Self-assembly Technique Research Articles

One-pot synthesis of Carbon nanotube reinforced graphene aerogels and their applications in electromagnetic wave attenuation

Recently, hydrothermal self-assembly fabrication techniques for three-dimensional (3D) graphene aerogels have attracted more and more research attention in developing ideal electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. However, the defect of poor mechanical stability is difficult to overcome due to the disordered weak connection of graphene sheets during self-assembly, which also greatly restrict its practical application value in the field of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. Here, we prepared a CNTs/graphene aerogel (CGA) with high mechanical stability which composed of one-dimensional (1D) CNTs and two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets through a facile one-pot hydrothermal strategy. The thoroughly dispersed CNTs inserted on the graphene sheets to form continuous network structures, which not only improved the mechanical properties, but also adjusted the electrical conductivity of graphene sheets, thus enhancing the microwave absorption performance. The CGA-3 exhibits the best mechanical stability as it can withstand a weight of 70 g which is ~800 times of its own weight. Meanwhile, the CGA-3 shows the best electromagnetic wave absorption performance, where the minimum reflection loss could reach −54dB, and the effective absorbing bandwidth is 6.3 GHz (11.7–18 GHz) with an absorbent thickness of 2.3 mm, covering the whole Ku band. This work confirms that the CNTs/graphene aerogels are expected to become ideal absorbers, which is meaningful to extend the structural enhancement and practical application of 3D graphene-based electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.

Label-free Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen.

In this work, an integrated electrode system consisting of a graphene working electrode, a carbon counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode was fabricated on an FR-4 glass fiber plate by a polyethylene self-adhesive mask stencil method combined with a manual screen printing technique. The integrated graphene electrode was used as the base electrode, and AuNPs were deposited on the working electrode surface by cyclic voltammetry. Then, the carcinoembryonic antigen aptamer was immobilized using the sulfhydryl self-assembly technique. The sensor uses [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as a redox probe for label free detection of carcinoembryonic antigen based on the impedance change caused by the difference in electron transfer rate before and after the binding of carcinoembryonic antigen aptamer and the target carcinoembryonic antigen. The results showed a good linear relationship when the CEA concentration is in the range of 0.2–15.0 ng/ml. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.085 ng/ml (S/N = 3).

Optical properties of quasi-ordered [formula omitted] AlGaN multi-quantum-well nanorod arrays

Quasi-ordered semi-polar 112̅2 plane AlGaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) nanorod (NR) arrays with a period of 400 nm were successfully fabricated by a self-assembly technique using polystyrene spheres. The diameter and height of the NRs were about 360 and 600 nm, respectively. The photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelengths of both NR and planar MQWs were located at 266 nm at room temperature, demonstrating that the quantum-confined Stark effect was negligible in the semi-polar AlGaN MQWs. The PL integral intensity of the MQW NR arrays was enhanced by 1.5 times compared to that of planar MQWs. Moreover, the degree of polarization was increased from 15.9% to 26.2% when fabricating the NR arrays, demonstrating enhanced polarized emission. The finite-difference time-domain method was used to explain the enhancement of PL intensity, which was mainly due to the modified light extraction by the quasi-ordered NR arrays.

Characterization of curcumin-loaded lecithin-chitosan bioactive nanoparticles

The encapsulation of curcumin into lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (NPC) using the electrostatic self-assembly technique was evaluated. NPC were characterized through average size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), morphology (TEM), encapsulation efficiency, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal analyzes (TGA and DSC). The bioactive properties of NPC were determined by antioxidant (DPPH) and antimicrobial activities (against bacteria and fungi); the cytotoxic activity was performed through the MTT assay against normal and neoplastic cells. The stability of the NPC was evaluated for 28 days at 4 °C and 30 °C. NPC were spherical, with an average size of 236.27 ± 2.29 nm, PDI of 0.15 ± 0.01, Zeta potential of +51.31 ± 2.41 mV, and a high encapsulation rate (92.74 ± 0.01%). The nanoparticles showed high stability and excellent antimicrobial activity for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. NPC were also able to preserve the antioxidant activity of curcumin and showed moderate cytotoxicity against colorectal and lung cancer strains. These characteristics expand the possibility of applying NPC in the field of nutraceuticals, for example immobilized in different food matrices for the development of new functional products.

