Share Of Sectors Research Articles

Decolonizing the BSAC in Nyasaland: Economic and Developmental Implications, 1944–1967

ABSTRACTBritish colonial rule in Nyasaland (present-day Malawi), from 1891 to 1966, occurred alongside various businesses owned by British nationals. This article uses the case of the British South Africa Company (BSAC), which fell into the “export production business” category. Departing from earlier studies that emphasize the active and influential role of British businesses in the decolonization process, this study argues to the contrary, and does so by using archival materials, to analyze the history of the company’s involvement in the Protectorate’s economy, before analyzing three main reasons for its decolonization the year that Nyasaland attained its republican status in 1966. The reasons include that the company was not operational having decided not to invest its resources in the Protectorate; the desire by nationalist leaders to have a share in the business sector and to reward other local/African businessmen; and the policy direction of the newly independent administration to revoke dubious claims of land ownership of the colonial period, with a plan to boost the country’s agriculturally based economy to the benefit of the African majority. Nonetheless, as this article posits, most of the people were also disadvantaged by the land policies enacted by the post-colonial political elites. This reality denied them (the ordinary people) an immediate chance to enjoy the “fruits of independence.”

Structural Transformation of the Turkish Economy under the Scope of Sustainable Development

The distribution of the labour force by sectors and the country economic structure indicate the economic development level of countries. The traditional sectoral transformation is observed in all countries during the economic development process. Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, industrialization has been one of the fundamental development policies to be achieved. As an inevitable result of the development, the sectoral distribution of production and employment changed in Turkish economy over the years. This structural transformation is associated with the transition from primary sector to capital intensive production structure in which the manufacturing and the service sectors expand while the agricultural sector shrinks. However, the agricultural sector is still important in Turkey. Today, approximately one-fifth of the labour force is employed in the agricultural sector. This ratio shows the developing country feature of Turkish labour market despite the industrialization and urbanization policies and the structural changes in recent years. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the sectoral transformation of the Turkish economy within the scope of the sectors share in the GDP of Turkey and the share of sectors in the total employment, within the changing structure of the labour market and the level of urbanization.Keywords: economic development, structural transformation, Turkish economy

THE IMPACT OF RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY ON CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR EURO MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES

Given that carbon dioxide emissions is the main reason of environmental pollution and global warming, this paper attempts to investigate the impact of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, electricity production from different sources (including renewable and non-renewable energy) and industrial sector share in GDP on Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) for a Euro Mediterranean panel of 25 countries using dynamic panel data model for the period 2002-2016. The paper uses the Hausman test and panel unit root test in order to verify the stationary of the variables series employed. Generalized least square estimator is used for building Panel regression model. The results indicate a significant positive impact of economic growth and electricity output from coal on CO2 emissions In contrast, renewable resources have a negative impact on CO2 emission. Keywords: Caron Dioxide Emissions, Renewable Energy, Euro MediterraneanJEL Classifications: C23, O13, P18, P28, P48, Q42DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8254

Perception of Customers towards Employees in Organised Retail Sector

In India, retail sector has transformed as one of the most fast growing and very vibrant industry. In global retail industry ranking, India holds fifth position, Organised retail sector in the country has got 9% of market share in overall retail sector. Kerala being a biggest consumer market state in the country , future for the expansion of organized retail has a strong path way to expand further. The main objective of this study is to examine the importance of employee approach in the organised retail sector and to examine the perception of customers in organised retail sector towards the approach of store employees at the time of shopping. The study has been carried out in major retail chains in Kerala, which has got national presence. Stores such as Big Bazaar,Aditya Birla More, RPG Spencers, Reliance Fresh and Nilgiris were selected to perform the study. This study was conducted among 326 customers who visited the mentioned stores . The response were captured by administrating a structured questionnaire. The findings of the study shows that employee approach is significantly important to enhance customer experience in organsied retail sector. The study examines that helpful and courteous approach of employees plays a vital role to enhance customer experience in organized retail sector.

