Share Of Sectors Research Articles

First report of anti-inflammatory chromenyl derivatives from the spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis

The spineless cuttlefish Sepiella inermis encompasses a major share in the marine fisheries sector, and represents as a culinary delicacy in many cultures. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of methanol:ethyl acetate (MeOH:EtOAc, 1:1) extract of the edible parts of the species ensued in identification of two hexahydro chromenyl analogues namely, methyl 7-ethyl-hexahydro-8a-methyl-2H-chromene-4-carboxylate (1) and methyl 1-acetoxy-hexahydro-3-methyl-3-propyl-1H-isochromene-4-carboxylate (2). The isolated metabolites were checked for their radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory potentials by selective in vitro models. The isochromenyl derivative exhibited potential 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (IC50 < 0.45 mg mL−1) radical-scavenging capacities along with pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (IC50 0.75 mg mL−1) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) (IC50 0.77 mg mL−1) inhibitory activities. The titled compounds displayed the selectivity indices (IC50 anti-COX-1/IC50 anti-COX-2) greater than 1.25, in comparison with synthetic anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (0.44), which attributed to their greater selectivity towards inducible pro-inflammatory enzyme COX-2.

Assessment of Public Catering Development Key Factors in Russian Federation Regions

The catering sector plays a prominent and important role in the economy of developed countries, the formation of employment, the development of small and medium-sized businesses, and the development of related industries. In this regard, an inefficient infrastructure ensuring the development of the catering system generates a number of risks associated with an insufficient level of demand supply and, ultimately, the loss of competitive positions of countries and regions at the international “platform” of the tourist industry. The current trends and catering sector development parameters in RF regions are characterized by the decrease of the tourism sector share in the turnover generation of provided goods and services, and the level of the catering infrastructure development that does not correspond to the trends of the dynamically developing tourist market, and European development parameters, weak investment activity, etc. These factors determine the need to develop the strategic models of the catering system development in RF regions, adapted to the current and future trends of the tourist industry development, as well as taking into account the changing macroeconomic trends of the national economy, which are formed under the influence of conjuncture internal and external factors and affecting the population consumer activity in the catering industry.

Spatial patterns and driving forces of uneven dual-track urbanisation in Fujian Province: An approach based on employment sectors

This paper analyses the spatial patterns and driving forces of uneven dual-track urbanisation in Fujian province using an approach based on the employment sector. It is found that uneven dual-track urbanisation is driven by four major driving forces, including the administrative force, the general internal market force, the specific internal market force, and the external force. Four area types based on employment structure have different levels of dual-track urbanisation. The relatively balanced levels of state-sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation are found in state-led urbanised areas and less developed areas. However, the levels of two urbanisation tracks in state-led urbanised areas far exceed other areas. Their high level of state-sponsored urbanisation is backed up by a large state-owned sector. There is also significant spontaneous urbanisation owing to the rising private sector and inflow of migrant workers to main urban centres. Coastal developed areas have a high level of spontaneous urbanisation but a relatively low level of state-sponsored urbanisation. Less developed areas have low levels of both state-sponsored and spontaneous urbanisation. The Fujian case shows that the two tracks of urbanisation have beenadvancing despite the relative decline of the employment share of state-owned and collective-owned sectors. The economic sectors other than state-owned and collective-owned sectors have contributed to both tracks of urbanisation. The results shed new light on the relationship between the employment sectors and dual-track urbanisation in China.

Intellectual input of development by knowledge-based economy: problems of measuring in countries with developing markets

