Selective Solvent Research Articles

Solvent selection and studies of the anti-corrosion efficacy of Heliotropium curassavicum leaves extract on API L X60 steel in 5 wt% hydrochloric acid solution

Corrosion is a huge challenge in the manufacturing industry during sticky oxides, grease, and rust removal from metal surfaces. It is often managed by the use of inhibitors and current interest is on sustainable inhibitors with less to zero harmful effects. This study explores the efficacy of Heliotropium curassavicum leaves extracts (HCLEs) in retarding the deterioration of API X60 grade steel in 5 wt% HCl solution and the influence of extracting solvent namely acetone (ACE), ethanol (ETH), water (WAT), butanol (BUT), methanol (MET), isopropanol (ISO), and ethyl acetate (ETA) on performance. The characterization of the HCLEs was achieved by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopies while the weight loss, electrochemical, and surface examination approaches were used for anticorrosion property evaluation. The results disclose that irrespective of extracting solvent, the extracts could suppress the dissolution of the substrate under the studied conditions. The best performance is, however, noted for ethanolic HCLE where 300 mg/L protected the substrate surface by 51.46% at 25 °C. Hence, ethanolic HCLE was selected for detailed studies and results indicate that the steel surface can be protected by 78.42% if 1000 mg/L of extract is used. Furthermore, the performance of the extract improves upon an increase in the temperature of the corrodent. The findings suggest that ethanolic HCLE could be considered for material protection during HCl pickling.

HSPiP, Computational, and Thermodynamic Model-Based Optimized Solvents for Subcutaneous Delivery of Tolterodine Tartrate and GastroPlus-Based In Vivo Prediction in Humans: Part I.

Tolterodine tartrate (TOTA) is associated with adverse effect, high hepatic access, varied bioavailability, slight aqueous solubility, and short half-life after oral delivery. Hansen solubility parameters (HSP, HSPiP program), experimental solubility (T = 298.2 to 318.2K and p = 0.1MPa), computational (van't Hoff and Apelblat models), and thermodynamic models were used to the select solvent(s). HSPiP predicted PEG400 as the most suitable co-solvent based on HSP values (δd = 17.88, δp = 4.0, and δh = 8.8 of PEG400) and comparable to the drug (δd = 17.6, δp = 2.4, and δh = 4.6 of TOTA). The experimental mole fraction solubility of TOTA was maximum (xe = 0.0852) in PEG400 confirming the best fit of the prediction. The observed highest solubility was attributed to the δp and δh interacting forces. The activity coefficient (ϒi) was found to be increased with temperature. The higher values of r2 (linear regression coefficient) and low RMSD (root mean square deviation) indicated a good correlation between the generated "xe" data for crystalline TOTA and the explored models (modified Apelblat and van't Hoff models). TOTA solubility in "PEG400 + water mixture" was endothermic and entropy-driven. IR (immediate release product) formulation can be tailored using 60% PEG400 in buffer solution for 2mg of TOTA in 0.25mL (dosing volume). The isotonic binary solution was associated with a pH of 7.2 suitable for sub-Q delivery. The approach would be a promising alternative with ease of delivery to children and aged patients.

In-vitro comparative study of solvent effect on antioxidant properties of leaf extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis

This study demonstrated that the extraction solvents play an important role in the extraction of important bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties from the leaves of Anthocleista djalonensis. Anthocleista djalonensis, a plant native to tropical Africa, is believed to have antioxidant properties due to its bioactive composition. The powdered leaves were macerated using local gin, hot distilled water, and analytical ethanol to extract bioactive compounds. The in vitro antioxidant activity of these extracts was assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays, nitric oxide scavenging assay, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference. The DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging tests showed concentration-dependent responses. Distilled water had the lowest IC50 value of 0.079 mg/ml and showed the most antioxidant potential in DPPH. Local gin demonstrated significant hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability with an IC50 value of 0.12 mg/ml, surpassing the standard drug. The nitric oxide scavenging assay showed a concentration-dependent increase in both ethanol and local gin extracts. Ethanol and local gin extracts showed maximum antioxidant activity, with ethanol extract showing 22.84% inhibition and local gin extract showing a higher activity of 46.29% inhibition. However, ascorbic acid showed the highest inhibition of nitric oxide production at 57.10%. The study highlights the importance of solvent selection in herbal preparation for optimal health benefits regarding antioxidant activity.

