GIGANTEA (GI) has emerged as a context-dependent regulatory hub that translates circadian timing into developmental and stress-responsive outputs. Although first characterized for its role in photoperiodic flowering, GI is now recognized as a multifunctional scaffold that integrates light cues, metabolic status, hormone signaling, proteostasis, and chromatin regulation. Here, we synthesize recent mechanistic and conceptual advances to show how GI-centered networks operate across molecular, physiological, and systems levels. We first examine the structural and biochemical features that enable GI to function as a versatile interaction platform, together with the dynamic regulation of its abundance, localization, and stability. We then discuss how GI integrates light and metabolic inputs into the circadian system to gate photoperiodic flowering and seasonal development. Beyond flowering, GI coordinates abiotic stress responses-including drought, salinity, and low temperature-through phase-gated signaling, partner switching, and stress-associated chromatin reprogramming. We further highlight epigenetic and post-translational mechanisms that fine-tune GI activity and compare recurrently conserved temporal features with lineage-specific downstream outputs across major crops. Together, these studies support a systems-level view in which GI acts as a regulatory allocation hub that distributes signaling capacity among competing pathways, thereby mediating growth-stress trade-offs and seasonal adaptation.

An annual gene expression atlas of tree peony identifies regulators of low-temperature-associated flowering.

The family Brassicaceae is agriculturally and economically important. However, ecological knowledge gaps persist for some wild species, even in parts of the world that have broadly well-studied flora, like eastern North America. Knowledge gaps for two eastern North American species, Cardamine concatenata and C. diphylla, are concerning for two reasons. First, these species have known associations with rare, specialist insects. Second, the threat posed by the introduction and spread of noxious invasive confamilial garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) within their shared native range. Because C. concatenata and C. diphylla have a short phenological window for seasonal development and reproduction they are at increased risk for mutualism disruption via global change pressures. We aim to evaluate the potential for pollination interference by A. petiolata. We compared pollinator visitation and floral phenology in sympatric wild populations of C. concatenata, C. diphylla, and A. petiolata in northeast Ohio. Pollinator counts and morphotype identifications were recorded during in situ pollinator observations. To supplement morphotype identifications, we collected pollinator specimens and identified them to genus or family in the lab. We found overlap in flowering phenology between A. petiolata and C. diphylla. Fourteen pollinator taxa were observed visiting at least one of the focal plant species; of these, seven taxa were recorded visiting all three plant species. Alliaria petiolata is likely disrupting pollination for the native C. diphylla in our sites because flowering phenology overlaps and pollinator taxa are shared. Future studies should focus on range-wide phenological observation and modelling for all three plant species, and pollen load analysis of native plant stigmas in invaded habitats.

In this paper, the results of investigations on the seasonal development cycle and fluctuations of H.armigera populations, depending on generations in soybean crops, are presented through the use of pheromone traps under the current agro-climatic conditions of the Republic of Moldova. The study provides valuable data on the total number of generations developing annually, the occurrence intervals of the imago stage, as well as the intensity of the attack on soybean crops. The obtained results highlight the economic importance of this pest and its impact on soybean production. At the same time, the essential role of pheromone traps as a precise monitoring tool is emphasized, supporting the implementation of effective integrated pest management strategies. This contributes to reducing the use of chemical pesticides and to promoting ecological methods of protecting agricultural crops.

