Large, continental-scale drainage systems occupy nearly half of Earth's land, shaping diverse ecosystems, with their activity primarily driven by climate and tectonism. Here, we investigate whether Mars, which lacks Earth's tectonism, has similarly large drainage systems that could have impacted the extent of habitable environments, sediment transport, and the formation of large sedimentary basins. We reconstruct large drainage systems using globally mapped ancient martian water-formed topography-valley networks, outlet canyons, and fluvial depositional systems-revealing large drainage systems (>105 km2) similar in scale to those on Earth. However, collectively these systems cover only ~5% of ancient martian terrain (>3.7 Ga), approximately nine times less than their counterparts on Earth. This estimate is conservative due to erosion, burial, and impact cratering, which have likely modified their preservation. Nevertheless, when quantifying the eroded sediment volumes from these large drainage systems, we show that they contributed nearly half (42%) of Mars' ancient river-sediment budget. We further calculated the sediment eroded from large drainage systems surrounding the largest known fluvial depositional landforms on Mars and found that they potentially contributed ~21% of the planet's river sediment budget, which we hypothesize facilitated the buildup of these sedimentary features. Our results indicate that although a substantial portion of Mars' fluvial sediment was routed through large-scale drainage systems, sediment transport was predominantly accomplished within smaller-scale local basins. This drainage structure likely created a mosaic of habitable environments across the surface and facilitated significant sediment accumulation in a limited number of large sedimentary basins.

Abstract. Quantifying sedimentary volumes in mountain valleys can not only enhance our understanding of Quaternary valley evolution and river dynamics but also yield critical insights into hydrogeological characteristics. In contrast to the thoroughly investigated Upper Rhine Graben, little coherent information is available on the subsurface structure of adjacent Black Forest valleys. This study therefore aims at estimating the thickness, spatial distribution, and volumes of alluvial material in the valleys of the southwestern Black Forest. We utilized an extensive borehole database, high-resolution digital topographic data, and information from geological maps to integrate two complementary approaches. First, local valley cross sections were compiled to investigate subsurface bedrock morphology, allowing for a rough approximation of valley fill volumes. Second, catchment-specific linear and random forest regression based on morphometric and hydrologic variables were utilized to estimate sediment depths in valleys. Our results reveal a considerable spatial heterogeneity regarding shape, symmetry, ruggedness, and thickness of valley floor deposits. The composite valley cross sections with valley floor widths between 16 m and 3 km and average sediment depths ranging from 2 to 36.3 m include V-shaped geometries prevailing in narrow headwater valleys and main valleys mostly showing a surprisingly flat erosion surface and a shallow (on average < 15 m) sediment cover. Yet, towards the Upper Rhine Graben (URG), some valley sections widen and are rather box- or trough-shaped, comprising sediments up to 100 m thick. Overall, the valley orientation, sediment thickness, and valley shape in the main Black Forest catchments appear to be largely structurally controlled. For our study area of about 2100 km2 including nine main catchments with sizes between 13 and 1034 km2, estimated median values of valley fill volumes of the entire area range between 1.2 and 2.8 km3. Specifically the disproportionately high sediment volumes of two of the larger catchments, Dreisam and Schutter, are striking. Both areas exhibit a particular structural imprint, the one being located within a deep-seated, large-scale Late Paleozoic deformation zone, the other one crossed by the Cenozoic main border fault along the URG. These crustal discontinuities may be connected to an enhanced incision, which further underscores the importance of tectonic boundary conditions on the valley infill. In comparison with alpine settings, the sediment storage within the predominantly wide and shallow valleys is lower.

Global interest in commercial deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining is increasing, driven by EV demand, national defense, and grid upgrades for the energy transition. Accordingly, sediment disturbance induced by rotary rake-based collector is evaluated to address high disturbance, low efficiency, and structural complexity. Specifically, a full-factorial experiment is conducted with 3 factors: rake-tooth rotational speed, driving speed, and nodule size. The effects of key parameters on sediment disturbance are characterized. Furthermore, a model for disturbance magnitude is derived. Finally, quantitative relationships are established between disturbed sediment volume, the collector’s structural parameters, and sediment-particle kinematics. The results show that the mathematical models are within 20% error range of the test result data, which proves that the models have relatively good fitting accuracy and predictive ability. The collection rates of the 9 working conditions are basically above 90%, and the disturbance depth is all less than 3 cm. Meanwhile, the amount of disturbed sediment in the optimal working condition is at least 4 times less than the traditional hydraulic type. This study provides theoretical basis and experimental support for high efficiency and low disturbance acquisition of polymetallic nodules, and provides environmental disturbance data reference for subsequent equipment optimization design and engineering amplification application.

