Level Of Self-sufficiency Research Articles

Evaluation of self-sufficiency of territorial communities as the basis for ensuring their sustainable development

Purpose. The article aims to evaluate the level of financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities in terms of ensuring their sustainable development.
 Methodology / approach. An approach that involves the consequent implementation of compositional, empirical, and taxonomic stages based on the calculation of empirical parameters (based on the structural-spatial approach using the linear weighting) of structural levels (revenue and expenditure components) of financial self-sufficiency for the city, town, and village communities was developed to achieve the set objective. The general level of financial self-sufficiency is calculated based on the integral approach. The communities are ranged by the criterion of the efficiency maximization in the management of financial resources to achieve economic development. 
 Results. The results of the evaluation for 73 communities showed that city territorial communities in Lvivska oblast had high (Lvivska) and moderate (Stryiska, Pustomytivska, Horodotska, Sudovovyshnyanska, Chervonohradska, Sambirska, and Kamyanko-Buzka) levels of financial self-sufficiency in 2021, so they were able to secure sustainable economic growth. The article reveals that 75 % of town communities had low levels of financial self-sufficiency (from 0.218 to 0.372), which is the consequence of weak fiscal capacity and, thus, low financial independence and high budget subsidiarity. Sokilnytska (0.788) and Solonkivska (0.637) village communities showed positively high results and 33 % had a moderate level of revenue component of financial self-sufficiency (from 0.414 to 0.553). The situation is triggered by their close location to the oblast center and sufficient fiscal independence. The ranking of communities by the criterion of the efficiency maximization in the management of financial resources revealed four groups. The group with a moderate level (45 communities) is the largest. 
 Originality / scientific novelty. The article develops a scientific and practical approach to the evaluation of self-sufficiency of territorial communities. Unlike others, it provides the combined (integral) evaluation of the significance of the components of territorial communities’ financial self-sufficiency and allows the detection of the complementary impact of financial self-sufficiency on ensuring sustainable economic development of the territory.
 Practical value / implications. The article offers a set of tools to evaluate financial self-sufficiency of territorial communities. Their application by local governments will serve as the informational-analytical basis for the elaboration of measures to strengthen the capacity and self-sufficiency of territorial communities with modernizing the existing strategies or developing the territorial economic growth (or recovery) programs. The application of the methodological approach makes it possible to identify budget planning deficiencies timely and improve the efficiency of the use of financial resources of local self-government bodies.

Exploring circular water options for a water-stressed city: Water metabolism analysis for Paju City, South Korea

For urban areas with limited water supplies, circular water strategies must be pursued to achieve water security goals. By tracking and balancing all water flows and their potential changes city-wide, urban water metabolism is a useful framework for exploring the effect of circular water strategies on performance. This study focused on a water-stressed city in South Korea, Paju. We first analyzed Paju's current and future water metabolism. We then explored the effects of 10 alternative water management options (implementing four circular water strategies separately or combined, in both conservative and maximum potential cases) on three aspects of water security (water resource efficiency, self-sufficiency, and supply diversification). In 2018, Paju had lower efficiency of water use than our benchmarking case, Seoul, despite Paju's higher level of supply self-sufficiency and diversity. By 2040, the expected growth and increasing water demand of the city would further increase its reliance on water imports, requiring expansion of water infrastructure. However, if Paju employs large-scale wastewater recycling and rainwater harvesting, and reduces its water loss and demand, the combined effect could offset the expected water supply increase between 2018 and 2040, as well as the associated need for additional infrastructure.