INTERSECTORAL LINKAGES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

The high level of interconnection between economic sectors, respectively agriculture, manufacturing and the service sector, imposes the need to understand intersectoral structural changes and transfer of resources between sectors in order to perceive their contribution to economic development. Based on the rich information base compiled by data from various national and international statistic sources, intersectoral structural changes in the Republic of Serbia as one of the transition economies are analysed from different aspects. The paper deals primarily with the share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product. Further, it points to the participation of economic sectors in overall employment, but also in international trade. The research goal is to analyze the structural changes in the Serbian economy, identify the direction of resource transfer between sectors, as well as their contribution to the economic development measured by different indicators.

Technological progress and sectoral shares in GDP: An analysis with reference to the Indian economy

•Distribution of much of the benefits from productivity gains across sectors through adjustment of relative prices causes value added per unit of output to fall in the progressive and rise in the relatively stagnant sectors. Under such circumstances, if total factor productivity is sought to be measured by taking value added as a proxy for output the result will inevitably be underestimate for the progressive and an overestimate for the relatively stagnant sectors.•Transformation of a low-growth inward looking economy into a substantially liberalized, globalized, high-growth economy had implications for the technical (intermediate input) structure of production as well as adjustment (erosion and buildup) of value added across sectors through changes in relative prices. The study observes that the relative price for the manufacturing sector (vis-a-vis the GDP deflator) declined steadily while that for the service subsector EHPAD (education, health, public administration and defence) increased fast, causing significant adjustment of sectoral value added.•The most interesting finding is the drag on the share of the manufacturing sector caused by adjustment of relative prices; this paring of sectoral share is an important explanation for the stagnation of relative share of manufacturing in GDP of India.•Admitting that the precise measures of sectoral gains or losses are inevitably subject to limitations of quality of data, the very consistent behaviour of the manufacturing and the EHPAD sectors over all the phases of our study lends strong support to the basic hypothesis of Baumol’s disease for the Indian economy and throws light on the apparent stagnation of manufacturing’s GVA share.

Competitiveness and structural change in Salatiga economy

The era of globalization has forced all regions at an increasingly fierce and sharp level of competition, both directly and indirectly, both in the domestic and international markets. One approach to overcoming these challenges is through a regional development that refers to increasing regional competitiveness as the basis for regional growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the leading sectors and shift in the share of economic sectors in Salatiga. The analytical method used in this research is the Estaban Marquillas Shift-Share (SS) analysis. The results showed that the sectors that had competitive advantages and specialization were as follows: (i) 2013, namely Water Supply, Waste Management, Waste and Recycling, Construction, Wholesale and Retail Trade; Car and Motorcycle Repair, Transportation and Warehousing, and Real Estate; (ii) in 2017, namely the Provision of Accommodation and Food and Beverage, Corporate Services, and Educational Services. Besides that, in Salatiga City, it can be said that the economic structure has shifted, namely Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries; Processing industry; Electricity and Gas Procurement; Water Supply, Waste Management, Waste and Recycling; Construction; Wholesale and retail trade; Car and Motorcycle Repair; Transportation and Warehousing; Provision of Accommodation and Food and Drink; Real Estate; Company Services; Educational Services.