Core-Shell Double Gyroids Directed by Selective Solvation for ABC Triblock Terpolymers.

The formation of ABC triblock terpolymers through solution casting is still challenging. In this study, core-shell double gyroid network structures are fabricated via solution casting using poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) (F)-b-[poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) (P)]-b-[polystyrene (PS) (S)] (FPS) triblock terpolymers in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Upon heat treatment, the polymer tends to form a sphere-in-lamellar structure at the F/S interface. Given the solubility properties of each component in DMF, it is anticipated that the effective volume fraction of F relative to P would increase in concentrated solutions and the effective volume fraction of S would decrease. The microphase-separated structure derived from the DMF solution consistently results in the formation of a network structure composed of a core-shell double gyroid, with F as the matrix, P as the shell, and S as the core, and their periodic lengths gradually increase to 110.8, 131.8, and 162.7nm as increase molecular weights of PS blocks to 13.8, 20.7, and 28.8kg mol-1. Based on the solubility properties of the polymer components highlighted in this study, the solvent selection strategy is broadly applicable to ABC triblock terpolymers featuring various polymer components, offering a more efficient avenue for fabricating core-shell double gyroid structures.

Relationship between Solvent Polarity and Reaction Rate in Organic Synthesis

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between solvent polarity and reaction rate in organic synthesis. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Polar solvents tend to enhance reaction rates for polar reactions due to their ability to stabilize charged intermediates and transition states. Conversely, nonpolar solvents often accelerate nonpolar reactions by minimizing solvation effects and promoting favorable interactions between reactants. However, there are exceptions to these trends, as solvent effects can also be influenced by factors such as hydrogen bonding, solute-solvent interactions, and solvent viscosity. Additionally, the choice of solvent can impact the selectivity and yield of the desired product. Thus, understanding the interplay between solvent polarity and reaction kinetics is crucial for optimizing organic synthesis processes. Experimental studies and computational modeling techniques play key roles in elucidating these relationships and guiding solvent selection for specific reactions. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transition state theory, solvent-solute interactions and microscopic solvation models may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between solvent polarity and reaction rate in organic synthesis. Audit firms should invest in ongoing training and professional development programs to enhance the skills and knowledge of auditors. This includes staying updated on industry-specific issues, emerging risks, and advanced audit methodologies. Regulatory authorities should continue to strengthen their oversight of the audit profession. This includes periodically reviewing and updating auditing standards, enforcing compliance with auditing regulations, and imposing penalties for audit failures.

Mechanically Robust Reversibly Cross‐Linked Polymers with Closed‐Loop Recyclability for Use in Flexible Printed Circuit Boards

AbstractIt remains a huge challenge to efficiently recycle the printed circuit boards (PCBs) because of the diversity and complexity of the PCBs in terms of material composition. The recycling of PCBs highly depends on the design of the polymers that make up the polymer substrates and conductive pastes. Herein, closed‐loop recyclable plastics for use as the polymer substrates and for the preparation of the conductive pastes are fabricated by dynamically cross‐linking phenylboronic acid‐functionalized poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA‐B) and poly(urea‐urethane) (PUU‐B) with boroxines. The closed‐loop recyclable plastic, which is denoted as PMMA‐PUU exhibits a breaking strength of 71.0 MPa and Young's modulus of 1.8 GPa. Because of the dynamic nature of boroxines, the PMMA‐PUU0.6 plastic can be depolymerized in the N, N‐dimethylacetamide/ethanol mixture solvent. The depolymerized PMMA and PUU can be efficiently recovered in high yields and purity through their solubility differences in selective solvents. Conductive pastes suitable for printing of electrical circuits are fabricated through complexation of Ag particles with PMMA‐PUU. PCBs composed of PMMA‐PUU substrates and PMMA‐PUU‐based conductive pastes are flexible, healable, and recyclable. The closed‐loop recycling of the PCBs enables the collection of highly purified Ag particles, PMMA‐B, and PUU‐B monomers even when the PCBs are mixed with polymer wastes.