The subject of this paper is to clarify the influence of bed sediments and their composition on the change in flow conditions in the Komárňanský channel, the biggest channel of Žitný Ostrov channel network. This research is based on the results from field measurements, located at Žitný Ostrov (ŽO ) area during the period 1993 to 2019. This area is flat land and the velocities in all channels of channel network are very slow what is the main cause of sediment deposition, especially on the channel bottom. The flow profile of channels decreases as the thickness of bed sediments increases, and in consequence of continuous sedimentation processes, not only the cross - section of channel, but also its longitudinal profile changes unfavorably. The volume of sediments is also increasing . The thickness and struc ture of sediments have an important influence on the interaction between surface water in channels of ŽO and groundwater in its surroundings. The detailed field measurements of bed sediment thicknesses along the Komárňanský channel were performed du ring the period 1993 – 2019. Then there was determined the longitudinal distribution of the bed sediments in the Komárňanský channel, the percentage of the profile silting by sediments and the values of the volume of bed sediments in this channel for the monitore d period (based on the calculation of the values of the average thickness of the bed sediments ) . The results are summed up in all tables and figures of this paper and their comparison indicates an increasing trend in the longitudinal siltation of this channel as well as in the volume of sediments during the monitored period. The flow conditions in the channel are also influenced by the composition of the bed sediments, especially their permeability, expressed by the value of saturated hydraulic conductivity . This parameter is one of the key inputs for modeling of the interaction between surface water in channel and groundwater level in its surroundings. In order to determine the value of the saturated hydraulic conductivity, it was necessary to take samples of bed sediments. The bed silts were obtained by two ways, as disturbed samples and as undisturbed samples. For disturbed samples, the empirical formulas based on the grain size analysis were used to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity value. We calculated these values according to 7 empirical formulas: Bayer – Schweiger; Špaček I, Špaček II, Hazen I.; Bayer; USBR and Orechova. We used the number of valid calculated results as a crite rion for determining the ability of a formula to provide result s that meet its validity requirements. T he most suitable formula according to this criterion has been shown the Hazen I. formula, its range for Komárňanský channel in 2019 was 2.86 10 - 08 to 3.98 10 - 06 m s - 1 . For undisturbed samples of bed sediments was use d to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity value the laboratory falling head method. The saturated hydraulic conductivity values determined by this method are presented in tabular form and its range was from 1.31 10 - 07 to 1.10 10 - 05 m s - 1 .

Proglacial settings in the Alps are typically polygenetic, often characterized by a complex and discontinuous interplay between glacial, fluvial and gravitational processes. These processes yield high volumes of sediments, which usually exceed their transportation capacity. The excessive proglacial sediment load leads to accumulation on slopes, and thus, to subsequent failures such as rock avalanches. The northern slopes of the Ferret and Veny valleys in the Mont Blanc Massif are home to several polygenetic cones and are a stunning field laboratory for the exploration of the interplay between the glacial, fluvial and gravitational processes. This study investigates a well‐preserved polygenetic cone, the Frébouge cone, to disentangle the geomorphic processes that contributed to its formation and to reconstruct its evolution. To achieve these goals, detailed field and remote mapping, 10 Be surface exposure dating, and runout modelling with DAN3D ® were used. The geomorphological map revealed complex interactions of glacial, fluvial, debris flow, as well as rock and snow avalanche processes. The established chronology indicates two major episodes of debris flows, the first one at c . 2 ka, and the second at c . 1 ka. In addition, a rock mass with a maximum volume of up to 12±3 Mm 3 collapsed in the upper reaches of the cone at 1.3±0.1 ka and overran the cone, travelling more than 100 m up onto the opposite valley slope. Afterwards, the Frébouge Glacier overrode the cone several times leaving moraines and till, reaching its maximum extent c . 300 years ago. This study underscores the untwisting of the complex interaction of surface processes in the Alpine valleys, which are prone to hit the urban areas and infrastructures.