Amphiphilic Poly(N-Vinylpyrrolidone) Nanoparticles Loaded with DNA Plasmids Encoding Gn and Gc Glycoproteins of the Rift Valley Fever Virus: Preparation and In Vivo Evaluation

The aim of the study was to develop amphiphilic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with DNA plasmids encoding Gn and Gc glycoproteins of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and to study the humoral response in vivo. DNA plasmids were protected from extracellular nucleases by loading in NPs from PVP derivatives modified with amino acids β-alanine (Ala7-PVPOD4000) or glycine (Gly7.5-PVP-OD4000) fabricated by the original self-assembly technique. The obtained NPs were administered in mice and the enhancement of humoral response compared to this one in case of immunization with native DNA plasmids was demonstrated. The NPs loaded with DNA plasmids are promising for the fabrication of various DNA particulate vaccines.

Bovine Serum Albumin-Coated Niclosamide-Zein Nanoparticles as Potential Injectable Medicine against COVID-19.

(1) Background: COVID-19 has affected millions of people worldwide, but countries with high experimental anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates among the general population respectively show progress in achieving general herd immunity in the population (a combination of natural and vaccine-induced acquired immunity), resulting in a significant reduction in both newly detected infections and mortality rates. However, the longevity of the vaccines’ ability to provide protection against the ongoing pandemic is still unclear. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to have new medications to fight against the pandemic at the earliest point possible. Recently, it has been found that repurposing already existing drugs could, in fact, be an ideal strategy to formulate effective medication for COVID-19. Though there are many FDA-approved drugs, it has been found that niclosamide (NIC), an anthelmintic drug, has significantly high potential against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (2) Methods: Here we deployed a simple self-assembling technique through which Zein nanoparticles were successfully used to encapsulate NIC, which was then coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in order to improve the drugs’ stability, injectablity, and selectivity towards the virus-infected cells. (3) Results: The particle size for the BSA-stabilized Zein-NIC nanohybrid was found to be less than 200 nm, with excellent colloidal stability and sustained drug release properties. In addition, the nanohybrid showed enhanced drug release behavior under serum conditions, indicating that such a hybrid drug delivery system could be highly beneficial for treating COVID-19 patients suffering from high endothelial glycocalyx damage followed by a cytokine storm related to the severe inflammations.

Detection of Carcinogenic By-Products in Effluents Produced by Biodigester Septic Using of Array Sensor and Nanostructured Polymers: Evaluation and Characterization

A sensory system was manufactured and tested to detect carcinogenic organochlorines, such as trihalomethanes (THM), in effluents produced by a biodigestion septic tank. Gold-coated interdigitated microelectrodes were coated with various nanostructured conducting polymers, single or mixed, under different conditions and configurations. Polymer films were assembled by the self-assembly technique and their impedance was analyzed in a frequency range from 1 Hz to 1 MHz. The results of the sensory system, analyzed by the PCA Main Component Analysis, allowed to identify the discrimination of the different samples tested. Good discrimination between sensors was also observed, when PCA's were obtained, in contamination experiments with standard solutions of total trihalomethanes (TTHM), obtaining a total variance (PC1 = 98.02%; PC2 = 1.98%) of the observations. The sensory system based on global selectivity using interdigitated electrode and nanostructured conducting polymers allowed the statistical discrimination of samples. The future expectation is to update the system and implement monitoring of nanostructured sensors based on the reuse of domestic effluents, mainly for agricultural applications or for other purposes, in a sustainable way.