Factors Affecting Silica/Cellulose Nanocomposite Prepared via the Sol-Gel Technique: A Review.

Cellulose/silica nanocomposites, synthesised through the sol-gel technique, have garnered significant attention for their unique properties and diverse applications. The distinctive characteristics of these nanocomposites are influenced by a range of factors, including the cellulose-to-silica ratio, precursor concentration, pH, catalysts, solvent selection, temperature, processing techniques, and agitation. These variables play a pivotal role in determining the nanocomposites' structure, morphology, and mechanical properties, facilitating tailoring for specific applications. Studies by Raabe et al. and Barud et al. demonstrated well-deposited silica nanoparticles within the interstitial spaces of cellulosic fibres, achieved through TEOS precursor hydrolysis and the subsequent condensation of hydroxyl groups on the cellulose fibre surface. The introduction of TEOS established a robust affinity between the inorganic filler and the polymer matrix, emphasising the substantial impact of TEOS concentration on the size and morphology of silica nanoparticles in the final composites. The successful functionalisation of cellulose fibres with the TEOS precursor via the sol-gel method was reported, resulting in reduced water uptake and enhanced mechanical strength due to the strong chemical interaction between silica and cellulose. In research conducted by Feng et al., the silica/cellulose composite exhibited reduced weight loss compared to the pristine cellulose matrix, with the integration of silica leading to an elevated temperature of composite degradation. Additionally, Ahmad et al. investigated the effects of silica addition to cellulose acetate (CA) and polyethylene glycol membranes, noting an increase in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break with silica incorporation. However, concentrations exceeding 4% (w/v) resulted in significant phase separations, leading to a decline in mechanical properties.

Impacts of synthesis variables on spectroscopics evaluation of biobased fatty amide as alkylammonium salt’s precursor for perovskite

Ammonium salts are widely used in chemical industries as additives in cement industries, phase change materials in thermal cooling, ionic materials in electrochromic window and multifunction medium/precursor/catalyst in solar cells to improve the efficiency and stability. This work introduces a procedural enhancement by incorporating a liquid-liquid extraction purification process, resulting in a high-purity biobased fatty amide (FA) with tri-substitution and high-purity biobased tetraalkylammonium ammonium salt (TAS). Biobased FA derived from renewable sources was synthesized via an amidation reaction between fatty acids from vegetable oil with tris(3-aminopropyl)amine under reflux conditions, producing a precursor for TAS used in perovskite solar cell (PSC). This study aimed to optimize and determine the reaction condition of biobased FA at various key synthesis variables by investigating the effects of solvent selection, reaction and crystallization, temperature, catalyst, mole ratio, and dehydrating agent on synthesis yield. A multiple liquid-liquid extraction process was employed to enhance the purity of biobased FA by tunning the selection of solvent based on its relative polarity of the reactant and products. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were utilized to optimize the total yield and the three key variables (reaction time, crystallization time, catalyst amount) respectively. The experimental model developed in this study demonstrated a high degree of fitness with the experimental data (F-value = 27.34), p-value < 0.05) and nonsignificant lack of fit. The model predicted a maximum synthesis yield percentage of 52.62 % under optimal conditions (reaction and crystallization time of 12 and 28 hours), respectively with 4.47 % catalyst). The coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.98 shows a high correlation with the predicted values and in good agreement with the experimental values. Physicochemical properties analysis using spectroscopies techniques, confirmed improved purity with 100% abundance yield of tri-substitution biobased FA and enhanced TAS’s purity up to 60%. The optimization study sheds light on the impact of key synthesis variables on the synthesis yield and percentage abundance (purity), advancing the development of more efficient and tailored sustainable construction materials. These findings highlight the potential of using biobased FA as a sustainable source for TAS production, contributing to a more environmentally friendly approach in PSC development.