Background. A comprehensive study of crop wild relatives is necessary to disclose the useful plant genetic diversity for further utilization as food crops, vitamin-bearing or ornamental plants. The results of studying the introduction of a new species for the Republic of Bashkortostan – the black garlic ( Allium nigrum L.) – are presented, with an assessment of the prospects of this species for cultivation. Materials and methods. In 2018–2024, the features of the development of A. nigrum plants from seeds, their phenology, morphometry, and reproductive capacity at a young generative age were evaluated using conventional methods, and the success of the species’ introduction was assessed using the methodology of the Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The data analysis employed variation statistics techniques with standard indicators. Results. A. nigrum plants reached the generative phase in the 5–6th year after sowing. They bloomed and bore fruit annually, their seasonal development was stable, and the development rhythm was ephemeroid. They started to vegetate in the 1st or 2nd ten-day period of April, and blossomed in late May / first half of June. Flowering lasted on average 13 days. Fruiting occured in the 2nd half of July / first half of August. The growing season lasted on average 117 days. Morphological characters showed the following mean values: stem height was 61.9 cm; leaf blade length, 27.1 cm; leaf blade width, 2.8 cm; inflorescence diameter, 4.9 cm; flower diameter, 1.8 cm: number of flowers, 39.5 pcs. Mean reproductive indicators were as follows: number of fruits was 29.1 pcs.; fruit formation, 73.6%; factual seed productivity, 107.9 pcs.; productivity ratio, 44.8%. Both seed and vegetative reproduction patterns were observed. Absolute seed weight was 4.0 g; plants also developed bulblets (3–5 pcs.). The assessment of plant introduction stability proved that A. nigrum is a promising plant for the southern Cis-Urals.

Phenology refers to the timing of recurring biological events in a species life cycle and is a crucial aspect of life history for both flora and fauna. Studying phenology plays a vital role in identifying regeneration challenges in plant species. It involves observing seasonal biological activities such as flowering, budburst, seed development, dispersal, and leaf shedding in relation to climatic factors. The present research focused on the phenological patterns of Abies pindrow in the Kashmir Himalayas. Three sites within the Srinagar Forest Circle were chosen for this study. Specifically, three trees were monitored in the Pir Panchal Forest Division (2500–2700 m elevation) and Tangmarg Forest Division (2200–2400 m), while two trees were observed in the Sindh Forest Division (2000–2200 m). Among the three sites, the Sindh Forest Division, being at the lowest elevation, exhibited earlier onset of all phenological stages such as needle initiation and development, emergence of male and female strobili, needle senescence, cone colour /seed maturation, and seed dispersal compared to the higher elevation sites. The length of the growing season in all the three sites differed, least growing period was observed in PirPanchal forest division (higher elevation) 28 weeks while as growing period in Tangmarg forest division was 31 weeks. Highest growing period of 32 weeks was observed in Sindh forest division (lower elevation). This pattern suggests that trees at lower altitudes begin their seasonal development earlier, likely due to an earlier onset of spring and associated environmental conditions.

Simple SummaryJacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. is a popular ornamental tree widely planted in Mediterranean cities for its attractive foliage and purple flowers. However, its seasonal development has never been formally described under these environmental conditions. In this study, we monitored jacaranda trees throughout the year and identified their main growth phases using the standardized BBCH phenological scale. We also calculated the amount of heat required for the species to progress from winter dormancy to leaf fall, known as growing degree-days (GDD). Our results show that jacaranda completes its annual cycle after accumulating about 3800 GDD, indicating that it grows successfully in Mediterranean climates. This information can help improve management practices in ornamental plantings and support decisions regarding the potential use of jacaranda in experimental or agroforestry cultivation systems.The jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don.) is a widely cultivated ornamental tree species in urban landscapes, but recent research has highlighted its additional ecological and industrial potential. However, no detailed phenological description has been available for this species. The objective of this study was to establish a standardized phenological scale for Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. based on the BBCH coding system and to determine the thermal requirements (growing degree-days, GDD). Thirty-nine secondary stages were used to describe the life cycle of jacaranda in this BBCH scale, distributed across seven principal growth stages (PGSs). Of these thirty-nine secondary stages, five stages correspond to dormancy and sprouting (PGS-0), six stages correspond to leaf development (PGS-1), three correspond to the emergence of the flowering organ (PGS-5), eight correspond to flowering (PGS-6), ten correspond to fruit formation (PGS-7), three correspond to ripening fruit (PGS-8), and four correspond to the beginning of dormancy (PGS-9). Thermal integral analysis indicated that jacaranda requires approximately 3800 accumulated degree-days (GDD) to progress from dormancy to leaf fall. This phenological framework enhances understanding of the growth cycle of Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. and provides a useful reference for improving the timing and efficiency of management and phytosanitary treatments in Mediterranean conditions.

SUMMARYClimate uncertainty is intensifying the need for greater plasticity in carbohydrate reserve utilization to support winter survival and spring growth in woody perennials. In poplar, the single‐copy SUT4, which encodes a tonoplast‐localized sucrose transporter, and the SUT5/SUT6 genome duplicates, which encode plasma membrane‐localized transporters, are expressed year‐round, with SUT4 showing the highest expression during cool seasons. Given its role in vacuolar sucrose efflux and winter‐predominant expression, SUT4 may play a key role in modulating seasonal carbohydrate dynamics. While SUT4‐knockdown and knockout effects have been studied under greenhouse conditions, their impact under field conditions remains unexplored. Here, we report a field‐based study comparing CRISPR knockout mutants of winter‐expressed SUT4 and SUT5/SUT6 in Populus tremula × alba. We show that sut4, but not sut5/6, mutants exhibited earlier autumn leaf senescence, delayed spring bud flush, reduced stem growth, and altered sugar partitioning in winter xylem and bark relative to controls. After 2 years in the field, all genotypes flowered before leaf flush in early spring; however, sut4 mutants produced sterile ovules despite developing normal‐looking catkins. Metabolic profiling revealed disrupted sucrose and raffinose dynamics in elongating sut4 catkins. This was accompanied by transcriptomic signatures of elevated stress and downregulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and circadian clock genes. These findings highlight the critical role of SUT4 in coordinating sugar allocation, stress responses, and seasonal development in poplar.

The ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) phenomenon is one of the main drivers of global climate variability that affects drought patterns in various regions. This study analyzes the influence of ENSO phases on spatial and temporal variations of drought in West Nusa Tenggara Province (WNT), Indonesia, from 2013 to 2024. The method used is the Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI), which was estimated using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS Collection 2 Level-2 satellite data. This integrated VTCI is then classified into four conditions: Wet, Mild Drought, Moderate Drought, and Severe Drought. The results of the analysis show a very clear relationship between the ENSO phase and the drought pattern. Years with El Niño (particularly the Strong and Moderate phases) have consistently led to an extensive expansion of the area of all drought categories, while simultaneously suppressing areas of wet conditions. In contrast, the La Niña (especially Moderate) phase expands wet areas and reduces drought conditions. Analysis of seasonal developments (MJJ, JJA, JAS) reveals that the impact of drought due to El Niño tends to develop and peak in the July-September period (JAS), while wet conditions due to La Niña are most dominant from May to August (MJJ-JJA). These findings confirm the existence of a strong anti-symmetrical or “seesaw” relationship between dry and wet conditions controlled by ENSO. This study concludes that real-time monitoring of ENSO phases can be a critical component in drought early warning systems as well as in adaptive water resource planning and management in the study area.

In the arboretum of the Botanical Garden at the Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, we observed the development of plants of 6 Spiraeoideae taxa. They were first studied for the seasonal development features, vegetation phases, flowering and fruiting, accordance of plant rhythm to the conditions of the middle taiga subzone. The authors determined the sums of temperatures required by individual phenophases to begin. By the results of long-term phenological observations, the introduced plants go through the process of adaptation of to the climatic conditions of the North and change both terms and duration of phenological phases. The phenophases were identified to begin earlier in case of climate warming, develop in an accelerated tempo, which was especially characteristic of the shoot growth period and the flowering period. Plants of all taxa showed a completed seasonal reproductive cycle. The climate change towards its warming creates favourable conditions for a regular fruiting of tree species, which allows for both saving samples at the seed bank for a subsequent seed exchange and for growing species from seeds of local reproduction as better adapted specimens. The ongoing climatic changes create potentially more favourable conditions for both the cultivation of existing tree crops and the introduction of new cultures. The above-discussed peculiarities of the seasonal rhythm of Spiraeoideae subfamily representatives allow us to conclude about their high adaptive potential in new climatic conditions and the possibility of expanding the collection of Spiraeoideae species for introduction and application for greening purposes in the region. Keywords: SPIRAEOIDEAE, MIDDLE TAIGA SUBZONE, INTRODUCTION, BOTANICAL GARDEN, ARBORETUM, VEGETATION, FLOWERING, SEASONAL RHYTHM

The collection fund of pears in the Foothill Branch of the Crimean Pomological Station of the Russian Academy of Sciences is represented by 858 varieties and 92 hybrids and forms of foreign and domestic breeding. The entire variety of the pear collection fund occupies a collection of 3.33 hectares, the year of planting is 2014. Of the 3,532 plantings in the collection, 3,157 trees (89.4%) are in good and satisfactory condition, 171 trees (4.8%) are complicated. The death of 204 trees (5.8%) is noted as a result of flooding caused by the Belbek River flood in 2021 and other adverse factors. The study covered 175 collectible cultivars of various ecological and geographical origin. Phenological observations were carried out and the timing of the phases of seasonal development of the studied pear varieties was noted, with the timing of the onset of a particular phase being determined. Varieties with early and late periods of the beginning of vegetation and flowering, as well as varieties with the longest flowering period, have been identified. In Crimea, the most harmful pear diseases are scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everhart) salmon).

The overwintering recovery of Microcystis aeruginosa represents a critical but underexplored phase in the seasonal development of cyanobacterial blooms. Although the role of temperature in driving bloom onset is recognized, its effects on microbial assembly and the molecular transformation of dissolved organic matter during reactivation remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and metabolomics were applied to examine how three thermal recovery regimes-constant temperature, gradual warming, and cold-dark preconditioning-shape microbial succession and dissolved organic matter dynamics. Constant temperature accelerated the dispersal limitation of bacterial communities and promoted rapid dissolved organic matter (DOM) turnover, whereas gradual warming and cold-dark preconditioning induced more undominated community structures, and the accumulation of nitrogen- and sulfur-rich DOM compounds. Cold-dark pretreatment notably enhanced the formation of structurally complex, recalcitrant DOM, and delayed microbial reactivation. The network of relationships between microorganisms and dissolved organic matter revealed distinct coupling patterns across treatments, with enhanced microbial processing of aromatic and humic-like molecules occurring under thermal fluctuation or stress. Metabolomic profiling further indicated different physiological adaptation strategies, with stress-linked metabolites enriched under variable-temperature conditions. These findings highlight the mechanistic links between temperature-driven microbial recovery and dissolved organic matter transformation, providing new insights into how winter conditions influence cyanobacterial bloom trajectories in freshwater ecosystems.

The collection fund of apple trees in the Foothill Branch of the Crimean Pomological Station of the Russian Academy of Sciences is represented by 923 varieties and 97 hybrids and forms of foreign and domestic breeding. The entire variety of the apple tree collection is represented by 38 countries around the world. The total area occupied by the collection is 3.33 hectares, the year of planting is 2014. Of the 3,532 seats in the collection, they are in good condition. 3,157 trees (89.4%) are in satisfactory condition, while 171 trees (4.8%) are weakened. The death of 204 trees (5.8%) is noted as a result of flooding caused by the Belbek River flood in 2021 and other adverse factors. The study covered 175 collectible cultivars of various ecological and geographical origin. Phenological observations were carried out and the timing of the phases of seasonal development of the studied apple varieties was noted, with the timing of the onset of a particular phase being determined. Varieties with early and late periods of the beginning of vegetation, flowering, as well as with. In Crimea, the most harmful apple tree diseases are scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everhart) Salmon).

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of complex therapeutic antiparasitic means of group application of AFG AA on the seasonal development of the main infestations in sheep of the Altai Mountains. Coprological studies have established that the infestation of sheep with helminths of the suborder Strongylata during the year amounted to 65.0–100.0%, moniezia – 55.0, pulmonary strongylates – 36.0, whipworms and dicrocelia – 35.0% each. The average annual intensity of invasion by gastrointestinal strongylates reached 77.4%, whipworms 26.2, protostrongylus 25.4, moniezia12.4, and dicrocelia 8.4%. Nematodes accounted for 84.2% of the helminth complex, trematodes – 8.8, cestodes – 7.0 %. Gastrointestinal strongylates were completely dominant (47.9%), whipworms (21.1%) and pulmonary strongylates (15.2%) were represented in significant numbers. It was found that antiparasitic grain-forage granules AFG AA are effective against all major groups of sheep helminths. In whip-worm infection and dicroceliosis, the efficiency was 100.0%, gastrointestinal strongylatosis – 98.3, pulmonary strongylatosis – 93.0, monieziasis – 91.0%. It was shown that in sheep farms in the region, under favorable epizootic conditions for main helminthiases, a scheme of double (spring and autumn) use of complex therapeutic agents with a wide parasitocidal spectrum of action can be implemented. The use of drugs made it possible to keep the number of parasites and the infection of animals by them at a relatively low level. Animals we kept during winter stall-feeding period with fairly low indicators of extensiveness (IE = 10,0–20,0%) and intensity (nidus index = 14.7–18.9 eggs/larvae per gram of feces) of infection.

