse. This research to know the change functions of residence space to commercial space on Chinatown today. It was conducted by the qualitative menthod, descriptive analysis techniques and the overlays a map. The results on the change of residential space into commercial space i.e. NJOP (tax object sale value) are high, this led to the residence changed functions. The development have changed the buildings in the Gang (alley) Beteng, Gang Warung, Gang Pinggir, Gang East Wotgandul and Gang Baru. There are also changes to the façade of the building adjusts to the commercial function.

Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Supply System in the Tidal Inundation Area of Semarang – Indonesia

Tidal inundation is a flood that usually occurs in the coastal region. It will impact water quality, which may lead to health problem. A semi-quantitative tool was use to assess water quality in Bandarharjo Village, a tidal inundation affected area. Total coliform was also performed to aseess bacterial contamination. The assessment was conducted at three sites of drinking water supply system: source/provider, distribution, and customer levels. The result showed that both provider and distribution levels have very high risk of contamination, while customer level has a high risk. Water from either source/provider and customer level contained bacterial contamination.

ANALISIS BIAYA ELEMENTAL UNTUK PERENCANAAN BIAYA PROYEK APARTEMEN

Apartment’s project cost planning involves a Quantity Surveyor to determine the target cost (budget) for the owner. Target cost must included all elements of the existing building. This study aims to determine the format and price range of each building element in the elemental cost analysis for apartment’s project cost planning.The data were obtained by looking at historical data of the middle class apartment’s projects Bill of Quantity in area of Surabaya, Solo and Semarang with reference to the format NPWC List of Elements, Australia.The results of the data analysis showed that the format of building elements that can be used in elemental cost analysis consists of 11 major elements are Preliminaries, Sub-structure, Super-structure, Finishes, Fittings, Services, Site Works, External Services, Waterproofing, Grills & Iron, and Pool. While the price range of elements in the elemental cost analysis showed that the apartment’s project which has a basement, the price difference is 20-30% larger than projects that do not have a basement. For the project which has storey height ≥ 3m, the price difference is 3.5-20% larger than projects which has storey height < 3m. For projects which has a basement & storey height ≥ 3m, the price difference is 30% larger than the project which has a basement & storey height <3m. Keyword : cost planning, target cost, apartment’s project, building elements, elemental cost analysis

PERHITUNGAN KERUGIAN ENERGI PADA PENYULANG TAMBAK LOROK-03 SEBAGAI SALAH SATU PILOT PROJECT PROGRAM REVASS (REVENUE ASSURANCE) DALAM PROGRAM REKONSILIASI ENERGI PT. PLN (PERSERO) AREA SEMARANG

Ruri Diana Putranti, Iman Setiono, in paper calculation of energy losses of Tambak Lorok - 03 feeder as one of the pilot project program REVASS (revenue assurance) in energy reconciliation program of PT . PLN (persero) semarang area explain that in an electric power system there is a factor called the loss factor or energy depletion . This shrinkage can be found in various places on the electricity network , from generation, transmission and distribution of both to consumers . The release of energy or commonly referred to as shrinkage , the harm to the company for commercial and service in large and small quantities . Pond feeder Lorok - 03 is one of the feeders are thought to have a large enough energy depletion . This feeder is in the working area of ​​PT . PLN Rayon East Semarang and is a feeder into the pilot established REVASS ( Revenue Assurance ) PT . PLN Semarang area . Based on mathematical calculations that have been carried out in February 2013 the amount of power loss in the feeder is 2,316,319 KWH , while in the month of March 2013 is 4,765,637 KWH and in April 2013 amounted to 18,809,238 KWH . The amount of power loss raises the average monthly percentage losses in the feeder that is between 10-20 % . This of course lead to a loss for the company , especially on the commercial side that is the size of the company to the customer's receivables . Therefore , a program in which reconciliation is REVASS this project , is one attempt to get the suitability amount of energy from the power sent to the power received at the customer . Keywords : Electric Power System , Network Distribution , Energy Losses , Reconciliation of Energy

PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN KOTA LAMA SEMARANG SEBAGAI SALAH SATU KAWASAN PARIWISATA DI KOTA SEMARANG