Study on design strategies and on new structure-performance relationships for CO2 capture in gas-liquid hollow fiber membrane contactors

The urgent need for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technologies motivates this chemical engineering study, which systematically investigates the influence of macroscopic and microscopic structure on the CO2 absorption performance of hydrophobic alumina (Al2O3) hollow fiber membrane (A-HFMs) contactors. Six different A-HFMs prepared using the non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method with select solvents followed by sintering at 1300°C were then tested for chemical CO2 absorption in an A-HFM contactor using a monoethanolamine (MEA) solution. The hydrophobicity of the coatings applied on the A-HFM surfaces was confirmed by the water contact angle and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Pearson's statistical analysis of a correlation matrix revealed the strength of relationships between nine variables, including outer diameter (mm), inner diameter (mm), percentage of sponge layer (%), pore size (nm), maximum pore size (nm), mechanical strength (MPa), surface porosity (m−1), overall porosity (%), and CO2 absorption flux (mol m−2 s−1). Building upon these findings, this study unveils a novel non-linear function linking three specific microscopic characteristics— pore size, surface porosity, and a geometric sponge layer factor—to CO2 absorption flux, offering valuable insights for optimizing hydrophobic A-HFM design and enhancing CO2 capture efficiency. The A-HFM, characterized by the combination of three factors (higher pore size, increased surface porosity, and a thicker sponge layer), achieved a CO2 absorption flux of 6.36 ×10−3 mol m−2 s−1 at room temperature, showcasing its exceptional performance in capturing CO2. The resulting empirical morphological factor provides a novel approach for enhancing the performance of CO2 absorption through A-HFM design optimization.

Unraveling multi-template molecularly imprinted polymer for selective extraction of triazole antifungals: Theoretical and experimental investigation

Fungal coinfection is an emerging problem in the COVID-19 pandemic. Aspergillus and Candida species are the most prevalent pathogens. Therapeutic drug monitoring of triazole antifungals as a first-line therapy is required to increase their effectiveness and minimize toxicity. Bioanalysis of triazole antifungals requires selective extraction because of the complexity of matrices. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) are potential solutions for increasing selectivity. This study aimed to synthesize a selective MIP sorbent to simultaneously determine voriconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole concentrations through computational and laboratory studies. The host-guest interaction was used in the selection of monomer and solvent. The synthesis was optimized by precipitation and bulk methods using single and multi-template. Adsorption tests, characterizations, and application to the sample were performed to analyze the MIP performance. The optimal synthesis obtained using the precipitation method with mol ratio of template:monomer:crosslinker was 1:4:20. Adsorption equilibrium was established within 3 h and following pseudo-second-order kinetic. The MIP-P9 provided the highest adsorption capacity and followed the Freundlich isotherm. Characterization of MIP confirmed the successful synthesis and template removal of MIP. MIP was selective to triazole antifungals and had higher recovery than NIP and SPE C18. Based on these findings, MIP can be utilized for direct separation in clinical analysis.

Evaluating solvent efficiency for carbon capture: Comparative analysis of temperature, concentration and diffusivity effects