Internationalization paths of fruit export companies from emerging economies

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop and apply a framework that examines the dynamics of internationalization strategies employed by export companies in the agricultural sector of emerging economies over time, with a focus on the locus of destination markets of the Chilean fruit sector. Thus, the objective is to identify conceptual and empirical deviations from existing research on export firms participating in non-agricultural sectors of industrialized countries.Design/methodology/approachThe matrix of multi-nationality developed by Aggarwal et al. (2011) is extended by incorporating the firm category of “host region” and the dimensions scale and time. This framework is utilized to classify 233 Chilean fresh fruit exporters according to their internationalization strategies based on a geographical distribution of their exports. A uni- and bivariate longitudinal analysis is conducted over a seven-year period (2009–2015) to explore the dynamics of this internationalization process.FindingsA significant number (12.75 percent) of firms classified as “host regional” are identified, and thus a clear difference in internationalization strategies when compared to non-agricultural sectors in industrialized countries. Simultaneously, similarities in these sectors can be found. Most firms are “transregionally” (65.12 percent) or “globally” oriented (16.06 percent), mainly following a linear internationalization path when considering the number of export markets. But there is also evidence of “born-global” firms, which mainly follow non-linear internationalization paths in more geographically and psychically distant markets.Research limitations/implicationsThe extended framework developed in this research can be applied to future studies, particularly in the case of economies where a significant proportion of firms are predominantly focusing their export strategies on one single international market. Since this study focuses on one national sector as a prime example, further studies on other countries and sectors may provide additional evidence of its generalizability.Practical implicationsBased on the findings, concrete measures have been suggested to aid Chilean policy makers in implementing evidence-based economic policies, as well as Chilean public trade organizations and private export associations in the fruit sector, in relation to services such as training, strategy consulting and trade network development that they provide to export firms.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the existing literature by introducing the firm category “host regional” into the matrix of multi-nationality, and empirically verifies its existence among agricultural export firms in emerging economies. Furthermore, it also shows that even when it might result counterintuitive, firms from the agricultural sector share similarities in internationalization strategies with firms from industrial sectors.

Hypothetical extraction approach for measuring total economic effects of Croatian ICT sector

The aim of this paper is to estimate total effects of the ICT sector to the growth and development of the Croatian economy. Direct, indirect and induced effects for the period 2010-2015 are expressed in terms of output, gross value added and employment. Output, gross value added and employment of ICT sector is estimated by using hypothetical extraction method. Empirical results of conducted analyzes show that the share of Croatian ICT sectors’ total effects in terms of output, gross value added and employment during the recession period 2010-2013 was decreasing. In the period of economic recovery 2014-2015, related to the accession process of Republic of Croatia to the European Union, total effects of ICT sector in terms of output, gross value added and employment increased. In 2015 the share of the total effects of the ICT sector in terms of output, gross value added and employment in total Croatian economy amounted to 7.37%, 7.74% and 5.58% respectively.

An application of unrelated parallel machine scheduling with sequence-dependent setups at Vestel Electronics

In this paper, we analyze a variant of the unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing the total tardiness and earliness in the presence of sequence-dependent setups, unequal release times, machine-job compatibility restrictions and workload balance requirements. This study is motivated by the production scheduling operations at a television manufacturer, Vestel Electronics. Vestel produces LCD/LED TVs and has a significant market share in the consumer electronics sector in Europe. TV manufacturing is planned based on a make-to-order strategy, and Vestel uses 15 assembly lines to produce 110 different product groups and 3817 different models. Once the orders are received, production scheduling is performed at the beginning of each month, and the goal is to satisfy the demand on time as much as possible. The decision maker has to consider several factors including job-assembly line compatibility, the release and due dates of the jobs and a workload balance among different assembly lines when forming the production schedule. To address this problem, we propose a wide range of heuristics including (i) a sequential algorithm, (ii) a tabu search algorithm, (iii) a random set partitioning approach, and (iv) a novel matheuristic approach utilizing the local intensification and global diversification powers of a tabu search algorithm. Through a computational study, we observe that all the proposed approaches not only significantly outperform the current practice but also provide solutions with around 5% less optimality gap compared to a benchmark algorithm in the literature.

Productivity growth, fixed exchange rates, and export-led growth

This paper studies how the fixed exchange rate regime (FERR) may promote growth when a country experiences faster rates of productivity growth in its tradable sector than its nontradable sector. In a simple two-sector model with money, we show that the FERR can reduce the Balassa-Samuelson effect if wage adjustment is subject to nominal rigidities. The undervaluation thus created suppresses real wage growth but increases the size of the tradable sector and leads to higher growth rates of the entire economy. Using cross-country panel data, our econometric exercises provide robust evidence that supports the results. Meanwhile, other fundamentals, including the external balance position, export share in the tradable sector, and the stage of development, play roles in determining the effects of FERR. Last, we apply the empirical results to run simulations on China from 1994 to 2007 to highlight the role of FERR in the country's export-led growth.