Various issues such as the absence of government regulation of the regulatory regions of the old city area management, management of the old city area of Semarang and the lack of attention to cultural heritage buildings into the background of this research. This study aims to analyze and describe the management of the old city area of Semarang as one of the tourist area and know the factors that hinder the management. This study used a qualitative research method is descriptive. The results showed that the management of the old city area of Semarang has not demonstrated effective management. Rules are used refers to the Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2003 on Space and Environmental Building (RTBL). Unfortunately, the management function can not be used in the management of the old city area. Management Old Town area of Semarang is inhibited by a variety of factors such as the relevant authorities BPK2L area management, budget and community participation. Based on these conclusions, the researchers recommend to BPK2L as the manager of the old city area. Management needs to be fortified by local regulation that binds to all sectors and seriously support the government to develop and manage the Old Town area of Semarang as one area of tourism in the city of Semarang.

Estimation of solar radiation power using reference evaluation of solar transmittance, 2 bands (REST 2) model (Case study : Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia)

Indonesia is a country which has abundant energy resources of solar demonstrated by potential position of solar annual migration (around equator line). Nowadays fossil energy consumption so apprehensively, these things are due to decreasing of fossil energy while demand of fossil energy rises continuously. In 2011, fossil fuel energy of Indonesia is 66.4% besides negative effect of increasing Greenhouse Gases concentrate, which is increasing of surface temperature and creates inconvenience environment. Sun as the biggest energy resource should be use optimally for Indonesia area. Diversification of energy is a final step to get another resource so release us of dependently fossil resources. Solar radiation is a green renewable energy which has the potential to answer the needs of energy problems on the period. Knowing how to estimate the strength of the solar radiation force may be one solution of sustainable energy development in an integrated manner. Unfortunately, a fairly extensive area of Indonesia is still very low availability of solar radiation data. Therefore, we need a method to estimate the exact strength of solar radiation. In this study, author used a model Reference Evaluation of Solar Transmittance, 2 Bands (REST 2). Validation of REST 2 model has been performed in Spain, India, Colorado, Saudi Arabia, and several other areas. But it is not widely used in Indonesia. Indonesian region study area is represented by the area of Semarang, Central Java. Solar radiation values estimated using REST 2 model was then verified by field data and gives average RMSE value of 6.53%. Based on the value, it can be concluded that the model REST 2 can be used to estimate the value of solar radiation in clear sky conditions in parts of Indonesia.

Elemen-elemen Pembentuk Kota yang Berpengaruh terhadap Citra Kota (Studi Kasus: Kota Lama Semarang)

Kota Lama Semarang merupakan kawasan kolonial Belanda dimana mana terdapat gedung-gedungyang dibangun sejak zaman Belanda. Kota lama sering disebut sebagai Little Netherland, denganlanskap mirip kota di Eropa serta terdapat kanal yang mengelilinginya menjadikan Kota Lama sepertiminiatur Belanda di Semarang. Akan tetapi seiring berkembangnya zaman, citra Kota Lama Semarangsemakin luntur oleh pengaruh modernisasi. Penelitian ini, bertujuan untuk mengetahui elemen-elemenpembentuk kota yang berpengaruh terhadap citra di kawasan Kota Lama, sehingga dapat digunakansebagai rujukan dalam meningkatkan citra di kawasan kota lama Semarang. Metode penelitian adalahkualitatif dan kuantitatif. Dari hasil analisis, maka didapatkan bahwa elemen-elemen yang palingberpengaruh terhadap citra kawasan Kota Lama berada di area Letjen Soeprapto seperti Landmarkyang paling menonjol adalah Gereja Blenduk, distrik yang memiliki aktivitas serta tata massa khusus,dimana terdapat aktivitas seperti peribadatan, perdagangan dan jasa serta perkantoran. Selain itu,path paling menonjol berada di jalur Letjen Soeprapto yang dapat dilihat melalui adanya deretanbangunan yang khas di sisi kanan maupun kiri jalur.Kata kunci : elemen-elemen pembentuk kota, citra kota