In the pursuit of efficient carbon capture technologies, the selection and design of solvents play a pivotal role, directly impacting various crucial factors such as CO2 absorption capacity, equipment size, and regeneration energy requirements. The primary focus is on optimizing solvent systems through a comprehensive analysis of intermolecular interaction intensity, diffusion coefficient, and intra-molecular interaction intensity. This study employs a molecular dynamics simulation model to identify the most suitable solvent system by assessing the effect of operating variables like temperature, concentration, interaction intensity, and diffusivity of various single and blended amine systems. The assessment utilizes the radial distribution function and mean square displacement analysis. The results indicate that intermolecular interactions with CO2 are most significant in 30 wt% 2EAE, 40 wt% 2DMAE and 10% DMCA with 20% MCA ratio concentrations. TMPAD, in particular, stands out for its high repulsive interaction and low energy requirement for breaking the carbamate/bicarbonate ion. Diffusion behavior in various observed solvent systems is as follows: EAE > MEA > DMAE > MAE-DEAB > MAE-DMA2P > EAE-TMPAD > AMP-PZ > EAE-DEAB > MAE-TMPAD > EAE-DMA2P > MAE-DMAE > EAE-DMAE > TMPAD > MEA-AMP > DMA2P > DMCA-MCA > DEAB > MEA-PZ. Moreover, elevated temperatures facilitate enhanced diffusivity, leading to accelerated mass transfer rates. This implies the possibility of reducing the size of absorber units and lowering energy consumption. Further studies on heat of absorption and kinetic characteristics of solvent blends are necessary to ensure their practical applicability in carbon capture and industrial operations.

In Situ Monitoring the Face-on to Bimodal Texture Transition of P(NDI2OD-T2) during Side-Chain Selective Solvent Vapor Annealing

In Situ Monitoring the Face-on to Bimodal Texture Transition of P(NDI2OD-T2) during Side-Chain Selective Solvent Vapor Annealing

Effect of water-methanol binary solvent system in green synthesis of copper nanoparticles with tobacco leaf extract

The increasing demand for environmentally friendly nanoparticle synthesis, as a viable strategy for pollution control, has prompted an exploration of green chemistry methods. This study meticulously investigates the synthesis of copper nanoparticles utilizing tobacco leaf extract obtained through both cold and hot extraction techniques. The primary focus lies in scrutinizing the impact of various solvents employed for plant extracts and metal ion solutions on reduction dynamics and particle size. The study employs UV-Vis and phytochemical analyses to discern differences in chemical composition and efficacy, particularly between the water and methanol-water systems, despite their resemblance in UV-Vis spectra. Intriguingly, the results unveil that the choice of solvent significantly influences the particle size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles. The methanol-water system, in particular, yields smaller, more uniform particles compared to other solvent systems. This research sheds light on the pivotal role of solvent selection in nanoparticle synthesis, emphasizing its profound impact on both the reduction process and the resulting particle size distribution. The findings underscore the nuanced relationship between solvent choice and the characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles, providing valuable insights for optimizing environmentally friendly synthesis methods. Ultimately, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on green chemistry approaches for nanoparticle synthesis with implications for pollution control and sustainable materials production.

Tuning bio-derived solvents for the rapid solubilization of astaxanthin-rich extracts from non-conventional bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens

Astaxanthin (AXT) is a ketocarotenoid widely used in food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Its biological sourcing is preferred over chemical methods due to higher physiological and commercial value. Paracoccus carotinifaciens, an aerobic marine Gram-negative bacterium, is known for producing a carotenoid mixture with AXT as the main component. This study explores the use of bio-based solvents, both pure and mixed, for extracting AXT-rich extracts (ARE). Using COSMO-SAC, a quantum chemistry-based thermodynamic model, we assessed the AXT-solvent affinity. The ethyl acetate: acetic acid mixture (EtOAc:AA) gave the best results, with 1.41 mg/mL of ARE. The solvent selection process was evaluated through the Eco Scale to compare with conventional methods. Next, optimization of extraction conditions resulted in 3.28 mg/mL of ARE at 78 °C, 10 min, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.5 g/mL. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to tuning the mass-transfer process, leading to an increase of ARE (18.9 %) in reduced processing time. Concerning the stability of ARE in the EtOAc:AA mixture, the half-life (t1/2) reached 18 and 26 days under the light and dark conditions, respectively at 25 °C. In both light and dark conditions, positive enthalpy (ΔH) values revealed an endothermic process and both entropy (ΔS) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values suggest that the degradation of ARE is less disordered and non-spontaneous process. The solvent mixture was effectively reused for three cycles under optimally tuned conditions without a significant decline of ARE extraction efficiency.

