Proverbs are paremiological units that express a people’s worldview, life experience, and moral values in a concise yet profound manner. Among these, proverbs devoted to the concept of “mind” occupy a special place. These proverbs reflect generalized conclusions about human cognitive activity, thinking patterns, behavioral models, and social positions. Proverbs representing the notion of “mind” hold a central position in the paremiological systems of many languages. By expressing collective wisdom briefly and compactly, they encode cultural attitudes toward intellect, reasoning, consciousness, memory, and judgment. This article examines proverbs on the theme of “mind” in terms of their semantic, lexical, syntactic, stylistic, pragmatic, and cognitive aspects. The study demonstrates that proverbs on the “mind” are not only moral and educational tools but also linguistically rich structures that reveal how societies conceptualize human cognition. The article analyzes the lexical, semantic, syntactic, and stylistic features of proverbs about “mind,” exploring their expressive potential and communicative functions.

Germanisms, as words originating from the German language, are components of Bosnian phraseology, i.e. components of idioms in the Bosnian language. This paper treats idioms of the Bosnian language that contain Germanisms from the aspect of etymology, semantics and pragmatics. These are examples such as: to pay a guild, to have a štela, to get a basket, to have a potato, to be unlucky, etc. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the understanding of language contacts between the Bosnian and German languages, and to provide insight into the process of assimilation of Germanisms within the phraseology of the Bosnian language. The research for the mentioned examples also seeks equivalents, if they exist, in the German language. The pragmatic part of the paper contributes to examining the frequency of use of the mentioned idioms in the Bosnian language, and to detecting the context in which the mentioned idioms appear.

This article provides a comprehensive examination of benevolent wishing in Kyrgyz culture as a complex linguocultural, psychological, and social phenomenon. Drawing on folklore materials, ethnographic data, and linguistic analysis, the study explores the semantic, cognitive, psychological, ethical, and ritual aspects of blessings and well-wishing expressions. The findings demonstrate that benevolent wishes serve as a medium of cultural continuity, an instrument of social cohesion, and a means of emotional and moral support. The research highlights the structural features of Kyrgyz blessings, their conceptual grounding, and their role in shaping interpersonal and communal relationships.

Textual cohesion is one of the essential requirements of language, and it completes the semantic aspect of language. While semantics and grammatical structures of sentences and texts are insufficient for interpreting indirect meaning or intended meaning of linguistic units, pragmatic interpretation becomes necessary to reach the true intention of every linguistic unit used. Pragmatic markers assume this role of connecting text to context, because every use of them requires reference and prior knowledge for understanding to occur between sender and receiver. Undoubtedly, a person who is unaware of the reason for using each of these markers does not understand why they were used. This confirms for us that the true meaning of any linguistic expression needs the specific context and circumstances in which it was used, because that is where the intention of the utterance becomes clear. In this study, an attempt has been made by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach to identify those markers that play the role of connecting text to context for meaning interpretation. For this purpose, previous proverbs have been taken as examples, being brief and concise meaningful expressions, and the interpretation of their meaning occurs in context through the awareness of both sender and receiver regarding the intention of using each of the markers that have been taken as samples in the study.

Most research using pseudowords has focused on the contribution of sublexical properties to the study of word processing. However, recent evidence suggests that pseudowords can also provide insights into the semantic and emotional aspects of language processing. Research in this field would greatly benefit from datasets providing estimations for pseudoword stimuli in the various lexicosemantic variables that have been shown to affect word recognition. Such datasets are currently lacking. In the present study, we introduce normative data for 4,800 pseudowords and 1,200 Spanish words, which were rated by 1,210 participants on three dimensions: wordlikeness, valence, and arousal. The stimuli were derived from emotional and neutral base words, and the morphological structure of the pseudowords was manipulated to create four versions combining real roots and suffixes with non-roots and non-suffixes. Additionally, we computed the normalized Levenshtein distance, the number of orthographic neighbors, and the mean Levenshtein distance to the 20 closest orthographic neighbors (OLD20) to examine the influence of objective measures on perceived wordlikeness. The results showed that the morphological structure of the pseudowords had a gradual effect on wordlikeness, valence, and arousal scores, with those combining real roots and suffixes being rated the highest. Furthermore, affective variables were found to consistently predict perceived wordlikeness ratings, whereas objective measures only accounted for a small proportion of the variance. This empirically validated set of well-controlled pseudowords is a valuable resource for researchers interested in the effects of morphology and affect on word processing. The complete database can be downloaded from: https://osf.io/baues/ .

This study investigates the phonological characteristics that support assertive speech acts in English and Arabic political discourse, emphasizing how prosodic aspects extend the pragmatic force of political claims. Political discourse extensively employs assertive speech acts as strategic communicative tools, yet a significant research gap exists in understanding how phonological features systematically enhance the pragmatic force of political assertions across different languages. While extensive research has examined political discourse through pragmatic lenses, particularly focusing on semantic and contextual aspects of speech acts, the crucial role of prosodic elements, including intonation patterns, pitch variations, and acoustic features, in strengthening the illocutionary force of assertive utterances remains underexplored. This study addresses fundamental research questions: (1) What phonological features characterize assertive speech acts in English and Arabic political discourse? (2) How do politicians manipulate prosodic elements to enhance the effectiveness of their assertions? The research aims to identify the phonological characteristics of assertive speech acts in both languages, analyze how these features contribute to pragmatic force in expressing commitment, certainty, authority, and persuasive intent, establish systematic correlations between phonological patterns and pragmatic functions, and compare language-specific patterns while identifying cross-linguistic similarities. The study hypothesizes that assertive speech acts exhibit distinctive phonological patterns that systematically contribute to their pragmatic force, with different types of assertive acts (asserting, boasting, affirming, denying, concluding, claiming, stating, and lamenting) displaying distinct phonological signatures reflecting their specific pragmatic functions. Employing a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, this research combines quantitative acoustic analysis with qualitative pragmatic interpretation. Arabic exhibits higher intensity and broader F0 variation compared to English. The findings reveal both universal and language-specific prosodic strategies that politicians utilize to enhance the persuasive effect of their assertions. While both languages employ similar prosodic strategies to strengthen the pragmatic force of assertions, reflecting universal trends in political communication and cross-cultural pragmatics.

This article examines the concept of the moon as a multidimensional phenomenon in English and Uzbek cultural and literary traditions. The study analyzes the semantic, symbolic, and functional aspects of the moon, including its astronomical, temporal, cultural, folkloric, and metaphorical meanings. Particular attention is given to the role of the moon in reflecting human emotions, psychological states, and natural cycles. Through a comparative approach, the research highlights both universal and culture-specific interpretations of the moon in Eastern and Western contexts. The findings demonstrate that the moon functions not only as a celestial body but also as a powerful symbolic construct deeply embedded in human consciousness, literature, and cultural discourse.

The study presents the tagging system in Turkish of the differential object marker, where the use of an accusative marker or its non-use points out the subject's noun phrase properties at the semantic and pragmatic level. The different conditions under which direct objects are marked obligatorily and optionally are examined in relation to the case formation and the concepts of definiteness, partitivity, and the scope of quantification being discussed and demonstrated in the examples. The case of marking and its semantic aspects are analyzed with special focus on modern theories of presupposition and specificity in the literature. The research proves that Turkish serves as a rich source of evidence for the typological study of differential object marking and at the same time reveals the universal factors in the case system organization of spoken languages.

This article raises a number of topical issues of modern literary criticism concerning motives, such as semantics, aesthetic significance, and the ontological essence of the motive. The undoubted novelty of the work is confirmed by the lack of scientific materials to determine the motive of the meeting on this work of fiction, despite a relatively large number of studies of literary and linguistic content on the work of R. Bradbury. The aim of the article is to determine the semantic aspect of the motive of the meeting in Ray Bradbury’s novel “Dandelion Wine” and reveal how this motive is filled with value meanings in the work. The study’s subject was the semantic aspect of the meeting motive in the work, its dominant values, and its axiological orientation. The object is the motif of the meeting in the work. The research material was Ray Bradbury’s novel Dandelion Wine. Private, scientific methods: artistic hermeneutics, intertextual analysis, and methods of holistic, conceptual, component, and contextual analysis were used, which allowed us to identify the features of Bradbury’s video style to determine the features of author’s worldview and worldview. The results of the study show that the semantic aspect of the meeting motive in Dandelion Wine by Ray Bradbury reflects the protagonist’s evolving understanding of life, emphasizing the significance of human connections in shaping personal identity and perception of time. The work’s practical significance is due to the fact that the materials presented in the article can be used in seminars and lectures on the study of contemporary foreign literature, world literature of the twentieth century, modern American literature, etc. In conclusion, the semantic aspect of the meeting motive in Dandelion Wine by Ray Bradbury reveals how encounters shape the protagonist’s self-awareness, emphasizing the fleeting yet transformative nature of human connections.

Background and objective: Rapid urbanization in Vietnam's municipalities and in particular in Ho Chi Minh City has placed complex issues in the practices of urban management and governance. The underlying challenge is the availability of spatial data on urban infrastructure and settings. This has instigated a national program on digitalizing urban infrastructure for better urban governance and efficient management. With respect to urban infrastructure data, this study introduces a deep learning workflow to enable building footprints extraction from very high-resolution UAV imagery and converts them into a structured geospatial layer to support the spatial management practices of urban environmental settings.Methods: The workflow relies on the DeepLabV3+ architecture with a ResNet-101 backbone, chosen for its strong semantic segmentation capability. Due to a small set of available labeled UAV samples, a combination of deep learning and transfer learning techniques was deployed by first pretraining the model on a large collection of open images. Then, it was fine-tuned with manually annotated photographs acquired over the Phuoc Thien resettlement area in Long Binh Ward, the eastern side of Ho Chi Minh City. To facilitate this, survey flights were conducted at an altitude of 100 m to produce orthomosaics with a Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) of 2.82 cm/pixel, which were processed through contrast enhancement, geometric correction, orthomosaic generation, and tiling before segmentation; subsequent refinement converts raster masks to vector polygons and assigns spatial references.Results: The resulting building footprint layer attains an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.91 and a Precision of 0.90, confirming reliable delineation under diverse building roof geometries and illumination. Delivered as a georeferenced vector layer, these footprints can be ingested directly into municipal spatial databases, providing an up-to-date dataset to support cadastral maintenance, zoning evaluation, and infrastructure monitoring.Conclusion: The proposed method shows that deep learning combined with transfer learning can effectively extract urban building boundaries from UAV imagery in the context of labeled data is limited. The workflow ensures the accuracy in both geometric and semantic aspects, which creates a spatial data layer that can be easily integrated into urban databases. The findings offer an insight into enabling the national strategy for urban digital transformation.

ABSTRACT A major current approach in theoretical linguistics proposes that there is only a partial, defeasible correspondence between syntax and semantics: meaning and grammar are autonomous, parallel components in the architecture of language. This fact still lacks a satisfactory account. One type of explanation could be provided in terms of computational capability: architectures that separate out meaning and grammar into two processing streams might perform better in tasks that require the system to attend to syntactic vs semantic aspects of sentences. We compare single-stream vs dual-stream transformer architectures, which we train and test on data sets from two event-related brain potential (ERP) studies, with a variety of syntactically and semantically challenging sentences. The single-stream model showed greater sensitivity (the probability that a given sentence s from set S is labelled as belonging to S) with syntactic anomalies, whereas the dual-stream model showed greater sensitivity with semantic anomalies. However, overall, the two models classified sentences with similar accuracy: there were no general advantages for either architecture. Our results are a counterexample to the notion that the functional separation of meaning and grammar in the architecture of human language can be explained in strictly computational terms.

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to identify the sociolinguistic specifics of the thematic group of personal nouns with the meaning of the type of work, service in the Russian language of the nineteenth century. The author concludes that the thematic group of the named personal names, due to its fixation in various lexicographic publications of the named time, was relevant and widespread in the Russian language of the nineteenth century and consisted of seven semantic subgroups: 1) names by unskilled occupation, 2) names by craft, 3) names of workers of the manufacturing method of production performing one private operation from a variety of professional actions, workers by subject of labor, place of work, labor process, 4) names of specialists of large-scale machine production by mechanism, subject of labor, product of labor, 5) names of sellers of some kind artifacts, 6) nominations of specialists in creative fields and in science, 7) names of specialists in the military sphere. Conclusion. Based on the collected lexicographic material, the author proves that in the semantic aspect, the thematic group of nouns with the meaning of the type of work, service of a person was a heterogeneous formation, including elements of the past, present and future economic and social structure of the Russian Empire, which reflects the dynamic processes of profession formation in Russia of the studied period.

For countless organisms, we know their genomes as long sequences of A’s, C’s, G’s, and T’s. But what does this information – if it is information – mean? This is a question of semantics, while information theory, as introduced by Shannon (1948), explicitly is not concerned with meaning. This has led many scholars within theoretical biology and biosemiotics to disregard information theory as irrelevant. By discussing the case of molecular motifs from the points of view of bioinformatics and biosemiotics, we offer an interpretation of biological information that emphasizes the usefulness of Shannon’s theory of information to understand aspects of the generation and interpretation of meaning in living cells. Though the semantic aspects of information were not dealt with by Shannon, contributions to bioinformatics including the work of Thomas D. Schneider and colleagues have shown how the information content of a site, defined as the decrease in uncertainty upon binding, is often just enough to locate the sites in the genome. This provides a better understanding of the biosemiotics of sequence information and the interdependency of information transfer, memory, biochemical specificity, biofunction, and meaning. Thus, we argue that the quantitative approach to information by Schneider is compatible with biosemiotics and Bateson’s definition of information as “a difference that makes a difference”.

This study provides a descriptive analysis of the formal characteristics and word formation processes observable in 1054 nouns with the popular lexicographic label in the Diccionario del español de México (DEM). Based on this data sample, I examine the etymological dimension of this vocabulary, its lexical creation processes, and the most recurrent derivational and compositional patterns found in it. The results confirm that Mexican popular vocabulary constitutes a microcosm of the lexical heritage of Mexican Spanish, where affixation represents the most common lexicogenetic process. Furthermore, this research exemplifies the systematicity of certain formal processes at this linguistic register and justifies the relevance of using this dataset as an empirical basis to develop further studies focusing on the semantic and dialectal aspects of this vocabulary.

The purpose of the article is to examine the use of Baroque music in the film Parasite by South Korean director Bong Joon-ho, to determine the role of musical quotations in the dramaturgy and semantic content of the film, and to convey the director’s vision. Research methodology is based on an analysis of the film’s audiovisual series. A contextual approach is also used to outline the possible connotations of the quoted material. The conceptual basis of the study is based on terms and concepts developed in the works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers of film music. Scientific novelty. The musical component of the film ‘Parasite’ is analysed, and the role of quotations in the film’s dramaturgy is determined. To outline the sociocultural context of the film, the works of foreign researchers, including South Korean researchers, are used. Conclusions. Rodelinda’s aria ‘Mio Caro Bene’ from G.F. Handel’s opera in South Korean director Bong Joon-ho’s film is the only Baroque music quotation in the film’s soundtrack. The director places the aria’s music in the pre-climax zone, creating a contrast to the bloody drama unfolding on screen. Performed in the frame as diegetic, Western European Baroque music, as an attribute of the leisure time of South Korean upper class, acquires symbolic meaning along with other symbolic objects in the film (food, weather, spatial organisation, smell), whose task is to show the striking, historically conditioned isolation of the social strata of Korean society and the impossibility of overcoming this gap. The key role of Baroque music in the ‘Parasite’ film music is confirmed by the introduction of pseudo-Baroque music (allusions to the first part of Vivaldi’s ‘Winter’ from ‘The Four Seasons’) into the original soundtrack, created by composer Jung Jaeil: the music imitates the work of a Baroque composer, as the poor family members pretend to be someone they are not in order to get closer to their hosts.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the semantic, genre-stylistic, and philosophical aspects of the trumpet’s functioning in Yevhen Stankovych’s oeuvre. The basis for the analysis is the composer’s personal statements, which were recorded during an interview on 19 August 2025. The research focuses on identifying the individual peculiarities of the composer’s timbre thinking, specifically regarding the interpretation of the trumpet as one of the most expressive instruments in the symphony orchestra. The methodological foundation of the study is a systematic combination of key approaches necessary for a comprehensive analysis of the composer’s worldview: analytical (for dismembering and classifying the trumpet’s functions), interpretive (for uncovering the semantic layers of its use), and hermeneutical (for a profound understanding of the author’s intent). The unity of the theoretical and empirical levels of analysis includes: summarising the key tenets of contemporary musicological thought concerning instrumental semantics and Yevhen Stankovych’s oeuvre, combined with the composer’s exclusive comments. This dichotomous approach makes it possible to reconstruct the individual logic of his creative vision with maximum accuracy, and to clarify the internal motives behind his timbre decisions and instrumental preferences. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, for the first time in Ukrainian musicology, the composer’s views on the semantics of the trumpet have been systematically and thoroughly revealed based on a primary source – personal, previously unpublished statements by Yevhen Stankovych, recorded during a specialised interview. Conclusions. The role of the trumpet in Yevhen Stankovych’s oeuvre proves to be multifaceted: ranging from dramaturgical structure-building to its symbolic interpretation as the voice of inner impulse and spiritual energy. The composer’s attitude toward the instrument is based on creative intuition, philosophical depth, and trust in the ‘inner voice’.

The naming of professions and job titles reflects not only linguistic norms but also social structure, cultural values, historical development, and gender ideology of a society. This article examines the specific features of professional and occupational naming systems in the Russian and Uzbek languages. Special attention is paid to morphological, semantic, grammatical, and sociolinguistic aspects of profession names, including gender marking, borrowing processes, word-formation models, and modernization trends. A comparative analysis reveals both shared characteristics and significant differences conditioned by typological distinctions between the Slavic and Turkic language families. The study demonstrates that professional nomenclature functions as a dynamic linguistic subsystem closely connected with societal changes.

The novel Time and Southeast by L. Dela Fimeta, published on October 2, 2023, is one of the literary works in the romance genre that is interesting to study from a linguistic perspective, especially morphology. This study aims to analyze the morphological process of composition contained in the novel, focusing on the types, examples, and semantic aspects that arise in the use of word composition. The research method used is qualitative descriptive analysis with a literature review approach and text review. Data in the form of compositional words were collected from novel texts, then classified based on the type of composition, such as endocentric, exocentric, and idiomatic compositions. Semantic analysis is carried out to examine the meaning resulting from the composition process, both literal and connotative meanings that enrich the nuances of romance in the novel. The results of the study show that this novel uses word composition creatively to build aesthetic expression, strengthen characterization, and present a distinctive emotional nuance. The semantic aspects of word composition also contribute to the development of deep themes and language styles. In conclusion, the morphological study of composition in the novel Time and Southeast makes an important contribution to the development of morphological studies while enriching literary research that integrates language analysis in literary works.

Variability in answer quality, frequent question repetition, fragmented information, unstructured content, and the complexity of natural language are the primary issues in online video game forums. Unfortunately, traditional Q&A systems are inadequate for forum discussions due to their inability to process unstructured, contextual, and informal language. We propose the Pointer-Question-Filter-Game (PQF-Game), a novel language model designed for Restricted-Domain Question Answering Systems (RDQASs) in video game forums. In the answer recognition module of PQF-Game, we inserted a keyword filter pipeline using an attention-based Neural Matching Model (aNMM) to select relevant input keywords during similarity scoring. In the answer generation module, we integrated a question layer and a document layer within the Pointer-Generator architecture to improve semantic focus, reduce redundancy, and address out-of-vocabulary (OOV) issues. We evaluated our model using GameFAQs and Steam datasets. The PQF-Game achieved the highest ROUGE score, ROUGE-1 = 0.3372, ROUGE-2 = 0.1574, and ROUGE-L = 0.2658 when applying a 900-dimension skip-gram word embedding, compared to Pointer-Generator, Pointer-Gen + Cov, word-lvt5k-1sent, and state-of-the-art models, i.e., BART, T5, and PEGASUS. Although user input may contain typos, slang, or unseen words, the question layer successfully preserves the semantic aspect of the question and documents. Our proposed system demonstrates the ability to generate meaningful and accurate responses, as confirmed through human evaluation. Our key contribution lies in combining an aNMM-based keyword filtering pipeline with dual-attention mechanisms in the Pointer-Generator to enhance RDQASs performance.

How the brain constructs meaning from individual words and phrases is a fundamental question for research in semantic cognition, language, and their disorders. These two aspects of meaning are traditionally studied separately, resulting in two large, multi-method literatures, which we sought to bring together in this study. Not only would this address basic cognitive questions of how semantic cognition operates but also because, despite their distinct focuses, both literatures ascribe a critical role to the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in each aspect of semantics. Given these considerations, we explored the notion that these systems rely on common underlying computational principles when activating conceptual semantic representations via single words, versus building a coherent semantic representation across sequences of words. The present pre-registered study used magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography to track brain activity in participants reading nouns and adjective-noun phrases, while integrating conceptual variables from both literatures: the concreteness of nouns (e.g., "lettuce" vs. "fiction") and the denotational semantics of adjectives (subsective vs. privative, e.g., "bad" vs. "fake"). Region-of-interest analyses show that bilateral ATLs responded more strongly to phrases at different time points, irrespective of concreteness. Decoding analyses on ATL signals further revealed a time-varying representational format for adjective semantics, whereas representations of noun concreteness were more stable and maintained for around 300 ms. Further, the neural representation of noun concreteness was modulated by the preceding adjectives: decoders learning concreteness signals in single words generalised better to subsective relative to privative phrases. These findings point to a unified ATL function for semantic memory and composition.