Obesity is understood to be a potential risk factor that negatively impacts outcomes across various orthopaedic procedures including weightbearing joint arthroplasty, and even in non-weightbearing joints, such as total shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff repair. However, there is limited understanding of the role obesity plays in the incidence and outcomes of shoulder instability. The purpose of this study is to characterize the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and shoulder instability outcomes following operative stabilization. This systematic review was conducted using the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases to identify studies investigating shoulder instability surgery. Studies were included that involved patients undergoing shoulder stabilization surgery and investigated BMI or obesity as a variable. Exclusion criteria included non-stabilizing shoulder procedures, joints other than the shoulder, case reports or case series with less than 5 cases, and secondary literature. Two authors independently reviewed all relevant articles using the inclusion and exclusion criteria mentioned above and any discrepancies were addressed by a third independent reviewer. Data extracted from each study included patient demographics, procedure type and operative findings, and functional outcome measures, including patient-reported outcomes (PROs). A total of 936 patients were identified across the 7 included studies and the mean BMI for this cohort was 29.74kg/m2. Increased BMI did not emerge as an independent predictor of surgical failure or recurrent instability following operative stabilization. However, several meaningful trends did reach statistical significance in the elevated BMI group. We found that individuals with increased BMI were more likely to need surgical intervention, demonstrated higher levels of surgical complexity, and decreased subjective improvement thresholds determined by MCID. They also showed higher rates of specific injury patterns including partial rotator cuff tears, Bankart lesions, and bone and cartilage lesions (BCLs). Patients with elevated BMI were also less likely to return to sport following certain procedures. Our findings suggest that while obesity may not directly drive surgical failure, it has a significant role in determining technical complexity and the rehabilitation experience for the patient.

This study conducts a literature review on the realization of substantive justice for women's inheritance rights by analyzing the approach of public interest (maslahah mursalah) in Islamic law and the mechanism of family deliberation in both Islamic and Civil law systems. The research employs a qualitative method with content analysis of primary legal texts and secondary academic literature. The findings reveal that the public interest approach within the framework of maqasid al-shariah provides a robust methodological foundation for interpreting inheritance provisions beyond rigid textual formulas. This approach enables the adaptation of inheritance distribution to contemporary socio-economic realities, ensuring that the higher objectives of law protection of life, property, and lineage are genuinely fulfilled. Concurrently, family deliberation emerges as a strategic institution bridging formal legal rules and the substantive justice demands of heirs. Effective deliberation, characterized by equal participation of all family members including women, information transparency, and mutual respect, produces agreements that are perceived as fair by all parties. The dialectic between Islamic and Civil law within family deliberation practices reveals significant convergence: both systems recognize immutable basic provisions while simultaneously opening space for creative agreements through consensus. This synergy between the public interest approach and family deliberation offers a comprehensive pathway toward substantive justice in inheritance distribution, positioning women as active subjects whose needs and contributions are duly acknowledged. The study contributes theoretically to legal discourse on substantive justice and offers practical recommendations for judges, mediators, religious leaders, and policymakers to facilitate more equitable inheritance practices.

This study explores the values of akhlakul karimah contained in Serat Wulangreh Pupuh Gambuh, a classical Javanese literary work composed by Pakubuwana IV that aims to guide moral cultivation within society. The research is motivated by the need to strengthen moral education through local wisdom sources that integrate Islamic ethical principles with Javanese cultural heritage. Using a qualitative library research method, this study analyzes textual elements of Pupuh Gambuh supported by primary manuscripts and secondary scholarly literature. The findings reveal that Pupuh Gambuh contains essential moral values relevant to Islamic education, particularly those related to personal ethics such as honesty, humility, patience, prudence, and vigilance and social ethics, including kindness toward relatives, preserving others’ dignity, and maintaining trust. These values demonstrate the richness of Javanese literary tradition in providing ethical teachings that remain significant for contemporary character education.