Abstract Climate warming is increasing thermal stratification depth, strength, and duration in lakes, leading to more frequent hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. Most research has focused on eutrophic temperate lakes, which differ significantly from boreal lakes that dominate Earth’s landscape. However, assessing the impact of hypoxia, confounded by browning, warming, and altered stratification, on biogeochemistry and ecological processes in boreal lakes is particularly challenging. Here, we test how oxygenating a hypoxic hypolimnion affects water chemistry, bacterial and primary production (BP and PP), and detritus degradation in a shallow humic boreal lake divided into two basins in an experimental four-year Before-After Control-Impact (BACI) design. After two control years, we oxygenated the hypolimnion of one basin during two stratified periods without disturbing the seasonal development of the thermocline. Hypolimnetic oxygen concentrations moderately impacted lake biogeochemistry. Reoxygenation altered nitrification pathways (increased NO 3 − ) of the hypolimnion, and slightly decreased epilimnion and lake BP (− 6.1% of annual average) and green tea degradation (− 6.0%), whereas Rooibos degradation slightly increased (7.3%). Other water chemistry parameters remained within natural variation. We compared our BACI approach, which separates natural variation, to the simpler Before vs After approach, which does not. We find that studies not accounting for seasonal and among-year variability may overestimate the effects of oxygenation on hypolimnion biogeochemistry, as much of the observed impact is due to natural climate variation. Climate warming and altered stratification patterns are therefore likely to impact boreal lake algal and bacterial production and degradation more than hypolimnion hypoxia during the stratified period.

Abstract Musk, a widely used ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities and holds significant value. Due to the limited yield of natural musk, which falls far short of market demand, muskrat musk is increasingly explored as a potential alternative. To investigate the microbial differences between natural musk and muskrat musk, this study extracted bacterial and fungal DNA from four sample types: natural musk (D1), muskrat musk (D2), immature musk during its peak period (S1), and allogeneic matured muskrat musk (S2). The Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform and bioinformatics analysis were employed to construct 16S rDNA v3-v4 gene sequencing libraries and ITS1 sequencing libraries for 18 samples. While no significant differences were observed between D1 and D2, S1 and S2 exhibited lower microbial diversity. In contrast, fungal diversity showed no significant differences across all samples. According to PICRUSt2 analysis, energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism were the most prominently represented functional categories in D2. Additionally, functional changes were observed in S2 compared to D1. Overall, the findings suggest that the musk gland in forest musk deer influences microbial composition during seasonal development, and the microbiota in the musk gland plays a crucial role in the maturation process of musk.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is vulnerable to environmental stresses, such as heavy rainfall and high winds, which promote lodging and reduce plant performance during the monsoon season. To mitigate these issues, we evaluated the effects of plant topping, a practice involving the removal of apical buds, on plant architecture, physiological traits, and grain yield in four soybean cultivars over two growing seasons (2021-2022). Plant topping was performed at the V6-7 stage by cutting 30-35 cm above the ground. Plant topping reduced plant height by up to 23.5% and decreased leaf area index (by 8.0-16.4%), potentially improving light penetration into the lower canopy. Although chlorophyll concentration declined temporarily (297.8 vs. 272.8 mg m-2 for non-topping vs. topping, respectively), NDVI remained stable, indicating delayed senescence. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters revealed cultivar-specific stress responses, particularly in Taegwang, which showed elevated ABS/RC, TR0/RC, and DI0/CS values under plant topping. Grain yield was generally unaffected, except in Jinpung, which increased by 34% under plant topping in 2021 (2701 kg ha-1 vs. 3621 kg ha-1 for non-topping vs. topping). In conclusion, plant topping may help improve canopy structure and light distribution without compromising yield, potentially reducing lodging risk and offering a cultivar-specific management strategy.

The paper presents the timing of the onset of the phenological phases of various species of larches growing in the center of the European part of Russia. The swelling and budding, the unfolding of needles and the complete ap-pearance of the needles, the beginning and end of the appearance of strobils, the appearance of autumn color of nee-dles and the falling of needles were taken into account. It has been established that the spring phases can begin on April 5, when the buds swell and end with the formation of strobils and the appearance of needles until May 3. The period from the appearance of the autumn color of the needles to the complete fall of the needles can last from September 23 to December 8. Differences in seasonal development between American, European, Siberian, Sukachev's, Kempfer's, Lyubarsky's, Potanin's, Korean Dahurian, Dahurian, and Kurile Dahurian larches have been established. The data ob-tained are necessary to assess the adaptive potential of these plants under the conditions of introduction. We calculat-ed the sum of positive temperatures necessary for the swelling and budding, the unfolding of the needles, the complete appearance of the needles, the beginning of the appearance of the strobils, the mass appearance of the strobils, the end of the appearance of the strobils, the appearance of the autumn color of the needles, the beginning and end of the fall of the needles. The analysis of interspecific differences in seasonal development revealed significant variability: the same species of larch can show significant differences in the duration of phenological phases in different years. We have presented the results of the study for 2022, 2023 and 2024. Climatic differences in these years have been re-vealed. The graphs show the relationship between the accumulation of positive temperatures and the onset of pheno-logical phases, which confirms the need to take into account the temperature factor when predicting the appearance of strobils. All the studied species have successfully passed the full cycle of seasonal development.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) can undergo environmentally responsive phase separation, raising the question of whether organisms use phase behavior to regulate development. Many plants rely on seasonal temperatures to control flowering time. Yet, how plants coordinate their developmental states with temperature is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of temperature-sensitive phase separation using the IDP and flowering-time regulator SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA 4 (SUF4). SUF4 plays a well-defined role in seasonal flowering by activating the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). We show that at warm temperatures (20°C), SUF4 forms nuclear condensates that co-localize with key flowering regulators (FRIGIDA and EARLY FLOWERING 7 [ELF7]), whereas at 4°C, these condensates disperse into the nucleoplasm. Moreover, progressive alterations to the amino acid composition of SUF4's disordered region lead to corresponding changes in temperature-dependent condensation, SUF4's ability to bind and transcribe FLC, and flowering time. These findings reveal how temperature-sensitive condensation can drive seasonal development in plants.

Goal. To develop short-term forecasting methods for the seasonal development of root rots of spring barley. Methods.The studies were carried out using correlation-regression analysis. Mathematical processing of the obtained data was performed using analysis of variance. Results. A high and statistically significant correlation was established between the indicators of spread and development of root rots of spring barley during the study period, as well as during the seasonal development of the disease in individual years. The obtained data show that when forecasting the level of infestation of spring barley with root rots, either one of the two indicators-disease spread or disease development-can be taken into account. The research analysis indicates that the maximum spread and development of root rot depend on the timing of the first visible symptoms. Statistical analysis shows a tendency for decreased spread and development of spring barley root rots when the first symptoms appear later in the season. As a result, the research enabled the development and construction of predictive models that allow determining the spread and development of spring barley root rots during the current season. Conclusions. The conducted analysis revealed that based on the average daily positive temperature, it is possible to reliably forecast the level of spread and development of spring barley root rots. Statistical analysis indicates a trend toward decreasing disease spread (r = –0.44) and development (r = –0.70) with a later onset of the first symptoms. The presented research data and statistical analysis provide comprehensive information on forecasting and regulating the phytopathogenic background in agrocenoses of spring barley, which is essential for modern agricultural production. This enables timely prediction of the onset or changes in the development of root rot diseases in plants.