Coating Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Loaded with Quercetin on Titanium Surfaces by Layer-By-Layer Assembly Technique to Improve Surface Osteogenesis Under Osteoporotic Condition.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloy implants are widely used in the field of orthopedics, and osteoporosis is an important reason for implantation failure. This study aimed to establish a quercetin (QTN) controlled release system on the surface of titanium implants and to study its effects on osteogenesis and osseointegration on the surface of implants. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was first immobilized on a titanium substrate as the base layer, and then, hyaluronic acid/chitosan-quercetin (HA/CS-QTN) multilayer films were assembled on the PEI layer by a self-assembly technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact angle measurements were used to characterize and analyze the samples. The release characteristics of QTN were studied by release assays. The osteogenic ability of the samples was evaluated by experiments on an osteoporosis rat model and MC3T3-E1 cells. The FTIR, SEM, and contact angle measurements all showed that the PEI substrate layer and HA/CS-QTN multilayer film were successfully immobilized on the titanium matrix. The drug release test showed the successful establishment of a QTN controlled release system. The in vitro results showed that osteoblasts exhibited higher adhesion, proliferation and differentiation ability on the coated titanium matrix than on the pure titanium surface. In addition, the in vivo results showed that the HA/CS-QTN coating significantly increased the new bone mass around the implant. By depositing a PEI matrix layer and HA/CS-QTN multilayer films on titanium implants, a controlled release system of QTN was established, which improved implant surface osseointegration under osteoporotic conditions. This study proposes a new implant therapy strategy for patients with osteoporosis.

A Novel Technique for Large-Scale Fabrication of 3D Colloidal Crystals: Suspending Self-Assembly in Water Medium (SSAM)

A novel self-assembly technique, analogous but different in essence from the conventional gas–liquid interface self-assembly method, is proposed for the first time to fabricate three-dimensional (3...

High-performance polyamide-imide films: Effect of functionalization degree of BN nanosheets

Chemical functionalization of boron nitride (BN) is necessary to improve the dispersion of the BN as well as interface compatibility within polymer matrix to enhance the properties of their composites. However, the degree of BN functionalization needs to be considered comprehensively to fully highlight the advantages. In the present work, a polyamide-imide (PAI) film with a parallel arrangement structure and designed functionalization of BN nanosheets by self-assembly technique is constructed. The design of optimum functionalization and defect control of the functionalized BN nanosheets (f-BNNSs) provides this flexible PAI/f-BNNSs composite film exhibits highly in-plane thermal conductivity, superior electrically insulating and improved mechanical properties. The thermal conductivity of the PAI/f-BNNSs film had an impressive improvement of 167%, from 5.06 W m−1 K−1 of PAI/BN film to 13.5 W m−1 K−1 of PAI/f-BNNSs film (PP1W3) at a low filler content of only 9 wt%. More importantly, systematic research was carried out in terms of the degree of functionalization, the quantities of defect of f-BNNSs and the performance of the composite films, which further revealed the mechanism of the thermal conductivity improvement of PAI/f-BNNSs composite films. This research provides significant guidance for the design of composite materials with excellent thermal conductivity based on the functionalization of low dimensional fillers, ensuring its application in the thermal management of high-power density electronic devices.

Electrochemical Immuno-Biosensors on Nanostructured Electrodes for Rapid Sensitive Detection of Disease Biomarkers

Development of rapid tests for quantitative detection of analytes in complex matrices, plays an important role in medical diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics. Current methods for molecular diagnostics are time-consuming and multiple-step reliant on well-trained technicians and fully-equipped laboratories to provide quantitative detection of biomarkers. In this case, the challenges to overcome the sensitivity and selectivity of working directly in biological fluids in a timely manner have always been the main step for the development of such rapid tests.Electrochemical sensors, analogous to glucometer, are known to be rapid with the ability to provide direct electronic signal without any interference from the biological phenomena. When functionalized with specific biological substances, they intend to provide the required specificity in addition to signal selectivity in biological fluids. Inspired by nature, we design biorecognition probes that are combined with newest advancement in the engineering for the development of electrochemical immune-biosensors. These molecular recognition probes are designed using the ability of antibodies to bind antigens, and DNA construct to hybridize to the complementary construct, to create specificity for direct detection in complex media. On the other hand, we rely on the innovative approaches in nanomaterials, surface sciences, and self-assembly techniques to improve the conductivity and sensitivity of electrode surface. This includes the incorporation of high-curvature nanostructured microelectrodes that helps with the efficiency of molecular interactions at the surface and the transfer of electrons for the ease of signal transduction.In this regard, we fabricate small-scale nanostructured electrodes and engineer the surface for the immobilization of the biomolecular monolayer at the interface to provide the desired specificity for biomarkers in real biological samples, e.g. whole blood. We adapted our nano-bio-sensors for translational applications such as (1) at-line monitoring of signaling proteins in hematopoietic stem cell expansion, (2) rapid diagnosis of pathogenic infections through quantitative detection of antibodies directly in patient samples, and (3) rapid diagnosis of inner ear disorders based on the detection of blood biomarkers. We showed that our electrochemical immune-biosensors are capable of detecting at therapeutic concentrations with tunable ranges while performing in a 10 µL sample within less than 30 minutes.

