Sediment Distribution Research Articles

Legacy and alternative perfluoroalkyl acids in the Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Levels, spatiotemporal characteristics, and multimedia transport processes

The source region of the Yellow River (SRYR) located in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is not only the largest runoff-producing area in the Yellow River Basin, but also the most important freshwater-supply ecological function area in China. In this study, the short-term spatiotemporal distribution of selected legacy and alternative perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the SRYR was first investigated in multiple environmental media. Total PFAA concentrations were in the range of 1.16-14.3 ng/L, 4.25-42.1 pg/L, and 0.21-13.0 pg/g dw in rainwater, surface water, and sediment, respectively. C4-C7 PFAAs were predominant in various environmental matrices. Spatiotemporal characteristics were observed in the concentrations and composition profiles. Particularly, the spatial distribution of rainwater and the temporal distribution of surface water exhibited highly significant differences (p<0.01). Indian monsoon, westerly air masses, and local mountain-valley breeze were the driving factors that contributed to the change of rainwater. Rainwater, meltwater runoff, and precursor degradation were important sources of PFAA pollution in surface water. Organic carbon content was a major factor influencing PFAA distribution in sediment. These results provide a theoretical basis for revealing the regional transport and fate of PFAAs, and are also important prerequisites for effectively protecting the freshwater resource and aquatic environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Mapping Seafloor Sediment Distributions Using Public Geospatial Data and Machine Learning to Support Regional Offshore Renewable Energy Development

Mapping Seafloor Sediment Distributions Using Public Geospatial Data and Machine Learning to Support Regional Offshore Renewable Energy Development

Vertical distribution of microplastics in sediment columns along the coastline of China

At present, there has been relatively less coverage of microplastics (MPs) pollution in sediment columns, especially across a large geographical span. This study collected sediment columns across 11 provinces along the coastline of China for MPs pollution investigation. The study found higher MPs diversity (Simpson diversity index) in sediment columns than in surface sediments, mostly comprising fiber MPs with dominant transparent and blue colors. Lower MPs pollution was noted in mangrove reserves, while estuarine and coastal areas showed higher pollution levels. Spearman correlation analysis shows that vertical of MPs abundance significantly decreased with depth at 6 of 11 sites. Large-sized MPs with diverse colors in deeper sediments (>40 cm) suggests that burial processes may render MPs more resistant to degradation. Our research highlights varied MPs distribution in coastal sediment, aiding future marine MPs pollution prediction and assessment.

Effect of particle size distribution of sediments on development of polder soils in Japan

Abstract Purpose Polder soils develop from oceanic and lacustrine sediments covered with seawater, brackish water, and freshwater after artificial drainage. Because there are several concerns regarding the agricultural use of polder soils, soil genesis and properties have been considerably surveyed, mainly focusing on problematic soils developed from fine sediments. Although sediments have a wide range of particle size distributions due to different sedimentary conditions, particle size of parent materials have not been well addressed to understand the soil developmental process. In this study, Japanese polders with different reclamation ages and sedimentary conditions were surveyed to clarify the soil formation process and factors affecting pedogenesis. Materials and methods Soil samples were collected from 15 soil profiles in six Japanese polders under different land use types. Sedimentary conditions of polders were evaluated from particle size distributions using the hydrodynamic classification proposed by Pejrup (The triangular diagram used for classification of estuarine sediments: a new approach. Tide-influenced Sediment Environ Facies, pp 289–300, 1988). The major soil-forming factors of polders were extracted by principal component analysis (PCA) using general soil properties. Results and discussion Brackish lake and inner bay polders were characterized by calm hydrodynamic conditions comprising fine particles. Two polders reclaimed from a shallow inland sea were characterized by violent hydrodynamic conditions. Sandy sediments were also characteristic of immature soils reclaimed from a freshwater lake and an estuarine tidal flat. Soils on polders developed under calm hydrodynamic conditions enabled the accumulation of high total carbon content. The soil-forming process in the brackish bay oxidized pyrite, leading to an acidic soil reaction. Conversely, soils developed from sandy sediments were characterized by low iron content. The PCA extracted two factors explained by particle size and soil reaction relating to acidification and salt leaching. Conclusion Polder soils can be mainly discriminated by their particle size distributions, which are characterized by hydrodynamics under the sedimentary conditions, and the polder soil development is affected by water management in land uses after artificial drainage.

Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Distribution in Drainage Canal Sediments of a Low‐Lying Coastal Area

AbstractThis study examines the accumulation, distribution, and mobility of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in the sediments of a low‐lying coastal drainage network (Ravenna, Italy). The aim is to understand the geochemical processes occurring between drainage water and canal bed sediments and assess factors affecting and driving PTE distribution and enrichment in these environments. A geochemical database resulting from the analysis of 203 drainage sediment samples was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis and compared to undisturbed near‐surface sediment samples from the same depth and depositional environment. The results reveal PTEs exceeding national regulation limits. Distance from the sea, electrical conductivity of drainage water, and fertilizer use were identified as the main driving factors. The primary mechanisms for PTE precipitation (As, Co, Mo) and subsequent enrichment in the sediments is attributed to the absorption on Fe‐ and Mn‐oxyhydroxides (HFO and HMO), particularly in high salinity areas near the coast. While Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and V also have affinity for HFO and HMO, their adsorption efficiency decreases due to the competition with salt‐derived cations during ongoing salinization processes. Anthropogenic sources, including agriculture, hunting activities, traffic dust, and railways, contribute to the local abundance of other elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Sn). This paper's significant progress lies in assessing the concurrent interactions of chemical and physical processes that drive PTE distribution and accumulation in reclaimed low‐lying coastal plains. The findings are significant for assessing PTE accumulation risks and sediment toxicity in coastal areas affected by water salinization, drainage, and subsidence, providing valuable information to water management institutions globally.

Distribution, sources, and burial flux of black carbon in sediment of Daye lake, central China

Black carbon (BC), primarily originating from fossil fuel and biomass combustion, holds significance for global carbon cycling, climate change, and human health. Despite a lake's role as a carbon sink, detailed information about BC sedimentary burial flux and sink in its sediment remains insufficiently explored. The current study investigates the distribution, sources, and burial flux of BC and its subtypes (char and soot) in the surface sediment of Daye Lake, the largest lake in Huangshi City, central China. BC concentrations in the sediment ranged from 0.10 to 3.60 mg/g, corresponding to 0.40%–17.02% of organic carbon (OC). Higher values of BC and BC/OC observed in the western region suggest direct terrestrial input via river discharge and surface runoff, influenced by anthropogenic activities. In contrast, variations in char/soot ratios reflect diverse combustion sources and hydrological dynamics in different regions. The indications from BC/OC and char/soot ratios imply that fossil fuel combustion is the predominant sources. The weak correlations between BC and OC suggest that they may come from different sources or undergo different processes that affect their distribution in the lake sediment. However, a stronger correlation was observed between BC and soot, as well as between char and soot, indicating potential similarities in their input pathways. The BC burial flux displays notable variations across the lake, ranging from 0.69 to 24.07 g/m2/yr, with elevated values observed in the western region. The BC sink in the sediments of Daye Lake was estimated to be 0.635 Gg/yr. Though locally small, it significantly contributes to the broader picture of BC burial in Chinese lakes and the global distribution of BC in lake ecosystems.