Assessment of the potential of a circular economy in open economies – Case of Belgium

Interest from the research and policy community in the circular economy (CE) is growing. This research describes how the potential for a circular economy in open economies can be estimated by using different assessment methods. Methods and indicators have been selected that have a relevance for one or more of the public policy objectives for circular economy: Openness Index, economic structure, Balassa Index, value chain analysis, substitution potential of Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) strategies, waste treatment scenarios based on physical and hybrid Input-Output (IO) analysis. These methods differ in scope and degrees of complexity and are used at different assessment levels. The potential for a circular economy in this paper is assessed by evaluating the contribution to the public policy objectives for CE: resource efficiency, reduction of dependency on materials, competitiveness, creation of domestic jobs, reduced Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Results obtained by these methods are shown for Belgium and, in some cases, compared to the results of other countries to illustrate the differences between economies. CE activities (in response to public policy objectives) will enhance the ongoing trend of reducing the share of primary sectors in economies. The openness of an economy is expressed as the ratio of sum of import and export and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Imported products add to the potential of domestic closed-loop circular initiatives like re-use, repair, remanufacture, recycling, but this will require knowledge about composition and spare part availability. Exported products are no longer available for these domestic CE initiatives, reducing the domestic potential for CE and the domestic export activity is vulnerable to CE activities abroad. Especially the increasing geographical distance in trade complicates the practical and legal barriers to close the loop. In open economies, both global and domestic substitution effects due to new circular economy policy initiatives are important to consider.

Optimal Size of the Public Sector in Poland in Terms of Employment

The paper contributes to the literature on the public sector optimal size. The most common approach to measure the optimal size of the public sector is based on government expenditures. The authors propose a broader approach to public sector size measurement and define it by the share in the gross value of fixed assets and the share in employment. The approach is based on the stocks of accumulated capital and labour. Contrary to most of the literature, it gives a clear answer on the optimal employment share in the public sector that leads to maximizing gross domestic product per capita. The authors use Poland as an interesting case study. Public sector size in Poland evolved during 2002–2014, thus at some point it may have achieved the optimal size. The authors analyse the effects of changes in the public sector size on gross domestic product per capita. The authors find that: (a) agricultural sector seriously lowers private sector productivity; (b) the optimal share of the public sector employment in Poland is 20%, and 24% excluding agriculture; (c) the actual share of the public sector in employment in 2014 was one percentage point larger than that which would maximize gross domestic product per capita; (d) there is significant inefficiency in the production process in Poland that can be explained by suboptimal public sector share.

