Share Of Sectors Research Articles

Impact of flood regime on phytoplankton communities in the large African reservoir, Lake Nasser, Egypt

Lake Nasser is a reservoir of freshwater for drinking and irrigation in Egypt and it constitutes an important share in the fisheries sector. This study aims to acquire a better understanding of the status of phytoplankton distribution in Lake Nasser under the current flood regime and before the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Samples were collected from fifteen sites representing different lake sectors along the main channel of the lake during 2016−2017. Approximately 103 species were recorded, belonging to six different classes, dominated by Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, whereas Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae and Chrysophyceae were rare. Based on the abundance of phytoplankton species, the pre-flood and post-flood seasons were very well discriminated. A major blooming of Cyanobacteria in the Tushka sector was detected during the pre-flood season, whereas this phenomenon diminished in the post-flood period when Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae appeared. The results of this study indicated that the most important factors affecting phytoplankton species distribution during pre-flood and post-flood seasons are temperature, nutrients and total dissolved solids. The study confirms that flood regime substantially affects the phytoplankton abundance and distribution in Lake Nasser.

Making sense of firms for ocean governance

Making sense of firms for ocean governance

Public Sector in the Transformation Economy of Ukraine: Macroeconomic Analysis

The purpose of the article is to study the conditions and prospects for the development of the state sector of the Ukrainian economy and to determine the functions and tasks of state-owned enterprises in a transformational economy. The information base of the empirical research is the data of the official website of the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine for 2014-2020. The methodological and methodical sources lie in the provisions of the economic code, the Classifier of institutional sectors of the economy. In the course of the research, the following methodological techniques were used as a comparison, modeling, series of dynamics, grouping, structural-dynamic, and coefficient analysis. The necessity of improving the existing regulatory mechanisms of transformation from state institutions and the development of new effective approaches to the functioning of the system of state entrepreneurship, which takes into account the features of the transformational economy and is based on international experience in building modern market relations and mechanisms for increasing the efficiency of the economic system, has been substantiated. The dynamics of the public sector share in the country's economy is analyzed, and the possible causes and consequences of these structural and dynamic changes are characterized. The results of the study are the proposed classification of types from state-owned enterprises, which is the basis for differentiating their functions and tasks depending on the goals of education, the characteristics of the activity, the structure of ownership, and the strategic priorities of the country's development. The necessity of the state-owned enterprises' sector reforming in the context of global integration is substantiated, as well as general directions and tools for implementing the reform of state-owned enterprises.

Occupational Health and Safety Performance in High-Rise Building Projects in Pakistan: A Systematic Literature Review

The building industry contributed an impressive share in Pakistan's growth sector, where the construction industry contributes almost 2.74% of the GDP of Pakistan. In most metropolitan cities, the trend of building multi-story structures is at increase. However, this construction industry is a prominent accident-prone industry where laborers generally work in an unsafe environment. These projects suffer from fatal and non-fatal accidents as labor health and security are not a prime aim in the construction industry despite all employees still dealing with safety issues. This research examines the Occupational safety and health (OSH) performance in High-rise building projects in Pakistan. This review focuses on adopting qualitative approaches, using the comprehensive literature approach for seeking current practice in health and safety and OHS laws in Pakistan's building industry. Finally, it proposes a realistic strategy for developing a safe environment at workplaces. Research indicates that Pakistan's construction sector should consider workers' safety as a priority, update and enforce safety laws at the workplace to enrich OHS conditions in the Pakistani construction sector.

A supply-demand model of public sector size

We develop a supply-demand model for the public sector with a political equilibrium. The model considers the inefficiencies caused by taxes and includes costs associated with the provision of public goods to consumers. We show that the size of the public sector may depend on the median voter's income, population size, costs associated with paying tax, and quality of institutions, all of which reflect the costs of provisioning public goods. The estimates for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries are compatible with theoretical predictions; however, they do not confirm Wagner's law, which holds that the public sector share does not grow with an increase in income. A greater dependency ratio and the Gini coefficient increase demand for redistribution policies. Greater government effectiveness is a supply-side factor that increases the public sector's share in an economy.