Determination of phenytoin at trace levels in domestic wastewater and synthetic urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after its preconcentration by simple liquid-phase microextraction.

This work presents a sensitive and accurate analytical method for the determination of phenytoin at trace levels in domestic wastewater and synthetic urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after the metal sieve-linked double syringe liquid-phase microextraction (MSLDS-LPME) method. A metal sieve was produced in our laboratory in order to disperse water-immiscible extraction solvents into aqueous media. Univariate optimization studies for the selection of proper extraction solvent, extraction solvent volume, mixing cycle, and initial sample volume were carried out. Under the optimum MSLDS-LPME conditions, mass-based dynamic range, limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), and percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) for the lowest concentration in calibration plot were figured out to be 100.5-10964.2 μg kg-1, 150.6 μg kg-1, 45.2 μg kg-1, and 9.4%, respectively. Detection power was improved as 187.7-folds by the developed MSLDS-LPME-GC-MS system while enhancement in calibration sensitivity was recorded as 188.0-folds. In the final step of this study, the accuracy and applicability of the proposed system were tested by matrix matching calibration strategy. Percent recovery results for domestic wastewater and synthetic urine samples were calculated as 95.6-110.3% and 91.7-106.6%, respectively. These results proved the accuracy and applicability of the proposed preconcentration method, and the obtained analytical results showed the efficiency of the lab-made metal sieve apparatus.

The effect of different solvents on the formation of large‐area MOF membranes

AbstractMetal–organic framework (MOF) membranes are widely used in gas separation processes. However, the effect of solvents on the formation of large‐area MOF membranes, which directly influences separation performance, has rarely been investigated. In this study, three solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water) were selected to systematically investigate their effects on the zeolite imidazolium frameworks (ZIF) membrane formation via experimental validation and simulations. The results indicated that the solvent selection influenced crystallization rate, crystal size, and ZIF‐8 membrane formation ability. Particularly, when water was used as a solvent, slow nucleation and crystallization of the ZIF‐8 crystals were observed, resulting in a more complete crystal structure and a thinner ZIF‐8 membrane. Therefore, the ZIF‐8 membrane exhibited a gas permeance of 10,000 gas permeation unit and enhanced CO2/N2 selectivity. Furthermore, ZIF‐8 membrane with a surface area of 2400 cm2 and spiral‐wound membrane modules were developed, paving the way for large‐scale industrial production.

Efficient and bright broadband electroluminescence based on environment-friendly metal halide nanoclusters

Broadband electroluminescence based on environment-friendly emitters is promising for healthy lighting yet remains an unprecedented challenge to progress. The copper halide-based emitters are competitive candidates for broadband emission, but their high-performance electroluminescence shows inadequate broad emission bandwidth of less than 90 nm. Here, we demonstrate efficient ultra-broadband electroluminescence from a copper halide (CuI) nanocluster single emitter prepared by a one-step solution synthesis-deposition process, through dedicated design of ligands and subtle selection of solvents. The CuI nanocluster exhibits high rigidity in the excitation state as well as dual-emissive modes of phosphorescence and temperature-activated delayed fluorescence, enabling the uniform cluster-composed film to show excellent stability and high photoluminescent efficiency. In consequence, ultra-broadband light-emitting diodes (LEDs) present nearly identical performance in an inert or air atmosphere without encapsulation and outstanding high-temperature operation performance, reaching an emission full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ~120 nm, a peak external quantum efficiency of 13%, a record maximum luminance of ~50,000 cd m−2, and an operating half-lifetime of 137 h at 100 cd m−2. The results highlight the potential of copper halide nanoclusters for next-generation healthy lighting.