Over the past 20 years, sales volumes in the knowledge-intensive sectors of the developed world grew about 2 times faster than in the manufacturing industry. It is no coincidence that the share of knowledge-intensive sectors of the manufacturing industry and the service sector today accounts for an average of more than half the GDP of the leading industrial countries. A new, knowledge-based economy creates new resources that effectively replace natural resources and human intellect. A high-end economy is the creation of new, artificial energy and artificial intelligence and their use in all sectors of the economy. In addition, a knowledge-intensive economy is a large-scale use of scientific developments, a new content of labor and the attitude of all its participants to it. A high-tech economy is born and is able to develop in a social environment with a sufficient level of intellectual development of society. The creation of such an economy requires not only a high level of development and implementation of new resource-creating and resource-saving technologies, but also a mass knowledge of new technologies, skills to use in production and everyday life. A high-tech economy is formed in conditions of sufficient intellectual security. With all this, the urgency of finding answers to the questions is growing: what conditions are necessary for the creation and functioning of a knowledge-based economy. In this regard, firstly, the article compares the level of development of human resources in the Republic of Kazakhstan with other countries of the world, which allows us to conclude that in terms of quantitative indicators (coverage of primary, secondary, vocational and higher education, life expectancy), our country has average positions in the world ranking. Secondly, in order to identify the relationship between a number of indicators of the method of assessing intellectual security in Kazakhstan, a correlation analysis for 2004-2017 was conducted. This article expands the knowledge on methods of assessing intellectual security for the development of a knowledge-based economy in developing countries.

Determinants of China’s structural change during the reform era

PurposeEconomic theories on structural change focus on factors such as fluctuations in relative prices and income growth. In addition, China’s reform and opening up has also been accompanied by increasing openness, significant fluctuations in investment rates, and frictions in the labor market. Existing literature lacks a unified theoretical framework to assess the relative importance of all these determinants. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachTo incorporate all of the potential determinants of China’s structural change, the authors build a two-country four-sector neoclassical growth model that embeds the multi-sector Eaton and Kortum (2002) model of international trade, complete input-output structure, non-homothetic preference and labor market frictions. The authors decompose the sectoral employment shares into six effects: the Baumol, Engel, investment, international trade, factor intensity and labor market friction effects. Using the data of Chinese economy from 1978 to 2011, the authors perform a quantitative investigation of the six determinants’ effects through the decomposition approach and counterfactual exercises.FindingsLow-income elasticity of demand, high labor intensity, and the existence of the switching costs are the reasons for the high employment share in the agricultural sector. Technological progress, investment and international trade have comparatively less influence on the proportion difference of employment in the three sectors.Originality/valueTherefore, to examine the impact on China’s structural change, in addition to Baumol effect and the Engel effect, it is also necessary to consider the impact of three more factors: international trade, investment and switching costs. Therefore, the authors decompose the factors that may influence China’s structural change into the Baumol, Engel, investment, international trade, factor intensity effect and switching cost effects. The authors evaluate these six effects using the decomposition approach and counterfactual exercises.

İLK İZLENİMLERİN ŞEHRE DÖNÜK GENEL ALGIYA ETKİSİ: GÜMÜŞHANE ÖRNEĞİ

Reasons such as the development of communication and transportation technologies, the widespread media, the prosperity, leisure time that arises due to change in production and working life, the widespread national and international visits as a leisure time activity and tourism becomes an important source of income for cities and countries increase the share of tourism in the economy. This situation creates a great competition among the cities aiming to get the bigger share in the tourism sector. This competition has increases the efforts of cities to become brand. Therefore, the establishment of tourism infrastructure and the publicity of the city are among the priority agendas of the local administrators. In this context, campaigns of advertisement and publicity about the material and spiritual assets in cities have increased. In terms of brand value, the fact that a city is in front of other cities is closely related to the positioning of that city. In this positioning, the process of welcoming the visitors is as effective as advertising and publicity the material and spiritual assets of the city. In this process, individuals create their perceptions towards according to experiencing. This paper deals with general perceptions about the city depended on the first impressions of those who visited the city for the first time. In this context, interviews were conducted with 345 people who passed through Gumushane or who visited Gumushane for the first time. According to the results of factor analysis, the first impressions about Gumushane were defined as physical appearance, intercity transportation infrastructure, urban traffic and behaviour. Regression analyses reveal that these first impressions are a significant and positive factor on Gumushane perceptions. In addition, the first impressions based on human behaviour are the most important factor affecting general perception towards the city.