Abstract. In steep alpine environments, successive glacial-interglacial cycles during the Quaternary led to multiple transient geomorphological phases. In particular, post-glacial periods are key transition phases experiencing rapid geomorphic changes, characterized by intense hillslope processes where ice and permafrost have retreated. Mass wasting is the dominant post-glacial process driving sediment production in steep mountain landscapes. However, its role in shaping topography, particularly in comparison to glacial activity – known for its strong deformational impact – remains poorly understood. By integrating numerical modeling with topographic data, we refine our understanding of how mass wasting shapes an evolving landscape and influences sediment dynamics. In the Ecrins massif (French western Alps), we select three catchments, with particular morphological signatures or inheritance (i.e. from fluvial to glacial), to model their associated topographic evolution driven by mass wasting. Using the landscape evolution model “HyLands”, we quantitatively assess their individual response to landsliding by exploring the role of different internal or external factors (bedrock cohesion and friction, return time of landslides). The model is calibrated with the output landslide area-frequency scaling law and the massif-averaged denudation rate, inferred from literature. We focus on the cumulative impact of landslides, over a single post-glacial period, on catchment slope distribution, hypsometry, exported sediment volume and erosion rate. Compared to a fluvial landscape, the inherited glacial topography shows a bimodal distribution of elevation for unstable slopes, near the crests and along the U-shaped valley walls. The time evolution of this distribution is characterized by a decrease in the number of unstable slopes as well as a lowering in maximum catchment elevations induced by landsliding. Despite the stochastic nature of landslides, our modeling results also show that landslide activity and induced erosion rates are greatest at the onset of the glacial retreat and then progressively decay during the interglacial period. In contrast, fluvial catchments show a more stable topography and fewer landslides resulting in lower erosion rates. This study quantitatively explores the non-linear interactions between landslides and catchment topographic evolution and documents the role of landslides in the erosion pulse during the Quaternary interglacial periods.

Erosion is one of the major environmental issues causing land degradation, reduced soil productivity, and ecosystem damage due to sedimentation. Effective erosion mitigation requires appropriate technology, one of which is the application of retaining structures such as Interlocking stones. This study aims to compare the performance of Interlocking stones as a soil retaining structure with and without vegetation protection in reducing erosion rates. The research method employed a field experiment approach on sloping land with variations in slope gradient and types of productive vegetation cover. The results indicate that Interlocking stones combined with vegetation protection significantly reduces erosion rates compared to non-vegetated conditions. Vegetation contributes to soil stabilization by decreasing surface runoff and enhancing soil cohesion through root systems. In conclusion, the combination of Interlocking stones and productive vegetation is more effective and sustainable for erosion control compared to Interlocking stones without vegetation. Comparison of the two treatments shows that vegetation is able to significantly increase the effectiveness of Interlocking stones, namely the amount of runoff volume and the amount of sediment volume are smaller, namely producing 5.85 Lt/m² of runoff and 2.64 kg/m² of sediment. In the structure without vegetation shows a larger amount of runoff volume and the amount of sediment volume, namely the runoff volume of 10.97 Lt/m² and the sediment transported 4.75 kg/m² of runoff volume of 10.97 Lt/m² and the sediment transported 4.75 kg/m².