Analisis Peranan Strategi Marketing Funding Dalam Peningkatan Jumlah Nasabah dan Dana Pihak Ketiga:

Indonesia was ranked first in the global Islamic financial market at the 2019 Sharia Economic and Financial Research Forum (FREKS), where the market share in the Islamic banking sector had reached 6.01% and the OJK is targeting in 2023 the Islamic banking market share of 15%, wrong one indicator of improvement is by increasing the number of accounts and the amount of Third Party Funds (TPF). The purpose of this study is to determine what strategies are used by the Marketing Funding of the BPRS Harta Insan Karimah Cikarang Branch to increase the number of customers or accounts and the amount of TPF. Then what is the role of the strategy used by Marketing Funding in increasing the number of customers and the number of deposits.
 The pick-up strategy implemented by BPRS Harta Insan Karimah Cikarang branch is an excellent service provided to each customer, this strategy is considered to provide convenience to customers in savings and deposit products because the transaction can be done at home and the Marketing Funding team will visit the customer's house. If the strategy is to pick-up properly, the target number of customers will be achieved and theoretically the amount of deposits will increase as well. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, so that the researcher will explain or describe the results of the study in verbal or descriptive form so that it is easy to understand. The research method used in data collection includes interviews, observation, documentation and literature study.
 The results showed that the strategy used by marketing funding was the pick-up strategy, where deposits, withdrawals and account opening could be done at the customer's house with prior confirmation with the Marketing Funding team so that the interaction was built between the two. The role of this strategy was significant in increasing the number of customers in 2017 reaching 11.11% and in the following year the number of customers increased by 10.79%. However, the role of the pick-ball strategy is not significant in increasing TPF, in other words the increase in the number of customers does not mean that TPF will increase as well, seen in 2015 of 10.79%, and the next 2 years decreased consecutively, namely -21.77% and -9.53%, in 2018 the amount of TPF increased again by 14.65%. Other alternative strategies that can be implemented by BPRS Harta Insan Karimah Cikarang Branch are maximizing social media as a means of advertising, recruiting SDI Marketing Funding team, socializing to guardians of affiliated school students, giving souvenirs to customers who can refer BPRS HIK, sponsoring the community agenda or institutions, as well as Improving the schedule for collecting funds and improving the information system.

Input-output analysis of recreational assets within the inclusive sustainable development in Ukraine

This paper aims to develop approaches to accounting for recreational assets in the input-output model based on the analysis of the dynamics of their structure, as well as the structure of intermediate consumption of recreational services, on the example of intersectoral balance of Ukraine during 2012-2018. Based on forecasting the dynamics of indicators such as gross value added, consumption of fixed capital, net operated surplus, etc., optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the development of recreation (arts, sports, entertainment and leisure) in Ukraine are identified, taking into account the factors of natural asset and the coronavirus pandemic. In particular, the net export indicator is expected to increase due to the restriction of international tourist arrivals and the formation of the domestic market of recreational services on the basis of inclusive sustainable development. Herewith, recreational and tourist enterprises have the following guidelines: security, quality, comfort, effectiveness of asset use. The expediency of state support is seen in the redistribution of the share of accounted natural assets between agriculture, forestry, fisheries and recreation, as well as in changing the structure of assets and intermediate consumption by reducing the share of public administration and increasing the share of other sectors, especially healthcare. The proposed organizational and economic measures complement the Strategy for the development of tourism and resorts for the period up to 2026 in Ukraine.