Idiosyncratic Sectoral Growth, Balanced Growth, and Sectoral Linkages

We study the growth properties of an economy where different sectors are linked by way of intermediates and potentially grow at different rates. We characterize the economy's equilibrium balanced growth path, and derive an analytical expression that summarizes how TFP growth in a given sector affects value added growth in every other sector and, therefore, aggregate GDP growth. We show in a special case that a version of Hulten's (1978) theorem, whereby the effects of changes in sector-specific productivity on GDP are entirely captured by that sector's share in GDP, also holds in growth rates along a balanced growth path. In that case, changes in TFP growth specific to that sector do not directly affect value added in other sectors regardless of its linkages in the economy. In the more general case, changes in sectors that are more capital intensive, and central as intermediate goods suppliers, have larger effects on value added growth in other sectors and aggregate GDP. In a calibrated version of our benchmark case, we find substantive quantitative differences in the effects of sectoral TFP growth changes on GDP relative to the case where these effects are given by sectoral value added shares only.

Role of Islamic Banking in Turkish Financial System

Within the global financial system, Islamic banks have a small but growing share, and today they have become an integral part of the global financial system. Islamic banks in the world have been operating according to interest-free financing techniques, which are mainly developed on sharing of profits and losses in accordance with the difference principles between purchase and sale. However, the presentation of financial products in Turkey is conducted by ‘participation banks’ operating according to Islamic rules. Participation banks play a vital role in economic development by gaining the unused funds to the economy. This study will examine the performance of the participation banks operating in Turkey and their increasing share in the Turkish finance sector will be assessed. The work sheet will contain three demands: First: Islamic banks and the difference between them and the definition of riba-based banks. Second: The history of Islamic banks in Turkey. Third: The role of Islamic banks in the sustainable development of the Turkish economy.

Effects of Height and Plan Geometry on the Costs of Tunnel Form Residential Buildings

Tunnel form systems, which are industrialised construction systems developed in the last century, are widely used in reinforced concrete projects. Accurate determination of the costs of the building properties in the design phases of construction with the tunnel form system can lead to lower construction costs. The purpose of this study is to examine the cost variations resulting from changes in geometrical characteristics of buildings in the architectural design phase. The research was carried out on residential projects, which have the biggest share in the construction sector. Six housing projects with different plan geometries were designed, and these projects were examined for nine different numbers of floors. The study aims to reveal the extent to which both the plan shape and the number of floors influence the building costs. During the design phase, recommendations are given for reducing the building costs and finding the optimal form. It has been shown that tunnel form projects are not cost-effective in low-rise buildings and after a certain height. Furthermore, when different geometries are examined, the most economical cost is obtained in square form, and the cost increases as the two dimensions in plan plane move away from each other. As a result, the data obtained from this study will provide a better assessment of the relationship between building properties and unit cost in buildings constructed with tunnel form systems.

Classification of Economic Regions with Regards to Selected Factors Characterizing the Construction Industry

This article presents the methodology for classifying economic regions with regards to selected factors that characterize a region, such as: the economic structure of the region and share of individual sectors in the economy; employment; the dynamics of the development of individual sectors expressed as an increase or decrease in production value; population density, and the level of occupational safety. Cluster analysis, which is a method of multidimensional statistical analysis available in Statistica software, was used to solve the task. The proposed methodology was used to group Polish voivodeships with regards to the speed of economic development and occupational safety in the construction industry. Data published by the Central Statistical Office was used for this purpose, such as the value of construction and assembly production, the number of people employed in the construction industry, the population of an individual region, and the number of people injured in occupational accidents.

The Island Hydrogen Project: Electrolytic Generated Hydrogen for Automotive and Maritime Applications

In 2014, the transport sector was responsible for 23% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union (EU). During the same year, 13% of that sector's emissions came from the maritime segment, a number that is expected to rise during the coming years. The transport sector's share of renewable energy in 2014 was just 5.9%, mostly comprising biodiesel and bioethanol fuel. When we compare this to electricity generated in the EU from renewable sources, at 25.4%, it is clear that electricity generation is leading by a significant margin. Electrification is a solution that will help reduce the transport sector's reliance on hydrocarbonbased fuels. New energy infrastructures such as hydrogen refueling stations are needed to decarbonize the transport sector. This article describes the Island Hydrogen project, which introduced and tested new solutions to produce and use hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles and vessels.