Self-assembly sandwich-like Fe, Co, or Ni nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide composites with excellent microwave absorption performance

The application of graphene-based composites as microwave absorbing materials still has some problems despite optimistic outlook. In this work, sandwich-like Fe, Co, or Ni nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were successfully fabricated via self-assembly and thermal reduction techniques. The characterization results of XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, TEM, and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the Fe, Co, and Ni nanoparticles were wrapped by flexible RGO nanosheets, showing sandwich structure. Moreover, the loading amounts of Fe, Co, and Ni nanoparticles were further controlled in a wide range. As expected, this unique sandwich structure can not only reduce the agglomeration of magnetic metal nanoparticles and RGO nanosheets, but also improve the impedance matching and the relaxation loss, achieving an attractive microwave absorption performance. For Co/RGO composites, the value of the minimum reflection loss is –50.60 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth (RL ≤ –10 dB) can cover the entire X-band and Ku-band with a low filling ratio of 25%. Moreover, the synthesis process is simple and does not require complicated equipment and a variety of chemical reagents, which are suitable for large-scale production and possible industrial applications. The present work provides a good design and fabricating avenue for new graphene-based nanocomposites.

Detection of the level of DNMT1 based on self-assembled probe signal amplification technique in plasma

DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) is the most abundant DNA methyltransferase in somatic cells, and it plays an important role in the initiation, occurrence, and rehabilitation of tumors. Herein, we developed a novel strategy for the detection of the level of DNMT1 in human plasma using the self-assembled nucleic acid probe signal amplification technology. In this method, the DNMT1 monoclonal antibody (McAbDNMT1) was immobilized on carboxyl magnetic beads to form immunomagnetic beads and then captured DNMT1 specifically. After that, DNMT1 polyclonal antibody (PcAbDNMT1) and biotinylated sheep anti-rabbit IgG (sheep anti rabbit IgG-Biotin) were sequentially added into the system to react with DNMT1 and form biotinylated double antibody sandwich immunomagnetic beads. In the presence of the bridging medium streptavidin, the biotinylated double antibody sandwich immunomagnetic beads would form a complex with biotinylated poly-fluorescein (Biotin-poly FAM), and the fluorescence intensity of the complex was proportional to the concentration of DNMT1. Immunomagnetic beads can capture the target DNMT1 in the sample, and Biotin-poly FAM can realize signal amplification. Using these strategies, we got a linear range of the system for DNMT1 level detection was from 2 nmol/L to 200 nmol/L, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.05 nmol/L. The method was successfully applied for the determination of DNMT1 in human plasma with the recovery of 101.3–106.0%. Therefore, this method has the potential for the detection of DNMT1 level in clinical diagnosis.

Temporal dynamics of photonic stop-band in volatile solvent infiltrated opals

The effect of the infiltration of volatile solvents in photonic crystals is experimentally studied. Silica particles were synthesized and the opal structures were fabricated by self-assembly technique. Solutions containing various concentrations of methanol in ethanol were infiltrated in the opals and its effect on the temporal dynamics of the photonic stop-band during the evaporation process are studied. The recovery time of the solvent infiltrated opals is found to depend on the vapour pressure of the infiltrated solvent. The fabricated opal structures exhibit recovery time of ~2.8 s and 1.5 s for ethanol and methanol solvents respectively, with good repeatability. A model is proposed to understand the behaviour of volatile solvents in opals, and the observations made in the reflectance spectra are ascribed to the formation of saturated, funicular and pendular states. A comparative study of volatile solvents such as acetone, methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol is also performed and the effect of evaporation rates on the photonic stop-band is studied.