Impact of Air-Drying Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Physicochemical Properties, and Bioactive Profile of Ginger.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a perishable commodity that requires proper processing to maintain its bioactivity. This study evaluated the effect of different air-drying temperatures (50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C) on ginger's drying kinetics and quality attributes. For an enhanced understanding of the drying kinetics, we employed a detailed approach by combining an existing drying model (namely, Midilli) with the Arrhenius model. This combined model facilitates a thorough analysis of how temperature and time concurrently affect the moisture ratio, offering more profound insights into the drying mechanism. A higher drying rate was achieved at 70 °C, yet elevated drying temperatures could compromise the quality attributes of ginger slices. Ginger slices dried at 50 °C displayed improved physicochemical properties and less color browning. The evaluation of the bioactivity profile of resultant ginger extracts also revealed higher total phenolic contents (1875.87 ± 31.40 mg GAE/100 g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (18.2 ± 0.9 mg TE/kg) in 50 °C treated ginger samples. Meanwhile, the hydroethanolic mixture (70% ethanol) was also reorganized with better extraction efficiency than water and MWF (a ternary blend of methanol, water, and formic acid) solution. The promising outcomes of this study endorse the influence of drying temperature on the quality characteristics and bioactive profile of ginger and the selection of suitable extraction solvents to acquire phenolic-rich extract.

Green solvent selection and extractin protocol for selective recovery of anti-diabetic components from T. crispa

This study systematically explores a green extraction process of T. crispa stems to selectively isolate therapeutic compounds, borapetoside C (BPC) and magnoflorine (MGF), recognized for their anti-diabetic properties. In agreement with Hansen solubility parameters prediction, H2O and EtOH were found to be suitable solvents for extraction of BPC and MGF, respectively, resulting in 33 % and 45 % extractabilities after 60 min. Further investigations demonstrated considerable increase in BPC extractability using 20 % EtOH:H2O mixture at 40 °C, with complete extraction achieved after 60 min. While for MGF, pure-EtOH at 40 °C, was the most suitable solvent, showing the highest selectivity and complete extraction after 100 min. The BPC-rich extract from 20 % EtOH:H2O exhibited higher anti-diabatic activity (IC50 = 0.63 ± 0.03 and 0.72 ± 0.04 mg/mL, respectively, for α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes inhibition activity), and considerably lower cytotoxicity to L6 and HepG2 cells, with IC50 = 0.26 ± 0.16 and 0.24 ± 0.02 mg/mL, respectively, compared with the MGF-rich extract obtained with pure-EtOH. Based on these results, a sequential extraction scheme was proposed involving initial pure-EtOH extraction to selectively and completely remove MGF, followed by extraction with a 20 % EtOH:H2O mixture to recover the remaining BPC, which was approximately 80 % of the BPC originally present. The obtained MGF-free BPC-rich extract showed significantly lower cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.31 ± 0.06 mg/mL against L6 cell) and higher enzyme inhibition activities (IC50 = 0.53 ± 0.32 and 0.52 ± 0.02 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and α-glucosidase enzymes inhibition activity), comparable to acarbose (IC50 = 0.43 ± 0.02 and 0.83 ± 0.03 mg/mL for α-glucosidase and α-glucosidase enzymes inhibition activity), the result that potentially leads to the development of a promising industrial process to harness T. crispa for diabetes prevention and treatment.

A green approach for synthesizing high pure gadolinium zirconate nano-particles using microwave energy

Nano crystalline high purity gadolinium zirconate powder has been prepared by wet chemical synthesis method using microwave energy. Co-precipitation of zirconium oxychloride and gadolinium nitrate under the influence of microwave energy is studied. The powder has been characterized using thermal TG-DTA/DSC, XRD, EDS and FESEM. The average crystallite size (ACS) of the ZrO2 (600 °C) nano-particles is found to be 26 nm. The characterization studies have shown the existence of non agglomerated nano-crystalline particles with regular and uniform spherical morphology. Microwave energy is found to assist in achieving the desired properties of gadolinium zirconate. The microwave assisted synthesis is faster, better and green chemistry approach which not only provides the enhanced reaction rates and high yields but also, it provides short reaction time, higher selectivity and reduction of pollutant solvents. The key features of obtaining the pure non agglomerated nano-structured gadolinium zirconate powder are the notable attractions of the present study.