Supporting small enterprises in the context of new financial crisis of 2020: international experience

Dramatic changes in the world economy since the beginning of 2020 have affected virtually all entrepreneurship industries and segments, the small enterprise segment in particular. Temporary "frozen" operation, as well as the number of small enterprises being reduced due to the coronavirus outbreak and related restrictions, may in general lead to liquidation of a significant sector share. To avoid the trend, governments of different countries seek to introduce truly unprecedented measures to support, or rather to preserve small enterprises. Despite the fact that the targets of small enterprise assistance remained the same, scopes, conditions and scales of its provision have changed. Current crisis response measures can be treated as experimental - they are not always effective, not always accessible, and do not always have a target audience and a corresponding financial and economic focus. Governments are assumed to succeed in finding the optimal program target by trial and error, the program that would be effective and actually would support small enterprises against the background of the new financial crisis of 2020. In this context, the international exchange of the best, most successful, practices is extremely important.

Modeling regional impacts and resilience to water service disruptions in urban economies

Water is a critical natural resource that sustains the productivity of many economic sectors, whether directly or indirectly. Climate change alongside rapid growth and development are a threat to water sustainability and regional productivity. In this paper, we develop an extension to the economic input-output model to assess the impact of water supply disruptions to regional economies. The model utilizes the inoperability variable, which measures the extent to which an infrastructure system or economic sector is unable to deliver its intended output. While the inoperability concept has been utilized in previous applications, this paper offers extensions that capture the time-varying nature of inoperability as the sectors recover from a disruptive event, such as drought. The model extension is capable of inserting inoperability adjustments within the drought timeline to capture time-varying likelihoods and severities, as well as the dependencies of various economic sectors on water. The model was applied to case studies of severe drought in two regions: (1) the state of Massachusetts (MA) and (2) the US National Capital Region (NCR). These regions were selected to contrast drought resilience between a mixed urban–rural region (MA) and a highly urban region (NCR). These regions also have comparable overall gross domestic products despite significant differences in the distribution and share of the economic sectors comprising each region. The results of the case studies indicate that in both regions, the utility and real estate sectors suffer the largest economic loss; nonetheless, results also identify region-specific sectors that incur significant losses. For the NCR, three sectors in the top 10 ranking of highest economic losses are government-related, whereas in the MA, four sectors in the top 10 are manufacturing sectors. Furthermore, the accommodation sector has also been included in the NCR case intuitively because of the high concentration of museums and famous landmarks. In contrast, the Wholesale Trade sector was among the sectors with the highest economic losses in the MA case study because of its large geographic size conducive for warehouses used as nodes for large-scale supply chain networks. Future modeling extensions could potentially include analysis of water demand and supply management strategies that can enhance regional resilience against droughts. Other regional case studies can also be pursued in future efforts to analyze various categories of drought severity beyond the case studies featured in this paper.

Rüzgâr Hızı Haritalarının Oluşturulmasında Kullanılan Enterpolasyon Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması: Balıkesir Örneği

Dünyada artan enerji ihtiyacıyla beraber yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına olan talep de gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Enerji ihtiyacındaki bu artış, devletleri ve özel sektör yatırımcılarını yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönlendirmektedir. Yeryüzündeki en önemli yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından biri de rüzgâr enerjisidir. Son yıllarda rüzgâr enerjisinin yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları ile üretilen enerji miktarındaki payı artmaktadır. Bu artışta rüzgâr enerjisinin çevre dostu olması ve kendini yenileyebilmesi gibi özellikleri sayesinde sürdürülebilir bir enerji kaynağı olmasının etkisi büyüktür. Bu anlamda, rüzgâr enerjisinden en yüksek verimi alabilmek için santrallerin doğru konumlandırılması başka bir ifade ile santral yer seçimi hususu büyük öneme sahiptir. Rüzgâr enerji santrallerinin yer seçiminde literatürdeki en önemli parametrelerden biri rüzgâr enerjisi kaynağı ve buna bağlı olarak rüzgâr hızıdır. Rüzgâr hızı haritalarının oluşturulabilmesi için belirli sayıda istasyondan elde edilen noktasal hız verilerinin çalışma alanına yayılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Balıkesir ilinde yer alan 32 adet meteoroloji istasyonundan elde edilen rüzgâr hızı verileri yardımıyla Balıkesir ili sınırları içinde IDW, Kriging, Natural Neighbor, Spline ve Trend olmak üzere beş farklı enterpolasyon yöntemi ile rüzgâr hızı haritaları oluşturulmuş ve kullanılan enterpolasyon yöntemleri karesel ortalama hata değerlerine göre karşılaştırılmıştır.