The green economy has emerged as a transformative paradigm that reconciles environmental sustainability with economic growth and social equity. Despite India's ambitious commitments to net-zero emissions by 2070 and its rapidly expanding renewable energy sector, existing literature remains fragmented across individual industries, offering little integrative conceptual guidance. This article addresses that gap by developing a multi-sectoral conceptual framework that maps the architecture of India's green economy across twelve interrelated industry clusters. Drawing on conceptual synthesis and a systematic review of secondary literature, the study integrates Green Economy Theory, the Sustainable Development Framework, Circular Economy principles, Innovation Systems Theory, and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria into a unified analytical model. The framework identifies four functional layers—core productive sectors, enabling technology and finance sectors, circular and resource management systems, and social and inclusive drivers—and theorises the relational logic connecting them. The paper further discusses India-specific drivers, structural challenges, and policy implications. The findings contribute a replicable conceptual architecture applicable to large emerging economies navigating the sustainability transition, while providing a foundation for empirical validation and sector-specific research.

ABSTRACT This article aims to offer new perspectives on Anglo-Portuguese relations during the Second World War. Drawing on secondary literature but primarily on primary sources gathered from British and Portuguese archives, it seeks to examine whether British intelligence operations endangered Portuguese neutrality and to what extent diplomacy was involved – or compromised – in these actions. The essay begins by outlining the historical and geographical context of Portugal during the conflict. This article presents, for the first time in detail, the SOE-organized Operation PANICLE and the diplomatic scandal it triggered in Portugal, then explores – through the analysis of telegrams, memoranda, and official correspondence – the dynamics and tensions that emerged between countries and agencies, as well as the advantages the Axis powers drew from the situation, ultimately challenging Portugal’s declared position of neutrality.

ABSTRACT Bridging Solidarity is a digital map that fosters exploration of Pittsburgh’s long labor history. This project introduces audiences to fourteen strikes or strike-related conflicts across Allegheny County from the early nineteenth century to today, by combining secondary literature, newspapers, digital and physical archival material, visual media, and historic maps. Hosted in the platform HistoryPin, Bridging Solidarity promotes engagement with strikes across time and space, inspires an appreciation for local places, and highlights many diverging experiences within Pittsburgh’s labor movement. The article contextualizes this work within three historic subfields: digital humanities, place-based public labor history, and diverse local labor history. This project’s digital inception influenced its design, preservation, and writing, as informed by the insights of digital historians. Place-based history helps audiences better understand local labor history, grounding its interpretation in relevant sites that are publicly accessible and likely familiar to audiences. Additionally, this project centers marginalized people and the ambiguities of strikes past, presenting a complicated narrative that increases public awareness of how women and African Americans have influenced and experienced Pittsburgh’s history. Last, future expansions of this project will prompt further engagement with these historical subfields.

High-altitude border infrastructure warrants consideration as an instrument of critical force multiplier that increases the ability of the military to be mobile, sustaining and ready to act. This paper discusses the strategic value of a road network, the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), road network within Himachal Pradesh, an important industry of the Indian northern frontier. It adopts a qualitative mixed-methods approach, drawing on secondary literature, policy reports, and case study analysis. The paper assesses the role of the road and tunnel infrastructure in the military logistics under the extreme terrain condition. The problem of the research is the conflict between the deepening of the strategic continuity and the limitations of weak Himalayan geography, such as landslides, avalanches, and seasonal destabilization. Results show that the BRO infrastructure has a great impact on cutting response time by a huge margin, improvement of accessing it all year long and increasing logistical efficiency thus intensifying force projection. But long-standing resilience weak spots, including vulnerability of infrastructure, maintenance issues and incompetence in governance, constrain its performance as a continuously enhancing force multiplier. The paper goes on to point out socio-environmental trade-offs that are coupled with infrastructure development at a high-speed. The policy implications have included the idea that the engineering solutions should be resilient; the civil-military planning undertakings should be combined with the infrastructure governance based on the life-cycle to guarantee the existence of the high-altitude environments in operational terms.