To investigate the impact of different water and sediment conditions on the morphological shaping of the middle reaches of the Tarim River, this study establishes an erosion-deposition evolution model for the Yingbazha to Wusiman River section under the 2018 shoreline conditions using MIKE21 software and conducts validation. Five working conditions were selected for typical years of high-flow, normal-flow, and low-flow, as well as years of extreme floods and extreme droughts, to simulate the river channel’s erosion and deposition evolution under varying water and sediment conditions. By analyzing metrics such as erosion and deposition volume, depth of scour and fill, changes in the channel’s planform morphology, thalweg elevation variations, and cross-sectional changes along the river reach, the patterns of erosion and deposition evolution in this segment were systematically examined. The results indicate that: (1) Under different representative year conditions, the river was always in a net deposition state. The sediment deposition was highest in the extreme flood year (1.885 × 107 tons, accounting for 34% of the incoming sediment) and lowest in the extreme drought year (1.109 × 106 tons, accounting for 83% of the incoming sediment). The unit runoff sediment transport efficiency increased by 54% with the increase in flow. However, when the runoff exceeded the critical threshold of 3.7 × 109 m3, the increase in scour volume (+440%) far outpaced the deposition volume (+143%), revealing a critical turning point in the erosion-deposition mechanism. (2) The erosion-deposition process follows a three-stage evolutionary pattern of “deposition-scouring-redeposition”: At low flow, insufficient sediment-carrying capacity leads to continuous deposition. After surpassing the critical flow, the sediment-carrying capacity dominates scouring. Under high flow conditions, the water and sediment volume increases sharply, restarting deposition. The deep pool elevation exhibits corresponding “rise-drop-rise” periodic fluctuations. (3) Through analysis of typical cross-sections, it is shown that in extreme flood years and typical wet years, the lateral swinging of the main channel causes scouring. However, the collapse of the bank and the widening of the river channel result in increased deposition in the main channel, leading to an overall elevation of the riverbed. In typical drought years and extreme drought years, due to lower flow, water levels, and flow velocities, the erosion-deposition process only occurs within the main river channel. The research results provide a better understanding of the erosion-deposition evolution trend of the meandering section of the Tarim River’s main channel, offering scientific guidance for the future development, management, and sustainable development of the middle reach of the Tarim River.

Large (>106 cubic meters), highly mobile debris flows represent one of the deadliest yet least understood types of landslides on Earth. These flows often originate when smaller events entrain water and sediment along their channel. The conditions controlling when and where these flows bulk are not well understood, making their hazard unpredictable. Here, we examine this hazard by combining a unique inventory of debris flows from the Wenchuan earthquake with numerical modeling to constrain their magnitude and frequency. We show that large debris flows occur more frequently than expected, on the basis of magnitude-frequency relationships for all debris flows, when high volumes of sediment are deposited in channels. These findings are consistent with other large sediment-generating events globally, such as Mount St. Helens and Mount Pinatubo where multiple large debris flows were triggered following volcanic eruptions that produced several cubic kilometers of sediment.

ABSTRACTThe 2020 Cameron Peak wildfire burned part of the Poudre River catchment in Colorado, USA. The river flows through a high‐gradient canyon before entering a lower‐gradient transition zone with modified channel morphology and flow regime. Widespread post‐fire erosion introduced fine sediment (< 2 mm) to the river, causing sediment deposition and a major fish kill. Fine sediment deposition in the transition zone partially blocked or filled fish habitat in channel margin backwaters and side channels and filled interstices in fish‐spawning habitat along the cobble‐boulder bed channel. During summer 2023, we quantified fine sediment retention at 18 sites along the river by measuring fine sediment volumes and embeddedness. Our objectives were to (i) evaluate whether reach‐scale geomorphic attributes or river distance downstream from the sediment source correlate more strongly with reach‐scale fine sediment volume and embeddedness and (ii) use 2D hydraulic modeling and incipient motion equations to estimate the discharge necessary to mobilize the channel bed and remove excess fine sediment. Reach location (canyon vs. transition zone) best explained the volume of fine sediment and embeddedness, although the reach‐scale variables of gradient and cross‐sectional area were significant predictors of fine sediment retention. Hydraulic modeling indicated that a 2‐year return interval flow mobilizes a substantial portion of the bed at the canyon site, whereas bed mobilization requires a 5‐ to 10‐year flow at the transition zone sites. Management to mitigate post‐fire sedimentation and stressors to fishes may need to emphasize changes in river corridor geometry where consumptive water use limits flushing flows.