THE EFFECT OF COASTAL AND CHANNEL MANGROVES SEDIMENT ON BIOTURBATION DISTRIBUTION

Mangroves are a type of tropical tree that thrives and flourishes in harsh conditions where most vegetation struggles. Despite their resilience, mangrove ecosystems face significant threats from deforestation, pollution, and human activities. As an exceptionally efficient habitat for the capture and stabilization of sediment, the mangrove region is also supported by the bioturbation activity where organisms burrow and play an important role in the carbon and nutrient cycle while shaping soil geomorphology within the ecosystem. Many discoveries on the distribution of bioturbation have been carried out in coastal areas regarding grain size, soil density, and others. However, the difference in bioturbation activities on different physical attributes such as coastal, channels, and creeks areas has not yet been well addressed especially in Malaysia. Thus, this study proposes to elucidate the difference in bioturbation distribution between coastal and channel regions in the mangrove areas. The aim is to determine bioturbation distribution within coastal and channel regions by investigating the sediment characteristics and bioturbation frequencies along these two regions. The stratified random quadrat sampling method has been used for bioturbation frequencies, inhabitant species, and population richness. The sediment was characterized with a standard soil dry-sieving method and further analysed by laser diffraction method for fine particle distribution. In examining the effect of physical attribute influence on the bioturbation distribution, a two-way ANOVA assessment was carried out. This study has found that coastal and channel had different sediment distribution and the bioturbation frequencies were influenced by different inhabitants in both regions. Thus, the result of this study supports that coastal and channel regions have significant differences in the bioturbation process. The outcome of this study perhaps will increase awareness among the community members and their involvement in the enrichment and nurturing of ground areas, especially mangrove forests (SDG14).

Analysis of the Impact Area of the 2022 El Tejado Ravine Mudflow (Quito, Ecuador) from the Sedimentological and the Published Multimedia Documents Approach

Quito (Ecuador) has a history of mudflow events from ravines that pose significant risks to its urban areas. Located close to the Pichincha Volcanic Complex, on 31 January 2022, the northwest and central parts of the city were hit by a mudflow triggered by unusual rainfall in the upper part of the drainage, with 28 fatalities and several properties affected. This research focuses on the affected area from collector overflow to the end, considering sedimentological characteristics and behavior through various urban elements. This study integrates the analysis of videos, images, and sediment deposits to understand the dynamics and impacts of the mudflow using a multidisciplinary approach. The methodology includes verifying multimedia materials using free software alongside the Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) to estimate the kinematic parameters of the mudflow. The affected area, reaching a maximum distance of 3.2 km from the overflow point, was divided into four zones for a detailed analysis, each characterized by its impact level and sediment distribution. Results indicate significant variations in mudflow behavior across different urban areas, influenced by topographical and anthropogenic factors. Multimedia analysis provided insights into the mudflow’s velocity and evolution as it entered urban areas. The study also highlights the role of urban planning and infrastructure in modifying the mudflow’s distribution, particularly in the Northern and Southern Axes of its path, compared with a similar 1975 event, seven times larger than this. It also contributes to understanding urban mudflow events in Quito, offering valuable insights for disaster risk management in similar contexts.

Unsteady suspended sediment distribution in an ice-covered channel through fractional advection–diffusion equation

Unsteady suspended sediment distribution in an ice-covered channel through fractional advection–diffusion equation

Grain-size Characteristics and Net Transport Patterns of Surficial Sediments in the Day River Estuary

The Day estuary area is accreting relatively quickly, expanding the land area for Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh provinces. To understand the sediment accreting mechanism in this region, 42 surficial sediment samples were taken and analyzed for grain size to determine the rules of surficial sediment distribution and analyze the net sediment transport pattern. Research result shows that in the Day estuary area: sand is mainly dominated in the east and south, silty sand is distributed in front of the estuary and south of Con Noi, and sandy silt is distributed in the west and center of the study area. The coarsest-grained sediments are distributed in the North and South, while finer-grained sediments occupy the main area in the East and finest-grained sediments are spread out in the West of the study area. Well-sorted sediments are dominated throughout the region, covering the center and the East of the study area, showing that the hydrodynamic regime is relatively stable. Medium-sorted sediments are distributed in the West, North, and South, reflecting a less stable hydrodynamic regime. Poorly-sorted sediments at the Day estuary mouth represent the most complex hydrodynamic conditions here. Sediment tends to be transported from the southeast and west to the central area, causing a strong accretion process to create Con Noi and shallow mild tidal flats in the Day estuary area.