Effective sewage management is vital for public health, sanitation, and environmental protection in urban areas. This study examines the historical development and current status of sewage collection and disposal systems in Bogura, the largest municipality in northern Bangladesh. It explores three key historical periods: pre-1947, 1947–1971, and post-1971. Data were collected through interviews with senior citizens, municipal officials (including the town planner and executive engineer), household surveys, municipality records, and secondary literature. Findings reveal that sewage disposal before 1947 was largely unmanaged, with waste dumped in open areas or ponds. From 1947 to 1971, limited improvements occurred through the establishment of municipal dumping sites. Post-1971, significant improvements in sewage infrastructure were observed, including the utilization of septic tanks and pit latrines, and improvements in the drainage systems. The study highlights persistent challenges such as inadequate treatment facilities, rapid urbanization, and poor maintenance. It recommends integrating modern technologies, strengthening governance, and fostering community participation in sanitation initiatives.

African food systems are at a crisis point. Climate change, rapid population growth, hyperinflation, wars, conflicts, and pandemics are among the causes of this disarray. Deliberations on transforming the system and empowering it to meet its mandate are ongoing. This article contributes to these ongoing deliberations by exploring the diagnostic potential of financial technology (FinTech) to improve African food systems, focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This is achieved by identifying the challenges of SSA food systems and exploring how FinTech can be used to address these challenges. The review article draws from a content analysis of secondary literature on food systems and FinTech, focusing on the possibilities of intersection. The article shows that Fintech can help streamline financial processes in SSA food systems, facilitating digital payments and lending, making it easier for food system actors to access credit and insurance, thus improving their operations. FinTech solutions like blockchain can also improve supply chain transparency and traceability. FinTech enables AI-powered tools for monitoring crop and animal health and optimising operations, ultimately contributing to food systems' efficiency, sustainability, and resilience. Despite several challenges, the article concludes that FinTech wields much potential to transform SSA food systems by improving financial access, enhancing transparency, promoting sustainability, and optimising operations across the food chain.

Abstract Introduction Hospital at home (HaH), also known as virtual wards in the UK, are innovative models allowing patients to get hospital-level care at home, supported with the use of technology and wider healthcare team. There has been rapid growth of these models in the UK, with an ambition to scale-up and standardise models of care. However, evaluations varied lacking evidence on their implications in practice and patient safety. Logic models are often used to synthesise diverse evidence or evaluate complex interventions exploring intended outcomes and causal mechanisms. Aim This study aimed to develop a logic model (intended outcomes) and dark logic model (unintended outcomes) to systematically review and illustrate existing evidence, with input from key stakeholders. This would support priority setting for further research, implementation of services or quality improvement. Methods This study involved triangulation of three workstreams. Firstly, a systematic search for published literature was undertaken involving document analysis using a pre-piloted data collection form, subsequently used to form initial draft logic models. Secondly, key informants, participated in online semi-structured interviews to review the draft logic models. Key informants were professionals involved in HaH, recruited through known contacts, (purposive sampling) and snowballing. Interviews were transcribed and analysed by content analysis, using hybrid inductive and deductive coding, to refine the logic models. Thirdly, an online focus group with consenting participants from the previous phase was undertaken, audio-recorded and analysed, to gain consensus on the final logic models. Results Document analysis using a range of documents (n = 30) up to March 2024, included national guidance, secondary literature, primary studies and virtual ward case-studies. Draft logic models were presented to key informants (n = 12) who had varying levels of involvement in HaH or virtual ward services, including pharmacists (n = 7), consultant geriatrician (n = 1), advanced nurse practitioners (n = 2), clinical services manager (n = 1), and an advanced physiotherapist practitioner (n = 1), from diverse geographical locations in England. Four participants took part in the focus group. Valuable stakeholder insight helped refine the logic models, highlighting key areas for sustainability of services such as clinical and organisational ‘buy-in,’ clear communication and building effective cross-sector relationships within networks. This includes effective resourcing; like technology, workforce, integration of systems and digital infrastructure. Funding to sustain these services and recognising the importance of medicines provisions and governance were key themes highlighted. Conclusion This study provides clear visual representation of intended and unintended outcomes of HaH (virtual wards) in England, and key contributing factors, strengthened by a review of the literature and stakeholder involvement. Despite the modest sample size, this work can support prioritising future research or improving current services before scaling-up. This study highlights clear implementation, workforce and operational challenges that need to be explored to be able to deliver acute care outside of usual hospital settings. Consideration of how to maximise the potential of current resources both from a workforce and operational perspective needs to be prioritised to enable the foundations for a future of seamless personalised and holistic care.