Evaluation of district heating with regard to individual systems – Importance of carbon and cost allocation in cogeneration units

Although, district heating has high share in the heating sector of Northern Europe, Central-Eastern European countries often do not utilize full potential for further thermal network expansion. The main reasons for this are relatively low energy market prices, such as natural gas for households, which diminish economic feasibility of the proposed projects. Even though there are numerous optimization methods which can optimize district heating system, they rarely provide cost comparison with individual heating solutions. This paper presents a novel method of evaluating district heating with respect to individual systems by using multi-objective optimization approach coupled with cost and carbon allocations in cogeneration units. Objective functions are defined as minimization of total discounted cost, including environmental impact, and maximization of exergy efficiency. To deal with multi-objective optimization, epsilon-constraint method has been used. The main outcome of this research are energy market prices for which district heating systems have lower environmental impact and exergy destruction than individual natural gas-based heating solutions, while at the same time being economically feasible. Finally, the paper demonstrates that cogeneration-based district heating systems are superior to individual heating, even for low households’ natural gas prices.

Проблемы и перспективы формирования цифровой трансформации коммерческих банков Узбекистана

The article discusses the problems and prospects of the formation of digital transformation of commercial banks in Uzbekistan. And also, in the direction of reducing the state share in the banking sector through a comprehensive transformation of the commercial and regulatory framework of Uzbekistan.

Tracking sectoral allocation of official development assistance: a comparative study of the 29 Development Assistance Committee countries, 2011–2018

ABSTRACT Background: Official development assistance (ODA) is one of the most important means for donor countries to foster diplomatic relations with low- and middle-income countries and contribute to the welfare of the international community. Objective: This study estimated the sectoral allocation of gross disbursements of ODA of the 29 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for the duration of 2011 to 2018, by aid type (bilateral, multilateral, and both aids). Methods: Data from the OECD iLibrary were used. The sector definition was based on the OECD sector classification. For core funding to multilateral agencies that do not specialize in each aid sector, we estimated ODA and its flows based on the OECD methodology for calculating imputed multilateral ODA. Results: For all 29 countries, during the period of 2014–2018 where data were available for all the countries, the sector with the highest average annual ODA contribution was health at 20.34 billion USD (13.21%), followed by humanitarian aid at 18.04 billion (11.72%). Humanitarian aid has increased in the sectoral share rankings in both bilateral and multilateral aid, and the sectoral share for refugees in donor countries has increased in bilateral aid. While the 29 countries show relatively similar trends for sectoral shares, some countries and sectors display unique trends. For instance, infrastructure and energy sectors in bilateral aid of Japan are particularly high accounts for 48.48% of the total bilateral ODA of the country in 2018. Conclusions: This paper evaluated ODA trends by major donors of DAC countries in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic periods. We hope that our estimates will contribute to the review of the strategic decision-making and the effective implementation of future ODA policy discussions in the DAC countries while ensuring transparency.

Formation of traditions of financial support of activity and banking development on the Ternopil region’s lands

The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of traditions of financial support of private business and public associations in the lands of Ternopil region. The main trends in the formation and development of banking in the Western lands of Ukraine, including Ternopil region, are described. The main types of financial and credit companies that operated in the lands of Ternopil region in the late XVIII - early XX centuries are considered. It has founded out which banks were among the first in the city of Ternopil and region. It is investigated which institutions now function in the buildings of the first banks. The main reasons and purpose of creation of financial and credit societies by territorial communities at the end of XVIII - the beginning of XX centuries are substantiated. The role of rural cooperatives and banks in the life of Ukrainians during the Polish and Austro-Hungarian occupation is considered. The analysis of transformations of financial and credit institutions of Western Ukraine and Ternopil region after the Second World War and the arrival of the Soviet occupation regime is carried out. The main trends in the development of banking after Ukraine's independence have been studied. (The way which the structure of the banking system was presented in Ternopil region was considered). How the structure of the banking system was presented in Ternopil region is considered. The main directions and areas of activity that commercial banks have lent in large amounts, as well as those industries that are constantly underfunded by both the state and the banking sector are identified. The impact of the reform of the banking system of Ukraine in 2014-2015 on the economic activity of banking and entrepreneurial business of Ternopil region is considered. Negative tendencies in the change of the structure of bank capital were revealed – not in favor of national capital. The existence of risks of growth of foreign capital share in the banking sector of the national economy is substantiated. The main problems of development of credit unions under modern conditions (in the current circumstances) are revealed. The existence of interrelation and interdependence between the share of the national component in the capital of financial institutions and the level of development of strategically important economic and social state-building processes is proved. The main problems and ways to solve them are identified in order to expand the opportunities for financial support of national businesses and local communities.

Indian renewable power sector: potential, policies, barriers, and its prospective

Increasing prices, green house gas emission, and depleting nature of fossil fuel makes the world to think about alternate sources of energy particularly renewable energy sources which are green sources, and freely available. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by replacing the existing fossil fuel based systems with renewable energy sources as far as possible and increasing the energy efficiency of existing systems. Policies of Indian government to adapt more renewable energy sources are rigorous in the last decade. Various strategies taken by Indian government for the last two decades have increased the renewable share in the electricity sector. But the energy demand is increasing at about 10% every year. Renewable energy sources are added in a phased manner into the Indian electricity sector. This paper presents different renewable technologies, developments, potential, and barriers to renewable energy adaption in India. Unused potential of various renewable sources in India are indicated. Also, policies of Government and current, future status of renewable sources are summarised.

Implementation of security management principles in transport

Research background: Transport is one of the key factors in the development of any modern society, and it is not only a goal but also a means of economic development on a global scale. Within the article, we focus on road freight transport, which has the largest market share in the transport sector on the quantity of transported goods. Fuel consumption has risen rapidly in recent times, except for a global drop in demand caused by global constraints in connection with the fight against COVID -19. Increasing the density of transport, increasing requirements for the speed and quality of transport or economic issues significantly affect the decision-making of entities involved in the process of fuel transport and they can have a significant impact on the level of risk in the transport itself. The occurrence of an emergency during the transport of fuels can have negative to tragic effects on life, health, property and the environment. These impacts are in many cases associated with high costs of eliminating these consequences or restoring them to their original state. Purpose of the article: Companies, to succeed in a globally competitive environment must adopt various preventive strategies to minimize the risks and costs associated with a negative event. Choosing the optimal strategy is a challenging step in the decision-making process, so it is important to choose the right mechanism to support this decision. Methods: The article will present a mechanism for selecting appropriate prevention strategies based on the CBA method in a case study. Findings & Value added: Using the CBA method, it refers to the economic benefits associated with the implementation of preventive measures based on conducting a voluntary risk assessment of transport companies.

Financial Development and Income Inequality Relationship: Analyzing Financial Kuznets Curve with ARDL Boundary Test in Turkey

In this study, the relationship between the financial development and the income inequality in Turkey is investigated by testing the validity of Financial Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. To examine this relationship for the period of 1987 2017, the variables of the public final consumption expenditures, the modern sector share, the inflation and the human capitalare also added to the model setted as control variables, and the long term relationships among the variables are analyzed by using the ARDL (The Autoregressive Distributed Lag) Boundary Test approach. Empirical evidence refers to the validity of the Financial Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Turkey, in other words, there is an inverse U shaped relationship between the financial development and the income inequality. Accordingly, while the financial development raises the inequality in income distribution to a certain threshold level, it reduces the inequality after this threshold level in Turkey. Moreover, in the long run increases in the modern sector share, the public final consumption expenditures and in the trade openness help to reducing income inequality but increases in the inflation and in the human capital make worse income inequality. Keywords: Financial Development, Income Inequality, Financial Kuznets Curve, ARDL Boundary Test. DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/7-01-07