Theoretical and applied aspects of restructuring the national economy of Ukraine

Introduction. The article deals with problems and consequences of the Ukrainian economy deindustrialization under the neoliberal paradigm dominance in government's economic policy. The problems of deindustrialization in transition economies during the period of postindustrial transformation in developed countries and the neoliberal economic thought dominance has so far been overlooked. The subject-matter of the study is structural shifts caused by deindustrialization and diversification of the economy. The methodological principles of research involve joint application of a set of well-known common scientific methods as well as special research methods in economics, such as retrospective analysis method to investigate the origin of modern neoliberal economic doctrines.
 Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to distinguish the fundamental differences in structural changes in the economy of Ukraine and developed countries and to identify key areas for restructuring the domestic economy on the basis of modernization and reindustrialization policy.
 Results. The fundamental differences between dramatic reduction of the industrial sector share in the Ukrainian economy and economy diversification with a relative decrease in the share of industry that occurs in mature economic systems under transition to the postindustrial stage of development are revealed. It’s proved that formal signs of a transition to a postindustrial society may reflect diametrically opposed trends of economic development. A critical analysis of the theoretical postulates of economic thought that underlies leading international organizations’ cooperation with individual countries is conducted. It’s argued that neoliberal economic paradigm relies on abstract, sterile, and unfeasible hypotheses based on ideology, not the experience of successful structural transformations. Key areas of Ukraine's economic policy transformation include a set of tools of budget, infrastructure, tax, customs and foreign trade policies to ensure structural changes in output and export. It’s argued that such measures, as introducing a local component criterion in public procurements, free connection of industrial objects to engineering networks, tax incentives for industrial park residents, barriers to raw materials exports, revision of Ukraine’s obligations under WTO, launching of an export-credit agency, deploying a network of official trade missions in key partner countries, etc., will trigger reindustrialization of Ukrainian economy.
 Conclusions. Implementation of a full-fledged industrial policy in developing countries is hampered by the rule of neo-liberal economic ideology, which denies the possibility of effective state governance of structural changes in the national economy. The article puts forward a critical view on the mainstream economic ideology and discusses its destructive impact on the Ukrainian economy that is worth to be introduced in masters’ graduation programs in economics. Implementation of author’s recommendations on reforming governmental economic and industrial policy is a basis for launching reindustrialization processes in the Ukrainian economy.

Improving the Effectiveness of Anti-Crisis Measures of the Russian Federation Government for 2019–2021

The subject of the researchis measures of the anti-crisis regulation to be taken by the Russian Government aiming to strengthen the financial system of Russia, improve the performance of the state socio-economic systems at various levels, support all sectors of the economy and prevent irreversible processes that could be provoked by Western sanctions.The purpose of the researchwas to substantiate the feasibility of transition to the principles of integrity and consistency in the development and implementation of the above measures along with increasing the personal responsibility of managers for their implementation and monitoring the approved system of indicators when innovative developments of universities are put into practice. The research assessed the role of the bankruptcy institution in the state management of the economy as well as the impact of sanctions on the current socio-economic system, analyzed the consequences of certain regulations adopted by the Russian Government and their impact on the pricing policy of Russian enterprises, the importance of certain economic parameters of international and intergovernmental relations for the Russian economy, the efficiency of the state regulation of the housing sector, activities of non-government pension funds. there are all the reasons to It is concluded that an integrated approach to the crisis management is a powerful tool for the state to increase its efficiency and effectiveness in the constantly changing environment and maintain the effectiveness of internal processes at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels of the economy. The domestic and foreign policies of theRussian Federation need modernization through structural transformation in order to increase the share of high value-added sectors in the economy with a corresponding decrease in the share of low profitability sectors.

INFLUENCE OF GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES ON INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF REGIONS AS A COMPONENT OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMIC SECURITY

In the context of globalization and dynamic integration processes, the problem of the development of the competitiveness of state remains one of the conditions for its successful functioning on the international scene. At the present stage, the level of technological development and innovative potential of the country, which shape its competitiveness, is becoming increasingly significant. Despite European integration processes, an increase in exports and an increase in the IT sector's share in GDP, Ukraine loses its position in competitiveness ratings. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the factors that shape the competitiveness of Ukraine in the world economic space. Accordingly, a review of recent studies was conducted to clarify the interpretation of the category of competitiveness of state, and a profound analysis of factors that affect competitiveness of Ukraine using factor analysis of the Global Competitiveness Index was made. As a result of the analysis, the interpretation of the competitiveness of state was expanded by identifying the importance of human capital in its formation. On the basis of the conducted factor analysis of the Global Competitiveness Index of Ukraine in 2014-2018, significant human capital and innovative potential have been identified, what created the basis for the further investigation of these factors using the Global Innovation Index by a similar method and for the same period. The analysis showed that the innovative results of Ukraine are more efficient than innovative resources. In view of this, it was proposed to ensure the implementation of the results of the innovation process to the development of innovative resources, in particular for development of infrastructure and experience in business and in the market, what will increase the level of innovation of the country's economy and living standards of the population in future. In addition, it was established that the management of the implementation of innovative results for the development of Ukraine's competitiveness should take place at all its stages through a functional approach within the framework of the state program of development of the competitiveness of state on an innovative basis.

НАПРЯМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЗБАЛАНСОВАНОГО РОЗВИТКУ МІСТ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ МІСТА ЧЕРНІГІВ)

The article reveals the main features of the development of the urban environment. The structure of the urban economy, the environmental aspects of the development of modern cities are considered. The economic progress of any city is closely related to the territory in which it is located. Prioritization of use by individual territories depends on changes in the socio-economic sphere. The main factors of transformational changes in the urban economy are highlighted, among them – the development of human society, which stimulates the emergence of new industries and technologies, the gradual loss of the cities industrial function due to the increasing influence of the services sector, concentration in the cities large numbers of the population, which causes the renovation of the infrastructure, development of service, cultural and entertainment facilities, the environmental degradation, which encourages cities to refuse dirty production and road transport. The ecological state of Chernihiv and the dynamics of its changes are characterized. Chernihiv belongs to the type of cities with relatively high level of industrial development. Industrial complex of the city, having significant share in the real sector of economy of the city, considerably influences the level and quality of life of city inhabitants. Industrial enterprises of the city went through a deep economic crisis, and beginning since 2002, stood on the way of post-crisis development, that means stabilization and rebirth of production. One of the peculiarities of industrial infrastructure of the city is that most of industrial facilities are located outside residential areas of the city. Analyzed the results of a survey among residents of the city on the idea of sustainable (balanced) development. According to the data, the population is characterized by insufficient information about the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results of a sociological study record the trend of the gradual spread of eco-regulatory practices among the population. First of all, it concerns energy conservation, cycling and rational use of natural resources.

An analysis of links between the ownership structure and financial stability: case of Russian companies

This paper identifies and analyzes the key factors of the sectoral structure of ownership, the effect of the CEO and competition between owners at the sub-sectoral level and the size of the business. Based on an example of the manufacturing and construction sectors we show a positive effect on the company’s financial stability of the share ownership of the CEO (in comparison with average sectoral share). We also show that in the case of a more uniform distribution of property between the owners, a positive effect is achieved in terms of the stability of the company. Thus, companies with a group of owner-founders are the most favorable structure for the formation of the corporate governance system in Russia.

Smart Territorial Development in Latvia: the Case of Zemgale Planning Region

Since 2013, Latvia has defined the smart specialization strategy at national level. In 2020, the planned outcome is the increased capacity of innovations including the share of high and medium-high technology sectors in the export; the number of researchers employed in the private sector; an increase in manufacturing productivity and share of innovative enterprises. The regional policy has the task to establish and implement local smart specialization strategies in order to achieve the planned results in country. Evaluating Zemgale planning region, it develops according to monocentric development at average national level.

Productive Specialisation and Growth in the EU15

This paper analyses the relationship between productive specialisation and economic growth in the 15 older European Union member states between 1970 and 2005. The sectoral taxonomy proposed by (Peneder, 2007) is used to classify the different sectors of activity according to the educational levels of the respective workforce and establish a comparison between the manufacturing and the services sector, based on their potential contribution to productivity improvements. The empirical model corresponds to a growth regression where the employment share of the different sectors is the main explanatory variable taken alongside other control variables identified in the empirical growth literature as robust growth determinants and is estimated with the fixed effects method. The results indicate that a higher weight of manufacturing activities that use mostly very low and low educated workers presents a negative association with growth. Services activities that require low educated workers make a negative growth contribution. Manufacturing activities with high and medium-high educational requirements have a positive growth influence, while in the case of services only activities that require highly-educated workers show a positive correlation with growth. The policy advice that can be extrapolated from this study contemplates the design of industrial policies that promote manufacturing activities such as chemicals, telecommunications and transports equipment, and services such as financial intermediation, audit, tax consulting, engineering and legal activities, to promote growth.