Construction of a reactive oxygen species-responsive biomimetic multilayered titanium implant for in situ delivery of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone to improve bone remolding in osteoporotic rats

By exploiting the high reactive-oxygen-species(ROS) level in osteoporosis fractured sites, a ROS responsive biomimetic multilayer onto titanium(Ti) implant composed of gelatin(Gel)/dextran amine (DA) and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) has been constructed using layer-by-layer spin self-assembled technique, which was further cross-linked with 4-nitrophenyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2) benzyl carbonate (NBC)-grafted-polyethylene glycol (PEG-NBC) for in situ delivery of α-MSH. The PEG-NBC cross-linked Gel/DA multilayer onto Ti substrate (Ti/LBLNBC-MSH) could be broken down when exposed to ROS-rich pathological environment, thus leading to a sustained release of α-MSH from multilayer in a controlled manner. It could maintain the α-MSH concentration at a constant level to promote in situ MSCs differentiation and inhibit osteoclast activity through regulating GSK-3β/β-catenin signal pathways with Runx2 positive feedback regulation loop. Micro-CT analysis, hematoxylin/eosin (HE) staining and Masson's trichrome (MT) staining further confirmed that new bone has fused into mature lamellar bone and trabecularism along the interface of Ti/LBLNBC-MSH in osteoporotic rats. Therefore, this study offers a new perspective on the development of biofunctional Ti implants as supplementary treatment for osteoporotic fracture repair in a clinical context.

Photophysical and morphological properties of spin-coated and self-assembled carbazole derivative thin films

In this work, single-layered, bi-layered and tri-layered poly(vinyl-carbazole) (PVK) thin films were produced by spin-coating and self-assembling techniques and their morphological and photophysical properties were determined by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy. The effect of distinct aggregates formed in thin films on their photophysical and morphological properties was determined, evidencing that procedure control is essential to determine PVK thin film application. It was found that sandwich excimers are dominant in self-assembled films, evidenced by longer fluorescence lifetimes and red-shifted emissions, while in spin-coated films, shorter fluorescence lifetimes evidenced more efficient non-radiative energy transfer. AFM showed that consecutive deposited layers result in more uniform, thinner films when produced by spin-coating, but showing aggregation heterogeneity as evidenced by fluorescence spectroscopy. Yet, self-assembled films are rough, heterogeneous and thicker, showing prevalence of less variety of aggregates. These are crucial findings to address PVK application.

Formulation and cognitive evaluation of self-assembled phosphatidylserine-chitosan nanoparticles of lycopene, an innovative technique to lessen STZ-induced oxidative stress: A vital persuader of major neurological diseases

The present study deals with the encapsulation and brain-specific targeting of Lycopene (LYC) as Polysorbate-80 (P-80) coated Phosphatidylserine-chitosan self-assembled nanoparticles (P-80-LYC-PSCNP), with an approach to reduce oxidative stress which is rationalized as a major cause of neurological disease. P-80-LYC-PSCNP was formulated by using the injection technique for self-assembly of Phosphatidylserine and chitosan, applying P-80 coating for surface modification and were assessed for their morphology and physicochemical attributes. The efficiency of LYC liberated from P-80-LYC-PSCNP was determined in Streptozotocin-induced Oxidative stress Model (SOSM); cognitively by behavioral despair-test and biochemically by enzymatic assays at 5 mg/kg LYC-equivalent dose. P-80-LYC-PSCNP were formulated as stable (ζ = 3.89 mV) spherical, regular (≈220 nm), and homogenous entities. It demonstrated a total 76.89% LYC in-vitro release during 28 hrs and shown efficacy for brain-specific delivery with a relative bioavailability of 20.4, Cmax 4.6 times, and 2.5 times swifter than normal LYC. After 28 days, it shortened immobility time by 72.57 ± 8.12 s (P < 0.01) against STZ-control (134.58 ± 13.85 s, P < 0.001). It also improved the antioxidant enzymatic functioning of CAT, SOD, and GPx by 7.90 ± 0.45 Δ240/min/mgP (P < 0.05), 32.50 ± 1.70 U/mgP (P < 0.01), and 59.40 ± 3.70 U/mgP (P < 0.01) respectively against STZ-control which showed 3.05 ± 0.80 Δ240/min/mgP (P < 0.05), 15.20 ± 3.10 U/mgP (P < 0.05), and 25.15 ± 3.05 U/mgP at 5 mg/kg LYC-equivalent dose respectively. P-80-LYC-PSCNP was successfully formulated, analyzed and had delivered Lycopene (5 mg/kg) by trespassing the BBB with improved pharmacokinetics. It alleviated the experimental Streptozotocin-induced Oxidative stress in turn improving behavioral and cognitive anomalies, while enhancing the antioxidant-related activity of enzymes.