Relevance. The prospectivity of the Yanovstan Formation in terms of the possibility of discovering new hydrocarbon deposits. There are prerequisites for the described above both because of its oil-generating potential and the presence of significant thicknesses of sandy rocks in the composition of the formation, established at the early stages of studying its section. Aim. To create a genetic model of the Kimeridge-Early Berriasian Yanovstan sediments. Objects. Yanovstan Formation within the eastern side of the West Siberian sedimentary basin. Methods. Facies analysis of core and geophysical data in combination with modern ideas about sedimentation parameters of the Bazhenov Sea and adjacent basins. Results and conclusions. The global changes in the transgressive-regressive rhythm and tectonic reconstructions that occurred during the Yanovstan Formation sedimentation period determined the three-dimensional structure of the Formation (its differentiation into three strata) – lower, middle and upper, as well as the variability of facies conditions. The study of sedimentation conditions of the Yanovstan Formation revealed a change in the parameters of the sedimentation basin. Thus, the base of the lower stratum in the form of a basal horizon followed by widespread accumulation of clays reflects transgression at the boundary of the late and early periods of the Georgian time. Subsequent accumulation of sediments of the lower stage occurs with gradual sea regression, decreasing paleotemperatures, and relatively stable sediment supply from the Siberian landmass. Accumulation of the middle stage, characterized by increased natural radioactivity and associated with transgression, decreased velocity (up to 0.5 m/mln) and volumes of terrigenous material input in combination with a decrease in species diversity, which was the result of a drop in paleotemperatures and the impact of cold sea currents. Subsequent tectonic activation led to a gradual global regression of the sea, an increase in the volume and intensity of sediment input (up to 12 m/million) and sedimentation of the upper suite, characterized by a gradual increase in grain size up the section and the formation of significant shelf accumulative bodies, with which the main reservoir rocks of the suite are associated.

The cooling medium of the guide bearing heat exchanger in hydro generator sets comes from the upstream dam area, which contains numerous impurities even though it has undergone preliminary treatment. These impurities settle, accumulate, and adhere and form scaling layers in the heat exchanger, seriously affecting its heat transfer performance. This paper presents an innovative investigation of heat exchanger performance under impurity-laden cooling water conditions and proposes an optimization by replacing the conventional round tube structure with a spiral flat tube structure. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the flow velocity, pressure, impurity deposition, and temperature distribution of the cooler under actual operating conditions. The results show that the optimized cooler achieves improved velocity uniformity with a lower standard deviation, effectively reducing sediment accumulation. Compared to the prototype, the maximum pressure increases by 55.2% (from 0.562 MPa to 0.872 MPa), which enhances turbulence and improves heat transfer. The sediment volume fraction is significantly reduced by 49% in low-flow operating conditions and 73.7% in high-flow operating conditions. Furthermore, the maximum temperature drops by 5.43 °C, indicating improved thermal performance. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the spiral flat tube design in impurity-rich environments.

This thesis analyzes sedimentation in the Cihaur irrigation canal within the Manganti Irrigation Area (D.I. Manganti), Cilacap Regency, which irrigates 700 hectares of agricultural land from an irrigation system covering a total of 26,153 hectares. The study examines the impact of sedimentation on the capacity and efficiency of the 22.62 km long irrigation canal. The analysis of sedimentation-causing factors is based on Sasrodarsono’s theory (1989), which includes the area of erosion, geological and topographical conditions, meteorological factors (particularly high rainfall intensity), hydraulic characteristics (a flow rate of 136.524 m³/second), vegetation, and human activities within the Citanduy River Basin (DAS Citanduy). The impacts of sedimentation include a reduction in canal capacity, decreased hydraulic efficiency, and increased maintenance costs. The research method uses a descriptive analytical quantitative approach, includingmeasurements of discharge, sedimentation volume (20.405 m³/second), granulometric analysis (dominated by fine sand and silt with a silt content of 58%), and water content (86% for settled sediment, 292% for floating sediment). Correlation analysis indicates a relationship between high rainfall and increased sedimentation. The results show that sedimentation significantly reduces irrigation capacity and efficiency. For example, the flow in the Simpellu I primary canal decreased from 136.524 m³/second to 116.119 m³/second due to sedimentation amounting to 20.405 m³. Recommended solutions include sediment dredging, canal normalization, upstream erosion control (reforestation, terracing, mulching), the construction of sediment control structures (sediment traps, settling basins, check dams), proper canal design, regular cleaning and maintenance, and active participation from farmers. The study is limited by a lack of historical data and the narrow scope focused solely on the Cihaur irrigation canal. Irrigation Efficiency For example, the discharge in the Simpellu I primary canal decreased from 136.524 m³/second to 116.119 m³/second due to sedimentation of 20.405 m³. Recommended solutions include sediment dredging, canal normalization, erosion control upstream (reforestation, terracing, mulching), construction of sediment control structures (sediment traps, settling ponds, check dams), appropriate canal design, routine cleaning and maintenance, and active farmer participation. This research has limitations regarding historical data and the study’s scope, which is limited to the Cihaur irrigation canal.

Assessing ecological functions through polychaete traits in estuarine sediments.

The deficiencies in texture, organic matter distribution, and active mineral composition of reservoir sediments constrain the formation of healthy soils.

Quantifying cross-linking strength in sodium starch glycolate and its impact on tablet disintegration and dissolution.

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), a major solid waste from palm oil processing, represent a rich source of lignocellulosic biomass that can be valorized into high-value bioproducts. This study aimed to isolate hemicellulose from OPEFB and evaluate its potential as a natural suspending agent in pharmaceutical suspension formulations, either alone or in combination with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). A series of formulations (F0–F5) were prepared and characterized for organoleptic properties, pH, density, viscosity, sedimentation volume, and redispersibility over seven days of storage. The results showed that suspensions containing OPEFB hemicellulose exhibited acceptable sensory characteristics, stable pH values (5–7), and densities above 1.00 g/mL. The addition of hemicellulose and CMC-Na significantly increased viscosity (up to 683.5 cP) and improved sedimentation stability, with sedimentation volumes reaching 0.22 and redispersibility up to 90% in formulations F2 and F3. These findings indicate a synergistic effect between hemicellulose and CMC-Na, enhancing suspension uniformity and preventing particle aggregation without compromising flowability. In conclusion, OPEFB-derived hemicellulose demonstrates excellent potential as a biodegradable and eco-friendly suspending agent for pharmaceutical suspensions. Its use not only improves formulation stability but also promotes the sustainable utilization of palm oil industry waste in green pharmaceutical product development. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), a major solid waste from palm oil processing, represent a rich source of lignocellulosic biomass that can be valorized into high-value bioproducts. This study aimed to isolate hemicellulose from OPEFB and evaluate its potential as a natural suspending agent in pharmaceutical suspension formulations, either alone or in combination with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na). A series of formulations (F0–F5) were prepared and characterized for organoleptic properties, pH, density, viscosity, sedimentation volume, and redispersibility over seven days of storage. The results showed that suspensions containing OPEFB hemicellulose exhibited acceptable sensory characteristics, stable pH values (5–7), and densities above 1.00 g/mL. The addition of hemicellulose and CMC-Na significantly increased viscosity (up to 683.5 cP) and improved sedimentation stability, with sedimentation volumes reaching 0.22 and redispersibility up to 90% in formulations F2 and F3. These findings indicate a synergistic effect between hemicellulose and CMC-Na, enhancing suspension uniformity and preventing particle aggregation without compromising flowability. In conclusion, OPEFB-derived hemicellulose demonstrates excellent potential as a biodegradable and eco-friendly suspending agent for pharmaceutical suspensions. Its use not only improves formulation stability but also promotes the sustainable utilization of palm oil industry waste in green pharmaceutical product development.

ABSTRACT Membrane hybrid processes with powdered activated carbon adsorption potentially pose a synergistic option to combine micropollutant removal and advanced wastewater treatment for water reuse. While the individual treatments are known to be effective, literature lacks applied studies of the combined processes in the face of new European regulations. In a 336-day pilot operation, we show that a novel inline-dosing process design is equally capable of reaching these treatment goals as a modified Ulm process design, equipped with ultrafiltration membranes. Both processes, reliably and independently of feed quality, delivered an effluent water quality suitable for water reuse applications, as required by EU 2020/741, Annex I, Table 2, while creating excellent conditions for an energy-efficient downstream UV disinfection (UV-Transmittance improvement by 10–20% points). Both processes were able to remove organic micropollutants to a similar degree. While the inline-dosing process requires no separate contact volume, nor sedimentation volume, it does show slightly weaker effluent quality and filtration performance in the downstream membrane process, which remains in a competitive range around 300 L/(m2 h bar). Hence, both examined process designs pose suitable and reliable options for the intended use case.

Quantifying coastal cliff retreat, sediment volume, and dynamics using photogrammetry and geospatial analysis in the Pénestin Peninsula, France

Development and operation of indigenous microalgal-bacterial consortium system treating eutrophic lake water: Consortium identification and system demonstration.