Preliminary assessment of microplastic in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere region of mangrove at four locations along Karachi coast, Pakistan

Mangrove ecosystem faces significant threats from the various pollutants including microplastic (MPs). The aim of this study was to assess variations in MP distribution in mangrove sediments of rhizosphere (R) and non-rhizosphere (NR) regions. A total of 14,960 MP particles were identified from Sandspit backwater (SS-1 & SS-2) and Creek areas (PQ & KC). Notably, the NR showed higher MP counts (7848) compared to the R region (7112). Analysis revealed variations in MP types, with beads being predominant in both R and NR, followed by film, fiber, and fragments. KC exhibited highest MP contamination, followed by PQ, SS-2, and SS-1. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene in sediments samples. This first detailed report on MP in mangrove sediments and other limited studies from Pakistan establishes the widespread distribution of MPs in the coastal area and provide a baseline for further elaboration in future.

Characterizing spatial distribution of ice and methane hydrates in sediments using cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography

Electrical resistivity is an essential parameter for assessing the abundance of gas hydrates and predicting their location. However, imaging techniques are poorly developed for detecting the electrical resistivity distribution of hydrate-bearing sediments. In this study, a cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (CHERT) array was established in the large-scale simulator for characterizing the spatial distribution of the sedimentary system. Ice- and methane hydrate-bearing sediments were investigated respectively using CHERT. The results show that CHERT effectively observed the significant influence of methane hydrate/ice formation and salt drainage on the variations in electrical parameters. Their formation leads to a sustained increase in average resistivity, while salt ion exclusion leads to an increase in pore water salinity, resulting in a decrease in local resistivity. Moreover, CHERT observed a range of resistivities from a few Ω·m to several thousand Ω·m for ice- and methane hydrate-bearing sediments, which is consistent with the resistivity response of hydrate reservoirs in the field. It is suggested that CHERT can be used for hydrate reservoir detection and combined with acoustic imaging to more accurately characterize the spatial distribution of hydrates. These results contribute to advancing the potential application of CHERT technology in multi-method and multi-scale gas hydrate monitoring initiatives.

Particle size distribution of total suspended sediments in urban stormwater runoff: Effect of land uses, precipitation conditions, and seasonal variations

Understanding particle size distribution (PSD) of total suspended sediments in urban runoff is essential for pollutant fate and designing effective stormwater treatment measures. However, the PSDs from different land uses under different weather conditions have yet to be sufficiently studied. This research conducted a six-year water sampling program in 15 study sites to analyze the PSD of total suspended sediments in runoff. The results revealed that the median particle size decreased in the order: paved residential, commercial, gravel lane residential, mixed land use, industrial, and roads. Fine particles less than 125 μm are the dominant particles (over 75%) of total suspended sediments in runoff in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Roads have the largest percentage of particles finer than 32 μm (49%). Gravel lane residential areas have finer particle sizes than paved residential areas. The results of PSD were compared with previous literature to provide more comprehensive information about PSD from different land uses. The impact of rainfall event types can vary depending on land use types. A long antecedent dry period tends to result in the accumulation of fine particles on urban surfaces. High rainfall intensity and long duration can wash off more coarse particles. The PSD in spring exhibits the finest particles, while fall has the largest percentage of coarse particles. Snowmelt particles are finer for the same land use than that during rainfall events because the rainfall-runoff flows are usually larger than the snowmelt flows.

Spatial distribution of sediment dissolved organic matter in oligotrophic lakes and its binding characteristics with Pb(II) and Cu(II).