Cyber warfare is one aspect of statecraft that has grown to be more significant over time due to its covert nature and affordability in terms of achieving certain strategic goals. This study seeks to investigate the unintended consequences of cyber warfare, considering the Iran-Israel conflict situation. The paper endeavours to explore the unintended outcomes of cyber warfare on the targets of both nations as well as the possible implications of such cyber operations in the security and governance realm. This research will adopt a qualitative case study design where the researcher will conduct a secondary systematic literature review of articles from scholarly sources. Thematic analysis of the reviewed secondary data will reveal some of the key unintended impacts associated with cyber operations. From the findings, it is evident that the use of cyber warfare in Iran-Israel has led to some key side effects, including the impact of cyber warfare on civilian infrastructure, economic consequences of cyber warfare, escalation in cyber warfare, extension of cyber capabilities to non-state actors, and making it difficult to distinguish between war and peace. The paper concludes that despite its reputation for accuracy, cyber warfare can be quite unpredictable, with the possibility of having wider implications than what can be expected in terms of achieving strategic objectives by the states. The paper calls for the formulation of international norms and regulations, investment in cybersecurity, and cooperation among the states in order to minimise the dangers of cyberwarfare. Lastly, the paper draws attention to the paradoxical nature of cyberwarfare, which is intended to serve as an instrument of control but ends up being uncontrollable.

ABSTRACT This study examines the weak institutionalisation of political parties in Nigeria and their implications for insecurity and democratic fragility. It argues that political parties in Nigeria are plagued by elite capture, deficient internal democracy, and limited grassroots engagement, which collectively undermine their capacity to foster democratic consolidation. Instead of promoting issue-based politics, parties function primarily as instruments of patronage, godfatherism, and rent-seeking. These institutional shortcomings, rooted in Nigeria’s authoritarian legacies and state-orchestrated party formations, have eroded public trust, exacerbated voter apathy, triggered electoral violence, and intensified separatist agitations. Methodologically, the article adopts a qualitative research design, drawing on documentary analysis of party constitutions, electoral reports, and secondary literature, complemented by process tracing of key electoral and political episodes across Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. The paper links these dynamics to broader patterns of democratic backsliding and governance instability and concludes by advocating reforms to enhance internal party democracy, curb elite dominance, promote ideological clarity, and strengthen local-level participation as essential steps toward consolidating Nigeria’s Fourth Republic.

Background Paramedics operate in diverse, unpredictable environments where they encounter people requiring not just clinical intervention but compassionate, dignified care. Currently, paramedicine has no conceptual framework specific to their profession. Person-centredness is the global standard for healthcare delivery, offering an appropriate philosophical foundation for emergency practice contexts. Aim This hybrid scoping/methodological review examined international literature on person-centredness in paramedicine, specifically its conceptualisation and implementation in emergency settings, and paramedics’ understanding and delivery of person-centred approaches in practice. Method Systematic searches across five databases identified relevant studies. Critical realist analysis employed the Person-Centred Practice Framework as analytical infrastructure, maintaining appropriate epistemological boundaries for secondary literature. The JBI checklists assessed methodological quality, and thematic synthesis examined conceptual patterns, research approaches and structural mechanisms shaping practice. Results Seventeen studies were included: 13 qualitative studies, 2 quantitative studies, and 2 systematic reviews. Geographic concentration was striking; 76% originated from Sweden, where ambulance personnel are nurse-trained rather than paramedic-trained, representing fundamentally different professional preparation for scopes of practice. Analysis revealed systematic tensions across three domains. Conceptually, paramedics lack shared understanding of what person-centredness means for emergency practice. Relationally, they navigate emotional regulation, power asymmetries and temporal constraints that challenge person-centred ideals. Ethically, they face conflicts between autonomy principles and risk management demands. A fundamental paradox defines current practice: paramedics demonstrate excellence in relational care yet reject person-centred language, citing poor conceptual clarity and lack of profession-specific guidance. Conclusion The articulation of person-centredness is largely absent from paramedic-specific evidence. Systematic tensions expose gaps between theoretical ideals and practice realities shaped by structural constraints, organisational cultures and professional hierarchies. Without paramedic-led research and context-specific frameworks, person-centredness risks remaining borrowed rhetoric rather than authentic professional identity. Future research must develop profession-specific conceptualisations that bridge policy frameworks, educational programmes and practice cultures to embed person-centredness within paramedic professional identity.