Characteristics and trends in the expansion of private dental schools in Brazil

This article describes and analyses the characteristics of the expansion of private dental education in Brazil from 1996 to December 2018 and its relationships with public policies and the country's labour and education market in dentistry. The study used an exploratory and descriptive quantitative approach involving standardised data-collection techniques from open-access secondary databases. From 1996 to 2018 there was an overall increase of 315% in dental schools (582% in the private sector and 49% in the public sector). Brazil had 374 dental schools in December 2018, 307 of which were private and 67 of which were public. The 374 schools offered 47,192 admission places, 89% of which were private. In five states, dental education is 100% private, while in another 19 states the private supply exceeds 70% of the total. In the other three states this offer is between 40% and 67%. From 1996 to 2016, the private sector's share of dental school graduates was 66%. Women represented 73% of Brazilian dental-school graduates in 2016. Privatisation of dental education in Brazil raises challenges for the development of policies, planning, organisation of care, and structuring of the training process for dentists, as well as the dynamics of the labour market in the health system.

Features of the petroleum products pricing in Russia, in the USA, and Saudi Arabia

The most important reason for the development of the world energy market is the sustainable increase in energy production and consumption. Environmental factors and inter-fuel competition influence the structure of the market. Such factors as the emergence of new types of energy and the development of technologies for hard-to-recover reserves production also have a strong influence on the stability of the global energy industry. However, in the long-term perspective, fossil fuels will remain the most important source of energy, especially in production countries. An exception may be only some regional markets. The consumption of oil and oil products continues to have a significant share in the transport sector and, due to the forecast of leading energy organizations, it will continue to take a large share in the structure of energy consumption of transport for the next twenty years. Thus, the study of the specifics of pricing for oil and oil products is an urgent issue in the current realities. In this article, the authors evaluated the impact of main influencing factors on oil products’ prices in the three largest oil-producing and exporting countries in the world: Russia, the United States, and Saudi Arabia. Based on a retrospective study of prices for petroleum products, significant factors have been identified to determine the peculiarities of the structure of prices for petroleum products in different countries. The authors have established the patterns of pricing in the analyzed market, arising due to the different levels of economic development of the countries under analysis, differences in taxation systems of the analyzed industry, and different rates of depletion of hydrocarbon reserves. The authors used the systematization and ordering of data in tabular and graphical form to identify stable patterns and trends in the pricing of petroleum products in the context of the key oil-producing countries. According to this research, we can conclude that: the main factor affecting the cost structure of gasoline in 2010-2018 in Russia is the tax burden, which currently accounts for 62.8 % of the oil product’s cost; the price of petroleum products in the United States is dependent on the cost of oil production; and the prices of oil products in the domestic market of Saudi Arabia currently depend on the cost of oil production and refining costs.

Dış Denetim ve Asimetrik Bilgi Sorunsalı: Kamu Bankacılığında Alternatif Çerçeve

As an important policy instrument within the financial system, public banks assumed greater responsibility with the expansion of statist policies during the Great Depression of 1929. While maintaining and expanding its market share in the banking sector, Turkish Public Banking has undertaken the task of providing service for the benefit of the public and has increased its efforts to compete in global markets through the expansion of its customer portfolio - product range and financial innovations in information technologies lately. On the other hand, asymmetric information problem stemming from information pollution prevents the effective functioning of the audit mechanism, which is normally set to run based on accurate and complete information, and adversely affects the risk management processes of public banks. This study presents a proposal of an external audit model-“The Insured Customer-Based External Audit in Public Banking Model”. The model proposed will contribute to the present financial system in terms of strengthening the legal power of the related institutions with the aim of reducing asymmetric information and increasing efficiency of external auditing in public banks. SWOT analysis has been conducted over the proposed model for greater understanding of its applicability and to reveal its possible effects in the banking sector. The results derived from the preferred method used in the study will pave way for the implementation of different numerical research methods in the future such as multi-criteria decision-making techniques in the same area of research.