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), the most active component in interstitial waters, determines the stability of heavy metals and secondary release in sediments. However, little is known about the composition and metal-binding patterns of DOM in interstitial water from oligotrophic lakes affected by different anthropogenic perturbations. Here, 18 interstitial water samples were prepared from sediments in agricultural, residential, tourist, and forest regions in an oligotrophic lake (Shengzhong Lake in Sichuan Province, China) watershed. Interstitial water quality and DOM composition, properties, and Cu(II)- and Pb(II)-binding characteristics were measured via physicochemical analysis, UV-vis spectroscopic, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and fluorescence titration methods. The DOM, which was produced mainly by microbial activities, had low molecular weights, humification degrees, and aromaticity. Based on EEM-PARAFAC results, the DOM was generally composed of tryptophan- (57.7%), terrestrial humic- (18.7%), microbial humic- (15.6%), and tyrosine-like (8.0%) substances. The DOM in the metal complexes was primarily composed of tryptophan-like substances, which accounted for ~42.6% of the DOM-Cu(II) complexes and ~72.0% of the DOM-Pb(II) complexes; however, microbial humic-like substances primarily contributed to the stability of DOM-Cu(II) (logKCu = 3.7-4.6) and DOM-Pb(II) (logKPb = 4.3-4.8). Water quality parameters did not significantly affect the stability of DOM-metal complexes. We demonstrated that the metal-binding patterns of DOM in interstitial water from oligotrophic lakes are highly dependent on microbial DOM composition and are affected by anthropogenic perturbations to a lesser extent.

Near-surface characterization using shear-wave resonances: A case study from offshore Svalbard, Norway

Shear-wave (S-wave) resonances are typically observed when the surficial marine sediments over a rock substrate have relatively low S-wave velocities. We observe these phenomena using ocean-bottom fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) in two subsea fiber-optic telecommunication cables in Svalbard, Norway. Strong seismic energy from sufficiently large earthquakes is required to trigger and enhance the multiple-order modes of S-wave resonances. Here, we use the interpreted S-wave resonance frequencies of the first two modes to determine the thickness and the S-wave velocity of the near-surface low-velocity layer (LVL) beneath the seafloor. In addition, we use existing active P-wave seismic reflection data to determine the LVL thickness and to help build a more accurate S-wave velocity model from the S-wave resonance frequencies. The estimated S-wave velocity varies laterally within the LVL formation. Here, we find that the sediments or deposits with high S-wave velocity presented in the estimated LVL model agree with the distribution of some glacigenic sediments and landforms deposited in the survey area. Therefore, S-wave resonances measured by ocean-bottom DAS can be used to characterize the corresponding near-surface LVLs.

Method for Delineating the Formula Limit of the Continental Shelf under the Maximum Area Principle Constraint

In current practices of determining continental shelf area, the measured sediment thickness data do not effectively reflect the distribution of sediments across the area due to its dispersed nature. This issue raises potential limitations in unknown optimal survey line layout strategies for maximizing the posterior determination area. This paper adopts the binary search algorithm, relies on existing sediment thickness grid data, and uses geodetic formulas to build an ellipsoidal surface grid distance calculation model. This model quickly screens potential areas for the 1% sediment thickness line candidate points set. By constraining the azimuth parameter values during the construction process of the ellipsoidal point feature buffer zones, efficiently select the candidate points set for the 1% sediment thickness line. Furthermore, by elucidating the essential meanings of points on the formula limit and combining the candidate points set of the foot of the continental slope (FOS)+60 n mile line, the polygon minimal convex hull construction technique and a baseline points optimization algorithm with a length threshold are used to efficiently select points on formula limit. Experimental results demonstrate that this method can effectively assist coastal states in optimizing the determination of continental shelf area to the fullest extent under the length threshold requirements of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Experiments have proven that compared to the traditional intersection method, the method presented in this paper can help coastal countries delineate a larger continental shelf area. In typical application scenarios, the gain in area can reach 77,278,427 m2 accounting for 0.51% of the total area.

Interaction between active tectonics, bottom-current processes and coral mounds: A unique example in the NW Moroccan Margin, southern Gulf of Cadiz

The NW Moroccan Margin has a complex geological evolution, being located close to the transition zone between the Azores – Gibraltar Fracture Zone and the western front of the Betic–Rif collisional orogen. The interaction between tectonic, halokinetic and fluid flow processes with bottom-current activity shapes the seafloor and influences the distribution of seafloor biological communities (such as the cold-water coral mounds) and deep-water sedimentation. The aims of this work are to study the interaction of the paleo-oceanographic and morpho-tectonic processes that generated the various seafloor features of the NW Moroccan Margin. To achieve this, high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and parasound data acquired in the “ALBOCA II” cruise have been used, complemented by high-resolution 2D seismic reflection data and the EMODnet bathymetric compilation.Several morphological features were identified in the margin, which are related to different processes of sedimentary (contourites and sediment waves), structural (faults and diapirs), gravitational (slide scars, mass transport deposits), fluid migration (mud volcanoes and pockmarks) and biogenic (exposed and buried coral mounds) nature. The structural features (e.g., strike-slip faults) have a major control on the seafloor morphology and, consequently, on the development and evolution of the sedimentary systems in the study area.The evolution of the NW Moroccan Margin during the late Quaternary has been controlled by climatic variations and tectonic activity. The action of these factors has been dominant in distinct parts of the study area where: i) contourite terraces developed when climatic and oceanographic changes were the prevalent factor, ii) mounded and confined contourite drifts and local mass transport deposits formed when the major control was tectonic activity.

Sediment transport modelling in densly populated urban areas due to earthfill dam break

This study simulates two dimensional sediment transport, as a result of overtopping earthfill dam break, in urban areas. The model can consider breaching, removal of sediment from dam body, and transport of sediment. The model is first validated by simulating laboratory experimental data that involved measurements of levels, and longitudinal sediment profiles, and sediment distribution. Downstream side of the experimental canal is designed as; (1) smooth bed, and (2) rough bed with concrete blocks. For both cases, the model simulations are found to be satisfactory. The model is then applied to simulate artificial overtopping break scenarios of two real earthfill dams. The AW3D30 is used as the source data for representing the topographic surfaces and the LULC dataset is generated from the ESA’s Sentinel-2 imagery. The results reveal that downstream of the dams can be subject to both scour, at onset of the dam break, and substantial deposition after having reservoir completely emptied. The cut can go all the way to dam bed. The scoured areas can be refilled after peak discharge recedes. Sediment depths can reach up to 1.5 m in the case of Urkmez Dam break in some areas in the vicinity of Urkmez Town and up to 3 m at the downstream area of Alibey Dam in Istanbul, implying disastrous consequences for the settlement areas.

Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Northern Cameroon Cretaceous rift basins: A study of the Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo-Lere basins

The Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo-Lere basins located in Northern Cameroon are small elongated sedimentary asymmetric half-grabens associated with the development of the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS). The evolution of these basins began during the Precambrian pre-rift period and continued through the Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous periods, although details of their development remain unclear. The aim of this study is to understand the evolution and development of the border faults and their control on syn-rift geometry, accommodation space, and the resulting stratigraphic architecture. Using a combination of multiples surface and subsurface well logs data, we demonstrate the relationship and evolution of various stages of rifting and the associated sedimentary architecture. The basin is composed of an alluvial to lacustrine succession that developed during its tectonic evolution. A 3-stage tectonic model is proposed for the evolution of the basin that uses fault propagation analysis to describe the sedimentary architecture and evolution of basin geometry. The three stages of the model are the early rift, rift climax, and late rift; here, the early rifting phase is marked by the reactivation of faults in the Lower Cretaceous. The rift climax phase resulted in the interconnection of small segmented border faults leading to the high rate of activation of major border faults and to the development of the half graben structure of the basins. The late rift stage is marked by a decrease in border fault activity and accommodation. Sediment distribution and the facies architecture are controlled by tectonic subsidence created throughout the rifting phases. The stratigraphic signature of the Babouri-Figuil and Mayo Oulo-Lere basins are punctuated by the lacustrine water transgression-regression cycles, and controlled by the balance between the rate of sediment supply and tectonic accommodation. The progressive change between overfilled to starved sedimentary architecture is illustrated by this stratigraphic succession. Additional age assessment and sub-surface data in future work could help confirm the structures identified on the surface.

Geochemical Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution in Bug River Sediments, Poland: The Impacts of Urbanization and Agricultural Practices

Geochemical Assessment of Heavy Metal Distribution in Bug River Sediments, Poland: The Impacts of Urbanization and Agricultural Practices