The Influence of the 4Ps on Passengers' Purchasing Decision-Making: the Case of LCCs

The liberalization of air transport industry in the USA by 1978 and then in the early 1990s in the Eu, that was resulted in having the LCCs, has led to significant changes in the global air transport sector .The success of LCCs, and their acquisition of a large market share in the air transport sector are due to the fact that such firms rely mostly on providing the air transport services with a competitive price for passengers. The study pursues to highlight on the experience of LCCs, and the extent of their success in the aviation market. A questionnaire was used to conduct this research. A sample of 292 air passengers participated in this study. The findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between the 4Ps of marketing, namely price, promotion and place, and passengers' purchasing decision-making. Additionally, the results also revealed that price is generally the most important element of the marketing mix affecting the passengers' purchasing decision-making when travelling on board of the LCCs. KeyWords : low cost-carriers (LCCs), 4Ps, frequent flyer programs (FFPs), global distribution systems (GDSs).

Modeling the carbon budget of the Australian electricity sector's transition to renewable energy

Abstract We report on the carbon footprint of 22 scenario pathways for the transition of the Australian electricity sector to predominantly renewable energy (RE). The analysis employs a dynamic and discrete numerical model that takes into account what we have termed renewable energy ‘breeding’, i.e. RE technologies are being made increasingly with renewable electricity as the transition progresses. Our results show that every scenario under investigation fails to achieve the sector's share of Australia's national carbon budget for a 1.5 °C global warming limit and around one-third fail the 2 °C target by 2050. In most of the scenarios considered, the reduction in annual life-cycle CO2e emissions in the year 2050, from taking into account the effect of RE breeding, was substantial, in some cases reducing annual emissions by more than 90%. But, the reduction in cumulative CO2e emissions resulting from RE breeding only became significant post-2040. Unless a very rapid transition is made to more than 80% renewable electricity in Australia well before mid-century, any positive ‘breeding’ effect is simply dwarfed by fossil-fuel derived emissions prior to and during the actual transition. Therefore, early, decisive, wide-scale deployment of a suitable mix of RE technologies is needed to reduce cumulative emissions.

Small firms, structural change and labor productivity growth in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania

At roughly 4 percent per annum, labor productivity in Tanzania grew more rapidly between 2002 and 2012 than at any other time in recent history. Roughly 80 percent of this productivity growth is accounted for by structural change as employment shares in agriculture declined while employment shares in services and manufacturing rose. Although employment in the formal sector has increased, the bulk of employment growth is accounted for by firms in the informal sector; these informal firms contributed more than one percentage point to economywide labor productivity growth. However, 94% of this labor productivity growth came from a very small subset of informal firms that belong to the in-between sector – a term meant to capture the idea that some of the firms in the informal sector share characteristics with firms in formal sector. An argument is made for targeting these firms for financial and other business services as a means of generating sustained and inclusive labor productivity growth in Tanzania’s manufacturing and services sectors.

Health Care Public Sector Share and the U.S. Life Expectancy Lag: A Country-level Longitudinal Study.

Growing research on the political economy of health has begun to emphasize sociopolitical influences on cross-national differences in population health above and beyond economic growth. While this research investigates the impact of overall public health spending as a share of GDP ("health care effort"), it has for the most part overlooked the distribution of health care spending across the public and private spheres ("public sector share"). I evaluate the relative contributions of health care effort, public sector share, and GDP to the large and growing disadvantage in U.S. life expectancy at birth relative to peer nations. I do so using fixed effects models with data from 16 wealthy democratic nations between 1960 and 2010. Results indicate that public sector share has a beneficial effect on longevity net of the effect of health care effort and that this effect is nonlinear, decreasing in magnitude as levels rise. Moreover, public sector share is a more powerful predictor of life expectancy at birth than GDP per capita. This study contributes to discussions around the political economy of health, the growth consensus, and the American lag in life expectancy. Policy implications vis-à-vis the U.S. Affordable Care Act are discussed.