Адаптивна система аграрного виробництва в умовах нестійкого зволоження

State of the problem. The latest predictive studies indicate that the trend towards climate warming will continue in the next decade. In regions with conditions of insufficient moisture due to a shortage of water resources, it is possible to counteract the threats of a decrease in the productivity of field crops not only by improving the use of the available potential of natural moisture, but also by improving the sectoral structure of agricultural production. Such improvement is carried out on a bioenergy basis and makes it possible to ensure sustainable and balanced production of food, industrial raw materials and bioenergy. The goal is to analyze the modern use of the agricultural resource potential of the Poltava region, to develop promising, highly profitable models of production activity adapted to the conditions of unstable moisture. Methodology and conditions. Statistical data of the State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine for the Poltava region averaged over the last 5 years were used to assess the effectiveness of the modern extended practice of agricultural production in the region. For the innovative bioproductivity potential of typical chernozem, the information base of long-term agrotechnical experiments of the Poltava research station was used. In the future, the obtained results were used in the development of promising options for the development of the SE “DG Im. January 9” Khorolsky district, Poltava region. Computer multivariate simulation modeling functioned with the help of the “Agroecosystem” software complex. The results. The analysis of statistical information showed that the modern widespread practice of crop specialization in the Poltava region is characterized by high instability of the productivity of the main field crops. Under these conditions, the average profitability of a hectare of arable land for 7 years is 270 u.o. Computer simulation modeling of promising options for the production activity of an agricultural enterprise in the Left Bank Forest Steppe showed that improving its branch structure on a bioenergy basis makes it possible to radically increase the profitability of production activity, to significantly strengthen its stability and resistance to external negative factors, in particular to a lack of hydration. This position is achieved by bringing the structure of acreage in line with the needs of animal husbandry, increasing the productivity of dairy herds, organizing the production of meat and dairy products, sugar, oil and bioenergy, and certifying the obtained products as organic. In the future, this will make it possible to increase the net profit to 8 thousand u.o./ha. Mastering the technology of long-term storage of sugar raw materials with the production of pulp throughout the cold period of the year, construction of an elevator and modern storage facilities for rough and juicy fodder, the formation of an insurance fund sufficient in case of adverse vegetation conditions, as well as a high level of financial self-sufficiency will make it possible to significantly strengthen the stability and sustainability of the production system to adverse factors, including agrometeorological ones. Conclusion. Cross-industry bioenergy optimization of agricultural production in relation to the agricultural resource potential of the left-bank part of the foreststeppe zone without irrigation significantly increases the sustainability of production activity. At the same time, a significant amount of chemical and man-made resources is saved and one’s own energy needs are provided, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of production and increase the profitability of agricultural enterprises.

REGIONAL FOOD SECURITY: PROBLEMS OF FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE IRKUTSK REGION)

The purpose of the work is to analyze regional food security on the example of the Irkutsk region, both in conceptual and practical aspects. The objectives are to specify the basic components of this concept and to establish conditions for monitoring regional food security. The article analyzes the concept of food security, which offers criteria for its provision, including accessibility, reliability, sustainability, independence. Of these four criteria, only two are fixed in the Doctrine of Food Security of Russia with an emphasis on the level of self-sufficiency for 11 types of food without specifying the state of production, resource and other potential providing it and prospects for its development: The importance of creating analytical and information systems for monitoring food security is indisputable, while it is necessary to take into account the regional aspect of assessing this problem. Currently, there is a wide set of indicators for assessing food security, although without methodological support for monitoring and interpreting its results. Using the proposed composition of indicators grouped by four criteria: accessibility, reliability, sustainability, independence, an analysis of the food security of the Irkutsk region was carried out, which showed the criticality of the region in this area. The results of the work are very relevant for the formation of regional economic policy in the field of food security management.

Assessment of agricultural lands as the basis of Ukraine’s food supply

ABSTRACT A methodology is presented for calculating optimal values of the natural, ecological and economic elements of Ukraine’s food system, these being the basis for agrarian enterprises. Criteria for the efficiency of the use of agricultural land according to the interaction of these elements are formulated, and the regional structure of the national food supply determined. Regions are clustered according to their level of food self-sufficiency, and agricultural enterprises are grouped according to the areas of land under agricultural crops in their farming system.

Forming the production potential of dairy cattle breeding as a factor of sustainable development of food systems

Sustainable development of food systems is a global challenge for both Russian and world economy. Within each country, the economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainability should be considered in symbiosis when forming conditions for the development of agricultural sectors. Dairy cattle breeding has always been one of the leading sub-sectors of agriculture, the prerogative of which is to provide the population with milk and dairy products in an amount that advises recommended consumption standards. Digital transformation of the sub-sector is considered as an element of the global project in the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “Digital Agriculture”. The paper presents analytical materials on the level of self-sufficiency and economic availability of milk and dairy products in Russia as a whole, as well as the current state of the production potential of dairy cattle breeding in the Krasnoyarsk region. It was found that the loss of gross milk production due to a decrease in the number of cows compensates for the increase in productivity. It is noted that in Russia the agricultural industries are going through the next stage of serious technological changes, which is associated with the need to modernize production based on the use of information technologies, automation capabilities, digital technologies and platform solutions. This process helps to solve the main task – to ensure the sustainable development of food systems on the basis of increasing the production potential of industries.

Аграрный сектор Севера и Арктики: исторический аспект, направления развития

The article considers the possibilities and limitations of the development of agriculture in regions with extreme natural conditions, which determine a special approach to the formation of a sectoral structure and the development of agrarian policy. The author analyses the development of the industry in the planned and post-Soviet periods. He outlines the positive impact of modernization processes in the period before the liberal market reforms on the development of the agricultural sector and food self-sufficiency. The study assesses the current state of the agrarian sector, and determines the reasons for the degradation of the material and technical base, the reduction of the agricultural potential, and the decrease in the coefficient of self-sufficiency in food products. Based on the socio-economic importance of agriculture in the zone of the North and the Arctic, the author justifies differentiated directions for strengthening the local food base and increasing the current level of food self-sufficiency. The priority measures include the acceleration of innovative modernization, the formation of a diversified economy, and the improvement of economic relations. The author advises to use the study results in programming the development of the agrarian economy of the Arctic zone of Russia and its northern regions.

Exploration of Food Security Challenges towards More Sustainable Food Production: A Systematic Literature Review of the Major Drivers and Policies

Food security is a central priority for international policy as one of the world's most significantly urgent targets to achieve. It is considered one of the most pressing issues in many countries, the degree of food security representing the level of self-sufficiency and well-being of citizens. In particular, in the current COVID-19 pandemic era, it has more than ever become a mission-critical goal. In this research, we report on the food security drivers and the current state of recommended policies addressing chronic food insecurity aimed at ensuring the sustainability of future food production. Mapping the determinants of food security contributes to a better understanding of the issue and aids in the development of appropriate food security policies and strategies to enhance the sustainability of food production in all facets; namely environmental, social, and economic. Adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) data screening and selection guidelines and standards, we carried out a comprehensive, reliable, systematic, and rigorous review of research from the last ten years in order to identify the most frequently mentioned drivers and policies of food security in the literature available in two databases: Scopus and Web of Science (WOS). The number of extracted articles was 141 papers in total. An analysis revealed 34 drivers of food security and 17 most recommended policies for the mitigation of food insecurity. The existence of food loss and waste (FLW) policies was the primary driver of food security, followed by food security policies (FSP) in their different forms. However, FSP were the most recommended policies, followed by FLW policies. The identified food security drivers and recommended policies should be used by policy-makers to improve food security, thus contributing to sustainable food production. Our research findings, reflected in the latest version of the Global Food Security Index (GFSI), resulted in more tangible policy implications, suggesting the addition of two dimensions regarding food security. We also identified elements not listed under the GFSI that could be considered in its future revision, including environmental policies/indicators, consumer representation, and traceability throughout the entire supply chain. Overall, it can be concluded that food security is a complicated and multi-faceted issue that cannot be restricted to a single variable, necessitating the deeper integration of various multi-disciplinary interventions.

Is a Food Shortage Coming to the Western Balkans?

In the wake of the international food crisis, many countries are paying more attention to food self-sufficiency to protect themselves from instability in the global food markets. Western Balkan region and the rest of the world are facing an array of challenges, including inflation and rising food prices. Recognizing the importance of producing sufficient food to cover a country's needs in circumstances of increasing risk of trade disruptions due to war or political tensions, this article aims to find the level of food self-sufficiency in the Western Balkan countries. The self-sufficiency ratio is calculated for different food groups and individual products over a 14-year period (2006-2019) based on the FAO data and calculation method. Also, using panel data, the impact of different factors-arable land, rural population, fertilizers efficiency, temperature change, precipitation, and GDP per capita change-on cereals self-sufficiency is estimated. Results showed that in the covered pre-crisis period, the Western Balkans achieved a satisfactory level of food self-sufficiency, suggesting that the region is ready to respond to future challenges. Four indicators positively and significantly affect cereal self-sufficiency: arable land, rural population, fertilizers efficiency and GDP per capita change, while one indicator-temperature change-had a negative and significant effect. This article can serve as a basis for post-crisis research on the topic.

Assessing the export potential of the region's agricultural sector

Subject. This article considers exports as a key driver of development of the agricultural sector at the regional level. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the possibility of organizing the production of fundamentally new export goods for the region. Methods. For the study, I used the abstract and logical, case methods, and various mathematical methods. Results. The article presents the rating of agricultural goods in accordance with their export potential. As key indicators for assessing the export potential of the regional agro-industrial complex, the article proposes to use the level of self-sufficiency, balance of resources, the Herfindahl – Hirschman index, and the ratio of world and domestic prices for exported agricultural products. Conclusions. The developed methodology can be used to determine the level of diversification of the export basket of agricultural products and the degree of concentration of exporters in the agricultural market of the region.

An inverse-problem approach to simulating smart control of domestic electric hot water cylinders using electricity demand time-series data.

Smart control of domestic electric hot water cylinders could be used as a relatively inexpensive option to help bridge supply–demand mismatches in highly-renewable electricity grids in many countries. Evaluation of options for the smart control of these cylinders is made difficult by the lack of domestic hot water flow time-series data. In contrast, hot water cylinder electricity demand time-series data, either directly measured or imputed from whole house data, is often much more readily available. In this paper, we propose an inverse-problem approach that uses a physical model of a hot water cylinder to determine hot water flow information from electricity demand data. Once hot water flow information has been determined, it is then possible to simulate smart control of the hot water cylinder element such that it does not interfere with the provision of hot water. We illustrate this approach by using a simple physical model of a hot water cylinder to simulate the hot water flow of 19 houses with electric hot water cylinders from measured time-series electricity data. A smart control case study is then explored where these houses are part of a solar PV microgrid and the cylinder elements are controlled so as to reduce the battery storage needed by the microgrid to reach a certain level of self sufficiency.

Evidence on the multidimensional performance of agroecology in Mali using TAPE

CONTEXTIn 2019, FAO and partners launched the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE), an innovative and comprehensive framework to produce global and harmonized evidence on the multidimensional performance of agroecology and on its potential to contribute to sustainable food systems and the achievement of the SDGs.In 2020, TAPE was used in Mali to assess the status of agroecological transition of local farms and to identify its correlation with farms' quantitative performance across the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study is to present the evidence on the multidimensional performance of agroecology produced through the implementation of TAPE in 233 farms in the region of Kayes, in Mali. METHODSThrough a standardized survey filled during farm visits, TAPE provides a characterization of the level of agroecological transition of local farms and an assessment of their performance across the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of sustainability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe use of TAPE in this study shows that agricultural systems in the region of Kayes are at very different levels of agroecological transition and that more advanced agroecological types of farms have better performances across the different dimensions of sustainability:-produce more and create more wealth from agropastoral activities using less external and industrial inputs;-use less pesticides, have better soil health, have more agricultural biodiversity, and higher presence of natural vegetation and pollinators on farm;-have more empowered youth more prone to continue as farmers and less prone to emigrate, and more family members directly employed in agropastoral production;-enjoy an improved dietary diversity and a higher level of food self-sufficiency. SIGNIFICANCEThere is a growing global interest in agroecology and a growing demand for evidence on its performance across the different dimensions of sustainability and on its potential to contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. TAPE has been created with the goal to fill this knowledge gap through the creation of global and harmonized evidence on the multidimensional performance of agroecological systems. The presentation of TAPE's results from Mali is meant to inform all interested stakeholders on the performance of agroecology in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa, to support the transition of different types of agricultural systems towards more sustainable production, and to encourage the formulation of adequate programs and policies enabling different processes of transition that take into consideration agroecological practices and principles. Such evidence is particularly needed in Sub-Saharan Africa where agroecology as a science, a practice and a social movement has been less promoted than in other regions.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЙ КОСТРОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СЕМЕННОГО КАРТОФЕЛЯ

The research was carried out in 1990-2020 in order to analyze the state and level of potato growing sub-sector development in the Russian Federation and in Kostroma region with further identification of priority areas for improving its efficiency for the production of high-quality seed potatoes. Over the past three decades, the potato industry of the country has undergone serious changes. During the period from 1990 to 2020, the area of potato planting in the Russian Federation decreased by 1935.4 thousand hectares, or by 62%, the gross harvest decreased by 11240.8 thousand tons, or by 36.4%.In 2020 the level of self-sufficiency in potatoes, defined as the ratio of products produced in the country to its domestic consumption, amounted to 89.2%, which is lower than the indicator established by the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation by 5.8 percentage points. In Russia, leading agricultural organizations have appeared, working on innovative technologies of world standards and reaching record yields of 45...50 t/ ha. However, the average potato yield in the country remains one of the lowest in Europe – at the level of 17 t/ha. A significant factor in obtaining high potato yields is the use of high-quality seed material of the best varieties. Potato seed production is effective only in optimal soil and climatic conditions with the use of reliable methods of accelerated reproduction of virus-free material and prevention of re-infection with diseases. This problem is successfully solved by organizing special protected areas with favorable climatic and phytosanitary conditions for growing healthy seed potatoes. The Kostroma region, subject to the effective use of its geographical location, favorable soil, climatic and phytosanitary conditions, can take a leading position in the production of high-quality potato seeds.

ENSURING FOOD SECURITY UNDER SANCTIONS PRESSURE

The relevance of the research has been substantiated. Russia is under unprecedented external pressure from a wide range of economic sanctions. The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable in such conditions. In this connection, there is an objective need for a systematic analysis and forecasting of measures taken to protect the domestic food market. The article outlines the main directions of the state economic policy of the Russian Federation. The main factors influencing the rise in food prices have been identified. These factors include an increase in the cost of the production cycle of crops and livestock due to import dependence, disruption of supply chains, mandatory labeling of certain goods, an increase in the price of mineral fertilizers, an increase in electricity tariffs and packaging costs, the exhaustion of limits on preferential loans to agricultural producers, an increase in world prices for food products deterioration of natural and climatic conditions. The level of self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs and the main factors of growth in food prices have been considered. In addition, food inflation in the Russian Federation has been studied. Particular attention is paid to the measures taken by the Government that will help stabilize prices for important agricultural products and thereby ensure the country's food security: a temporary ban on the export of sunflower and rapeseed seeds; a quota for deliveries abroad of sunflower oil and cake, as well as solid residues from sunflower seeds; limiting the number of checkpoints for the export of soybeans and soybean meal from Russia; introduction of duties on the export of sunflower meal and oilseed flax. The purpose of the research is to study the measures taken by the Government to protect the domestic food market and stabilize prices for important agricultural products, as well as to identify the main factors affecting the rise in food prices. This study was conducted using the methods of statistical analysis, synthesis, comparison and deductive method.

Assessment of Poland food security in the context of agricultural production in 2010–2020

This article aims to description food security and its measurement method and analyse the agricultural production status and food self-sufficiency in 2010–2020. Currently, Poland in 2020 ranks 59th globally and fifth in the European Union in terms of utilised agricultural areas. Considering the population of agricultural workers, Poland are the first in the European Union. Results of studies concerning the production and consumption of basic agricultural raw materials indicate that Poland is a country mostly featuring a food production surplus. From 2010 to 2020, its level of self-sufficiency to the extent of basic cereals was variable; however, grain production surplus was recorded in the analysed period. Similar observations were made for the production of potatoes and vegetables. Only in some years did fruit production show a deficit or was at the domestic consumption level. As regards milk and eggs, Poland was self-sufficient in the whole analysed period, and the dynamics of increase in the surplus of milk and eggs was proportional to the 2010 year. From 2010 to 2020, Poland recorded a high surplus of poultry meat and beef that increased every year using a dynamic approach. The level of self-sufficiency to the extent of pork supplies was highly varied. From 2010 to 2015, a deficit occurred that decreased year on year, and from 2018 to 2020, it reached a surplus of 71 000, 62 000 and 40 000 tonnes, respectively. Surveys regarding Poland’s balance of foreign trade in agri-food products did not confirm food self-sufficiency in 2010; however, from 2015 to 2020, the balance was positive and was growing throughout the survey period, which means that Poland exported more agri-food products than it imported. Many households representing the part of the society with the poorest income declare they are not able to eat red meat or poultry every other day. A systematic reduction in the calorific value of food consumed in Polen is also puzzling as lower than the reference (2350 kcal), and in 2019 it reached a distressing daily intake value of 1999 kcal per capita.

Industry Structure of Agri-Food Production and Consumer Food Price Index

It is believed that one of the main conditions for the absence of a shortage and stability of food prices on the domestic market is a sufficient level of food self-sufficiency, calculated as the ratio of the volume of production of this type of food to the volume of its use in the territory of the given country. However, this approach has a weak point: production volumes in the numerator are agricultural raw materials, and not consumer-ready industrial products. Considering the export channel of the extraction of food raw materials, the production volumes of agricultural goods sufficient for food self-supply do not guarantee their availability at national enterprises of the food industry to produce semifinished foods and ready-made food in a quantity sufficient for the food market to function without a deficit. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the violation of industry proportions of agri-food production is one of the reasons for the growth of the consumer price index in the food market of Ukraine. The authors of this study proposed the “coefficient of the ratio of gross value added created in the food industry to gross value added created in agriculture” as an indicator that describes the sectoral structure of agri-food production. It was found that, provided the other factors of influence remain unchanged, an increase in the coefficient “the ratio of gross value added created in the food industry to gross value added created in agriculture” by 1% leads to a decrease in the consumer price index of food products and soft drinks by 0.317%. It was concluded that to ensure the stability of national food prices, such a coefficient should not be less than 1. The prospects of further research include the development of an organisational and economic mechanism for the development of a closed value chain in the system of national agri-food production.

Интеллектуальный анализ производственных возможностей и потребления продукции сельского хозяйства в регионах Российской Федерации

Natural and climatic conditions in each region determine the specifics of agricultural development and are an important factor, as well as socio-economic potential in general. Agriculture is developing in absolutely all subjects of the Russian Federation, since it is a key criterion for ensuring food and national security of the country, also contributes to the organization of employment and self-employment in agricultural territories and attracting investment. The article examines and analyzes the trends and prospects for the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation at the present stage, assesses the level of self-sufficiency of Russia with basic agricultural products. An OLAP analysis of the production of agricultural products in the regions of Russia was carried out, including a cluster analysis of the production of crop products and separately animal husbandry, an interpretation of the selected clusters was given; a rating analysis of the consumption of crop products and separately animal husbandry. The choice of indicators is based on the designated most important indicators contained in the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation. The OLAP analysis of the production and consumption of agricultural products in the regions of the Russian Federation allows us to identify the regions in which the largest share of agricultural product production is concentrated. These regions are significant from the point of view of ensuring food security in Russia as a whole. It is from them that products will be supplied throughout the country.

Retrospective analysis of selected aspects of public blood transfusion service activities as a starting point for assessment of the status of transfusion medicine in Poland. Part 3: Donations of blood and blood components in the period 1997–2017

Background: Blood donation is primarily an activity of collecting blood from healthy people for the benefit of those who require transfusion (e.g. surgery, oncology and hematology patients or those who suffer massive blood loss) or for the purpose of manufacturing blood products. The overall availability of blood in a country is reflected by the whole blood donation rate (WB) per 1000 inhabitants. It is accepted that the minimum of 30 WB donations/1000 inhabitants provides sufficient protection for the healthcare system, whereas blood supply is considered insufficient when the number of donors drops below 10/1000 inhabitants. A European country is at the basic level of self-sufficiency in terms of blood supply if approximately 2.5% of its population donates blood regularly. Poland has been self-sufficient for many years now, but there is growing awareness that the self-sufficiency may be disturbed mainly because of ongoing demographic changes. One such change is the growing number of elderly people which means an increase in the overall percentage of the sick. In the recent years, Poland has reached a certain level of blood donations (about 1.2 mil per year) and it may be difficult to improve the result without altering the approach to donor recruitment. Material and methods: Material for analyses were the available annual reports from 21 Polish Regional Blood Transfusion Centers (RBTCs) forwarded to the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion (IHTM). The following tools were used for statistical analysis of the available data: Microsoft Office: Access and Excel, Microsoft Power Business Intelligence (Power BI) software and STATISTICA version 13.3 software (TIBCO Software Inc.). Results: In the years 1997–2017, a total of over 20.5 mil WB units were collected (mainly from voluntary non-remunerated donors > 99.7%). The largest number of voluntary nonremunerated donations was collected in RBTC in Warsaw and RBTC in Katowice (2.05 and 2.02 mil respectively), while the lowest number in RBTC in Słupsk and RBTC in Radom (0.43 and 0.39 mil respectively). Blood components were also obtained from apheresis: platelet cell concentrate (Aph. PC) — a total of 522.4 thous donations, plasma from automated plasmapheresis — a total of > 1.9 mil donations, plasma from manual plasmapheresis — a total of > 55.4 thous donations, granulocyte concentrate — 1.5 thous donations and red blood cells from apheresis (Aph RBCs) > 2.2 thous donations (in 2005–2017). Throughout the analyzed period, the indicator of the number of donations per one donor was within the 1.69–2.08 range, while in the last 6 years — at the level of approximately 2. In individual RBTCs the total indicator for the period 1997–2017 was calculated at the level of 1.74–2.16. Conclusion: The study analysis of the number of donations collected throughout the 1997–2017 period, indicates that whole blood was the most often collected component in all RBTCs, while the least frequent one were RBCs from apheresis and granulocyte concentrate (GC). The number of WB donations in RBTCs varied — most donations were collected in RBTC in Warsaw and Katowice, while the least in Słupsk and Radom, which is most certainly related to the number of inhabitants/potential donors in the area of activity of these RBTCs.

От зерна к продуктам его переработки: экспортный потенциал и перспективы

Abstract. The purpose of the study is to assess the current trends in export deliveries of grain and products of its processing, to identify opportunities and conditions for increasing the export potential of high value-added products. The main research methods were economic-statistical, tabular, graphical, comparative with subsequent generalization of data. The information base included materials from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, the Federal Customs Service of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, as well as analytical reports and reports in the field of international trade in grain crops and current regulations. The scientific novelty of the study is to substantiate the feasibility and develop recommendations for increasing the production of grain processing products, substituting import supplies and expanding the export of high value-added products to the world market in the face of increased economic sanctions. The results are as follows: the place of Russia in the world market was analyzed in terms of gross yields and exports of grain crops, wheat, as a raw material for the production of final products; assessed the country's prospects for the export of grain, taking into account the instability of geopolitical and trade and economic cooperation; the volumes and structure of grain consumption in Russia are considered, the dynamics of production and export-import operations for grain processing products are studied; deterrents were identified in expanding the export potential of grain processing products, lost profits from the export of raw materials, and not finished products; recommendations are offered on priority areas that contribute to the growth in the volume of export-oriented products of grain processing, including deep processing. The high level of self-sufficiency in raw materials, the low utilization of production capacities of the food and processing industry, the ratio of export, import and domestic prices for grain processing products indicate the existing opportunities for redirecting part of the carry-over stocks and export volumes of grain for processing, import substitution and further export.

Assessing food self-sufficiency of selected European Functional Urban Areas vs metropolitan areas

The resilience of the local food system is being underlined as one of the most important strategic goals for a sustainable future. However, since the question of what constitutes the local scale of food production depends largely on the type of product and supply chain, the associated foodshed can range from a site scale, city and city region up to wider region and country level. As a proof of concept whether functional urban areas (FUAs) can serve as references for local food systems, we provide evidence on their capacity to provide vegetarian diet supply to their residents. Applying the Metropolitan Foodshed and Self-Sufficiency Scenario (MFSS) model methodology we estimate the level of potential food self-sufficiency of the FUAs. We quantitatively compare the results for FUAs with the results of local planning documents of metropolitan areas. The approach is applied to 9 city regions representing different European countries: Wrocław (PL), Ostend (BE), Berlin (DE), Avignon (FR), Copenhagen (DK), Bari (IT), Brasov (RO), Athens (EL), Barcelona (ES). The results show that vegetarian and local food demand could be satisfied in first five FUAs of these city regions. However, if the same number of calories as current diet delivers is to be maintained only the first three FUAs have enough agricultural land to supply vegetarian ingredients to this diet. The results for metropolitan comparison return the same three cities plus Bari. We discuss the use of FUA in defining foodshed area and the role of consumers’ dietary choices in regional food self-sufficiency.