This article examines the critical yet overlooked contributions of women to Milwaukee’s fair housing activism during the mid-twentieth century, challenging the male-centric narrative of civil rights leadership. Through a focus on two pivotal figures, Vel Phillips and Betty Glosson, this study reveals how Black women navigated and reshaped systemic racial and gender injustices. Vel Phillips’s institutional advocacy and Betty Glosson’s grassroots organizing demonstrate the complementary roles women played in driving systemic change. Drawing on primary sources, including oral histories and radio transcripts, the article highlights how caregiving and community-building served as political resistance, offering a relational perspective missing in traditional historiography. By engaging with secondary literature on Black women’s leadership and grassroots feminism, this study bridges historiographical gaps and emphasizes oral history and inclusive methodologies to uncover unsung heroines. It emphasizes the importance of these contributions, offering insights for modern social justice movements to adopt inclusive strategies and leadership practices.

Background: Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory has become an important discourse in modern pedagogy by offering the concept of multiple intelligences. However, its implementation in Islamic Education requires critical study to ensure alignment with Islamic values, particularly in the context of holistic curriculum and learning development. Objective: This research aims to: (1) critically analyze the Multiple Intelligences theory from an Islamic Education perspective; (2) develop an MI pedagogical integration model in Islamic Religious Education learning; and (3) identify implementation challenges along with solution strategies. Method: The research uses a qualitative approach with systematic literature study methods. Data analysis was conducted through thematic content analysis techniques on primary and secondary literature related to MI theory, critical neuroscience, and Islamic education philosophy. Results: The analysis shows that the MI theory has significant pedagogical value for Islamic Education despite limitations in neurobiological validation. The concept of fitrah in Islam can serve as a philosophical foundation for integrating MI with Islamic Education. The developed integration model successfully maps nine types of MI intelligences into Islamic Religious Education competencies with a differentiated learning approach that integrates tawhid and adab values. Conclusion: The MI theory can be applied in Islamic Education as a complementary pedagogical framework, provided it is integrated critically through Islamic value filters. Effective implementation requires adjustment of learning strategies, development of holistic assessment systems, and continuous teacher capacity improvement.

Contemporary education is increasingly dominated by instrumental rationality, technocratic management, and efficiency-oriented approaches, which often marginalize ethical, spiritual, and moral dimensions. In Islamic education, this condition creates a tension between normative ideals that emphasize moral and spiritual formation and the uncritical adoption of modern educational paradigms. This study aims to examine the relevance of Taha Abdurrahman’s Islamic educational thought in addressing the challenges of modern education, particularly moral crisis, secularization, and the reduction of education to technical skill transmission. Using a qualitative library research approach, the study analyzes primary works of Taha Abdurrahman and relevant secondary literature on Islamic education, philosophy of education, and modernity. Data were examined through content analysis with a philosophical-critical perspective to identify and synthesize key concepts such as ethical rationality (al-‘aql al-akhlāqī), moral responsibility (amanah), and spiritual consciousness. The findings indicate that Taha Abdurrahman offers a coherent ethical-spiritual framework that critiques instrumental rationality and secularized education while proposing an integrative model that unites knowledge, ethics, and spirituality. His thought highlights education as a process of moral and character formation rather than mere cognitive achievement. The study implies that Islamic education can benefit from reorienting its goals, curriculum, and pedagogical practices toward ethical and spiritual integration. In conclusion, Taha Abdurrahman’s educational philosophy provides a relevant conceptual foundation for renewing Islamic education in responding to modern challenges, while maintaining its moral identity and humanistic orientation, and offers direction for further theoretical and applied research.

China’s increasing international presence has led many observers to discuss how it has allegedly influenced other countries to take positions beneficial to China’s interest. Hungary has earned a reputation as the ‘China’s best friend in the EU’, following years of siding with China on politically sensitive issues, high-profile visits, and uncritical wooing of the Chinese investments. While Hungary has been discussed as a prime example of a country under ‘Chinese influence’, this article argues that it is Hungarian leader Viktor Orbán who has been driving Hungary-China relationship. Although we recognise the role of China’s structural power, we propose that Hungarian domestic politics—particularly the leader’s worldview and his domestic political agenda—is fundamental in understanding Hungary-China relations. We suggest that the case of Hungary is crucial for understanding the agency of small states vis-à-vis China as it represents a country taking China-favourable positions in a high-profile fashion, yet even these can be explained by focusing on the agency of Hungary and its leader. The paper is based on 28 interviews with Hungarian policymakers, academics, and businesspeople, and complemented with the analysis of official documents and secondary literature.

ABSTRACT In this paper, I develop an interpretation of ancient Egyptian ethics that foregrounds its metaethical foundations. In particular, I argue that the fundamental ethical concept employed, that of maat (often translated as ‘truth', ‘justice', or ‘right order'), should be understood as expressing a form of robust moral realism. This view is in direct opposition to the only sustained treatment of the metaethics of maat in the secondary literature, DeLapp (“The Metaethics of Maat”), who argues that ancient Egyptian ethical thought cannot be understood in this way.

This study presents a comparative analysis of three distinct religious and cultural groups: David, Deobandis, and Druzes, examining their respective contributions to religious thought and cultural practices, drawing upon insights from the Brill Encyclopedia of the Quran. The purpose of this study is to explore the interplay between religious beliefs, cultural identity, and socio-political roles, as these groups have evolved over time. By leveraging the extensive resources provided by the Brill Encyclopedia of the Quran, this study seeks to offer a deeper understanding of the nuanced theological doctrines, historical narratives, and cultural expressions that shape the identities of these groups. The methodology of this study involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining textual analysis of sacred scriptures, religious commentaries, and historical records. Primary sources from the Brill Encyclopedia of the Quran, supplemented with secondary scholarly literature, provide a foundation for comparative analysis. The study focuses on the theological underpinnings, ritual practices, and the impact of these groups on the wider socio-political landscape. Findings reveal that while David holds a pivotal role in Abrahamic traditions, particularly within Judaism, his figure is also emblematic in both Christian and Islamic contexts. The Deobandis, a prominent Islamic scholarly movement originating in South Asia, emphasize traditionalism and strict adherence to orthodox teachings, offering a counterpoint to more progressive interpretations. The Druzes, with their distinct syncretic beliefs, represent a unique fusion of Islamic, Christian, and other regional religious influences. Despite their differences, all three groups demonstrate the significant impact of religion on cultural identity and political dynamics. This comparative analysis highlights the importance of religious and cultural figures in shaping both religious discourse and societal structures. The study underscores the complexity of these groups’ historical legacies and their enduring influence on contemporary global issues.

Polygamy remains a controversial practice within Indonesian Islamic family law, where literal interpretations of the Quran,An-Nisa: 3, clash with modern gender equality norms articulated in Marriage Law No. 16/2019 and CEDAW. This study critically examines how multidisciplinary views, including law, biology, sociology, psychology, and economics, shed light on the issue. It highlightsthe harmful effects of polygamy on women, such as emotional trauma, financial disparities, and family conflicts. The study also analyzes Amina Waduds feminist hermeneutics, which reinterprets the verse as a socio-historical contingency rooted in the aftermath of the Battle of Uhud to protect orphans, emphasizing the difficulty of applying the Quran, An-nisa: 129, in an egalitarian manner. Using a library research approach with primary sources from Waduds works, Quran and Woman and A Jihad for Justice, alongside secondary literature, the analysis illustrates her tauhid-centered, contextual methodology. This approach draws on Fazlur Rahmans double movement and maqasid shariah toconstruct patriarchal frameworks. The findings reveal polygamy as a form of institutionalized discrimination, advocating for monogamy to promote family harmony and calling for reform of KHI Article 57 through inclusive ijtihad to achieve substantive justice.