Precise tailoring of multiple nanostructures based on atomic layer assembly via versatile soft-templates

Nanodevices have higher requirements for nanofabrication in tuning the size, shape and spatial arrangement of nanostructures and their assemblies in nanoscale, however, which are often beyond the reach of conventional lithography or self-assembly techniques. In view of the above, we develop atomic layer assembled nanofabrication based on soft-templates to break through the limitations of traditional rigid-templates, having very well scalability and powerful fabrication capability for multiple solid or hollow nanostructures. Versatile soft-templates can be freely patterned at the nanoscale by mature lithographic processes, along which a precisely controlled atomic layer deposition can assemble high-aspect-ratio nanostructures with a flexible tailoring of the size, shape and spatial array, and then a dry etching process removes soft scaffolds and leaves freestanding nanostructures over large-area, rigid or soft substrates. To highlight the potentials of this fabrication strategy, the high-performance optical metasurface and ultra-sensitive H2 gas sensor are demonstrated. This approach endows the conventional lithography and assembly techniques with new powerful functionalities and more scalability in nanofabrication, providing a simply promising route to generating complex multiple nanostructures, towards a broad application in modern nanodevices.

Efficient in vitro and in vivo docetaxel delivery mediated by pH-sensitive LPHNPs for effective breast cancer therapy

The present study was designed to develop pH-sensitive lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (pHS-LPHNPs) for specific cytosolic-delivery of docetaxel (DTX). The pHS-LPHNPs-DTX formulation was prepared by self-assembled nano-precipitation technique and characterized for zeta potential, particle size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index (PDI), and in vitro drug release. In vitro cytotoxicity of pHS-LPHNPs-DTX was assessed on breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and compared with DTX-loaded conventional LPHNPs and bare DTX. In vitro cellular uptake in MDA-MB-231 cell lines showed better uptake of pHS-LPHNPs. Further, a significant reduction in the IC50 of pHS-LPHNPs-DTX against both breast cancer cells was observed. Flow cytometry results showed greater apoptosis in case of pHS-LPHNPs-DTX treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Breast cancer was experimentally induced in BALB/c female mice, and the in vivo efficacy of the developed pHS-LPHNPs formulation was assessed with respect to the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution in the vital organs (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, and spleen), percentage tumor burden, and survival of breast cancer-bearing animals. In vivo studies showed improved pharmacokinetic and target-specificity with minimum DTX circulation in the deep-seated organs in the case of pHS-LPHNPs-DTX compared to the LPHNPs-DTX and free DTX. Mice treated with pHS-LPHNPs-DTX exhibited a significantly lesser tumor burden than other treatment groups. Also, reduced distribution of DTX in the serum was evident for pHS-LPHNPs-DTX treated mice compared to the LPHNPs-DTX and free DTX. In essence, pHS-LPHNPs mediated delivery of DTX presents a viable platform for developing therapeutic-interventions against breast-cancer.

Biosensor for electrochemical detection of biomarkers of osteoarthritis

Biosensor for electrochemical detection of biomarkers of osteoarthritis