Sector-Wise growth pattern across the different states of India

The present study analyzed the dynamics of the share of different sectors of the economy, sector-wise growth rates and trends in per capita income and the income disparity at the national and state level for the period 1980–81 to 2014–15. The study is based on the secondary data collected from published sources and websites. The 14 agriculture dominating states were selected for the study. The findings of the study revealed that at the national level the percentage share of primary sector in GDP declined from 32.66 to 13.24 percent, secondary and tertiary sector increased from 34.55 to 35.26 percent and from 32.79 to 51.49 percent respectively during TE 2014–15 over TE 1982–83 at constant prices. The state-wise analysis followed the same trend but at different rates. Punjab state has the highest per capita income during the eighties and nineties but Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Karnataka have higher per capita income than Punjab during TE 2014–15. Over time C.V. of per capita income increased from 32.02 percent during the eighties to 41.82 percent during the period 2000–01 to 2014–15 indicating an increasing disparity in per capita income across different states of India.

The role of sustainable construction in sustainable development

Humans and the actions they take to improve their quality of life lead to the disturbance of the processes occurring in the natural environment. These processes should not be stopped while the solution should be found to help humans coexist with nature. The ecological and social problems and the resulting threats have become an inspiration for the development of the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development has led to the necessity to implement changes towards balancing all areas of human activity, including the construction sector. Factors affecting sustainable development are present in many phases of building creation and use. The most important of them have been characterized and discussed. The article describes the main requirements for sustainable development, contained in laws and regulations, at every stage of building construction. Furthermore, the study analysed the share of individual sectors of the economy in consumption of energy resources. The focus was on the consumption of raw materials in the sector of industry and construction and the sector of households. The analysis shows that the industry and construction sector has a large share in hard coal consumption, heat and electricity. The hard coal consumption is increasing in the sector of households.

Gender Pay Gap: A Macro Perspective

This paper examines the factors influencing the gender wage gap by using an unbalanced cross-country aggregated panel data set for a sample covering 53 economies for the period 1995–2010. Using robust estimators proposed by Lewbel (2012) to correct for heterogeneity and endogeneity, results suggest that a higher female share in the industry sector tends to widen the gender wage gap regardless of a country’s development stage. While having more children widens the gender wage gap, as expected, the effect is only statistically significant for developing countries. In developed countries, more labor force participation by women seems to narrow the gender wage gap, probably due to the number of female labor market entrants taking up higher-paying service sector jobs. For developing countries, closing the gender gaps in labor force participation and education is not sufficient to achieve gender wage parity. Higher-paying jobs should be created by developing the service sector in these economies.

A Canonical Correlation Analysis of Sectoral Composition of GDP and Development in Asia

This paper identifies the factors that influence percentage contribution of sectors to gross domestic product (GDP) for a group of 32 Asian countries for two cross-section points 1994-96 and 2014-16. Development theories hypothesize that the percentage share of sectors to GDP undergoes transformation with the level of economic development of the country and the degree of competitiveness of its agricultural sector. This paper employed the use of a canonical correlation analysis for 32 Asian countries. This analysis shows that the structural changes in sectoral GDP composition in the selected Asian countries were significantly determined by the factors like employee productivity, employment growth in services sector, rising life expectancy, growth of value added in manufacturing and gross capital formation.

Stylised Facts on Drivers and Constraints in Zimbabwe's Manufacturing Sector Performance

This study aim at identifying major constraints and drivers affecting performance in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. Using comparative literature from the region, the study managed to explicitly show that despite dollarization of Zimbabwe's economy, the sector continues to show poor indicators of the manufacturing sector. Stylised facts of manufacturing sector share in GDP, volume of manufacturing index, manufacturing sector share in total productive sector value added and manufacturing sector employees and total earnings were poor in a post dollarized Zimbabwe. Low local demand, competition, fnance and infrastructure are major constraints in the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. Policy stability, zero corruption tolerance, FDI, reliable power and retooling can drive the manufacturing sector. In conclusion, the government should provide an enabling economic environment sustainable to salvage the struggling manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe.