Sea Grant Research Articles

Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act by Mark Harvey

and Clark with Lang,Abbott, Roberta Conner, and Christopher Zinn, executivedirectorof the Oregon Council for theHumanities and for mer professor ofAmerican literature. Conner, who is amember of theConfederated Tribes of theUmatilla Indian Reservation and vice president of theNational Lewis and Clark Bi centennial Council Board ofDirectors, brings to the roundtable discussion a valuable Native American perspective thathelps explain why the Lewis and Clark commemoration (not a "celebration" for Indians, Conner is quick to explain) did not degenerate into the ugly accusations of genocide thatmarred the 1992 Columbian Quincentennial. All conversation alists agree that it isverydifficultto convey to Americans the multifaceted dimensions of the Lewis and Clark storybecause of thepopular and abiding appeal of the triumphalist nar rative. That narrative helped make Stephen Ambrose's Undaunted Courage a best seller. Two Centuries ofLewis and Clark isa valu able book forreaders already familiarwith the dominant narrative of theLewis and Clark Ex pedition. Itsthreeparts offera valuable critique ofthat narrative. Italso offersan examination of thehistorical uses thathave been made of theExpedition. Its livelyconversational chapter will heighten readers' understanding of the significance of thebicentennial commemora tion ? the many successes and an occasional failure.It would be nice tohave a futureissueof the OregonHistorical Quarterly bring thesefour people together again after the formal end of theLewis and Clark Bicentennial inSeptember 2006 for a follow-up conversation that offers their retrospective assessment of all thatwas good, bad, or ugly about themulti-year com memoration. Carlos Schwantes Universityof Missouri-St. Louis WILDERNESS FOREVER: HOWARD ZAHNISER AND THE PATH TO THE WILDERNESSACT by Mark Harvey University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2005. Photographs, notes, bibliography, index. 343 pages. $35.00 cloth. Mark Harvey's Wilderness Forever is a superb biography of thenation's preeminent postwar wilderness lobbyist.Harvey has given readers a detailed portrait of an activist who most environmental historians knowwas important but do not know well. Yet,writing thisbiogra This award-winning documentary, now on DVD, reveals thehistoric Indian fishery on the mid-Columbia that was drowned in 1957when theDalles Dam began operation. Through a combination of rarehistoric filmsand photo graphs,CeltioFalls and the Remaking oftheColumbia River provides a glimpse of the lifeatCelilo as itonce was and considers thecultural, social, and political forces thatbrought about its end, signaling a new era in the relationship between people and nature. 29 minutes, color, DVD. ORESU-V-06-002. $19.95 plus S&H, from Oregon Sea Grant Communications 541-737-2716 http://seagrant.oregonstate.edu Seamnt Oregon Reviews 465 phy ofHoward Zahniser was not without its challenges. Unlike otherAmerican wilderness figures such as John Muir, Aldo Leopold, Bob Marshall, David Brower, or Dave Foreman, Zahniser did not have a big personality or leave a towering literary legacy.Although he was no stranger to thewilderness, he never climbed to the top of a tree to better experi ence a fierce storm,hiked seventymiles in a day, advocated ecotage, or saw thefiercegreen fire dying in a wolf's eyes. Zahniser was the wilderness movement's bureaucrat-activist, theman in the legislative trenches doing the dull work of wilderness freedom. However important Zahniser was, and Harvey makes a compelling case thatZahniser stands tall in such distinguished company, his life was ulti mately more mundane. Despite this challenge,Harvey breathes life into "Zahnie," as he was known. Zahniser was born in 1906 innorthwesternPennsylvania, the son of aMethodist minister. His faith,rooted in family,played a powerful role inhis career as awilderness activist. At Greenville College in Illinois, he studied English and joined his pas sion fornaturewith a loveof the writtenword. Upon graduating, he moved to Washington, D.C., where he held a series of editorial jobs in the federalgovernment ? firstin theCom merce Department, thenwith the Biological Survey, and finallywith theU.S. Department ofAgriculture (where he worked on theVic toryGarden campaign duringWord War II). As William Cronon notes in his foreword, Zahniser's early lifeand careerwere remarkably similar to those of Rachel Carson, who also grew up inwestern Pennsylvania, combined a love of nature and literature,and came to environmental consciousness as an editor in the federal bureaucracy. That parallel is fas cinating, and Harvey might have done more to examine the role the federal bureaucracy played in producing postwar environmen tal activists. Nonetheless, one of the signal...

Sea Grant 3rd Annual Science Symposium Lobsters as Model Organisms for Interfacing Behavior, Ecology, and Fisheries: Discussion Session Summary on Cooperative Research

When J. Stanley Cobb needed a way for his student, Annette Juinio, to collect lobster larvae far offshore from the Rhode Island coast, he turned to a lobsterman. At the time, it was difficult to find fishermen willing to help scientists. However, a few lobstermen did volunteer, and in so doing they began a new era of cooperation between the research and fishing communities. In the early years, the lobstering community was cooperating with scientists, but it was not yet called research. Since then cooperative research expanded and evolved throughout New England and the rest of the world as more fishers, scientists, and managers have seen the advantages of working together. This sea change in attitudes spawned numerous collaborations and with them myriad opportunities and challenges. To take stock of these changes and to consider what is possible for future collaborations, this special discussion session was held in the symposium. Bonnie Spinazzola Executive Director of the Atlantic Offshore Lobstermen's Asssociation, led off and facilitated the discussion. The problems and the promise of cooperative research were evident when Spinazzola interviewed scientists, managers, and fishermen before the symposium. Although details differed, the three groups had curiously similar causes for optimism and for concern. Specifically, scientists wanted to learn something new but wondered if they could trust the data coming from fishermen (and if those data will ever be publishable). The managers wondered what data gaps they could fill with the aid of fishermen, but they too wondered if they could trust the results from fishermen. The fishermen were interested to

Sea Grant 3rd Annual Science Symposium Lobsters as Model Organisms for Interfacing Behavior, Ecology, and Fisheries: Discussion Session Summary on Metapopulation Dynamics and Implications for Management

Sea Grant 3rd Annual Science Symposium Lobsters as Model Organisms for Interfacing Behavior, Ecology, and Fisheries: Discussion Session Summary on Metapopulation Dynamics and Implications for Management

Linking Data, Public Outreach and Education: A Local and Regional Collaborative – Lakesuperiorstreams.org

The City of Duluth, the University of Minnesota-Duluth (Natural Resources Research Institute and Minnesota Sea Grant) and other regional partners collaborated to develop Lakesuperiorstreams.org, a website that utilizes real time data (temperature, flow, precipitation, turbidity, specific conductivity) in an easy to understand animated graphical format to educate the public about (1) how streams function, and (2) the impacts of human activities on water quality, habitat, and aquatic organisms. In support of the data, the website provides a comprehensive library of information on stream parameters and information on local streams and surface water issues. It covers land use impacts on streams and positive approaches to protecting water quality. For example, a site design tool kit provides information and examples of approaches to building and maintaining homes and businesses while reducing stormwater impacts. The website also serves as a repository for regionally relevant school curricula for K-12 schools and colleges. The website has been the catalyst that has brought together regional agencies and communities, who have established the Regional Stormwater Protection Team (RSPT), designed to develop one voice for surface water education and technical assistance for communities at the head of Lake Superior.

Culture‐Induced Abnormalities in Tautog

AbstractWe compared external and internal morphometrics of tautog Tautoga onitis reared by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sea Grant Marine Finfish Hatchery with wild fish collected in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Twenty‐five length‐standardized external morphometrics differed statistically between cultured (N = 5; standard length [SL] 93–152 mm) and wild caught (N = 5; 108–170 mm SL) fish based on a size‐corrected discriminant analysis (canonical correlate 1 > 0.99, P < 0.001). Forty length‐standardized morphometrics of pharyngeal morphology and feeding musculature differed statistically in discriminant comparisons (canonical correlate 1 > 0.99, P < 0.001 for both tests) between wild (N = 9; 117–442 mm SL) and cultured fish (N = 10; 125–275 mm SL). The lower pharyngeal jaws of cultured individuals were similar to those of wild fish in their surface area and tooth density but were distorted and exhibited irregular tooth placement. Cultured tautogs also exhibited a foreshortening of the head superficially, similar to a “pugheaded” condition as compared with wild fish. The source, nature, and impacts of these aberrations should be investigated carefully before culture and release of tautogs is pursued. Alternative culture methods may be needed to reduce or eliminate possible culture‐related abnormalities that may compromise survival or ecological performance in the wild.

HORTICULTURE IN A CAN

Science is a challenging subject to teach at the middle school level. The state of Louisiana requires public school teachers to plan their curriculum around Grade-Level Expectations or state mandated educational benchmarks. A program titled Horticulture in a Can has been designed to teach horticulture lessons to middle school students while targeting the state regulated grade-level expectations. All lessons use a hands-on approach as it has been proven more effective than traditional classroom teaching. Horticulture in a Can was developed by a cooperative effort between the Louisiana Sea Grant College Program and the LSU AgCenter's Department of Horticulture within the Coastal Roots Nursery Program. Eight lesson plans have been created to meet twenty-six Grade-Level Expectations for 463 students in 4 schools. Pre- and PostHorticulture tests were given to each class in addition to pre- and postChildren's Attitude Towards the Environment Scale (CATES). All tests were given to both treatment and control classes within each school. The evaluations tested both short and long-term memory on material contained in the lesson plans. The data was analyzed by school, treatment, sex, and grade-level.

The Impact Of Exercise Imagery And Relaxation On Thermoregulation In Scuba Divers

PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of selected cognitive strategies on core temperature and thermal sensation of divers while submerged. METHODS Fifteen male certified scuba divers with a mean age of 35.6 yrs (±12.3) volunteered to take part in the present study. Each participant performed three 30-min dives while breathing compressed air and wearing a full wetsuit. Divers were instructed to remain as motionless as possible and employ one of the following during each dive: Quiet Rest (QR); Exercise Imagery (EI); or Relaxation (R). The QR dive, which served as an orientation to the protocol and equipment, was always performed first and the order for the remaining two dives was counterbalanced. Dives were conducted in a temperature-controlled (27.4°C, ±0.3) diving well at a depth of 3.7m. Assessments of core temperature (TC), thermal sensation (TS), and heart rate (HR) were performed before, during and following each dive. Respiratory frequency (f) was also monitored during the dives, while state anxiety (SA), body awareness (BA), and air tank pressure (kPa) were measured before and following each test session. RESULTS The results were analyzed by means of a repeated measures ANOVA. A significant decrease in TC was noted over the course of each dive (F=22.27, p<.01), but the rate of decrease for TC did not differ significantly between the EI and R conditions. TS exhibited no significant main or interaction effects. HR was higher during the EI condition (F=6.39, p<.05) and decreased significantly over both of the 30-min sessions (F=13.89, p<.01). A significant main effect was found for f with the value for EI being higher than R (F=14.55, p<.01). The pattern of decrease for f during each dive was nearly parallel as rates plateaued following the initial drop (F=4.99, p<.01), even though use of compressed air was greater during the EI dive (5806 kPa vs. 4942 kPa, p<.05). There were no significant changes in SA from pre- to post-dive or differences across dives. A significant increase in BA was noted following each dive (F=14.02, p<.05), but no differences in BA between dives were observed. CONCLUSION It is concluded that exercise imagery and relaxation have comparable effects on core temperature and thermal sensation in male scuba divers submerged for 30 min of inactivity in water maintained at 27.4°C. Supported in part by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.

The Impact Of Exercise Imagery And Relaxation On Thermoregulation In Scuba Divers

PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of selected cognitive strategies on core temperature and thermal sensation of divers while submerged. METHODS Fifteen male certified scuba divers with a mean age of 35.6 yrs (±12.3) volunteered to take part in the present study. Each participant performed three 30-min dives while breathing compressed air and wearing a full wetsuit. Divers were instructed to remain as motionless as possible and employ one of the following during each dive: Quiet Rest (QR); Exercise Imagery (EI); or Relaxation (R). The QR dive, which served as an orientation to the protocol and equipment, was always performed first and the order for the remaining two dives was counterbalanced. Dives were conducted in a temperature-controlled (27.4°C, ±0.3) diving well at a depth of 3.7m. Assessments of core temperature (TC), thermal sensation (TS), and heart rate (HR) were performed before, during and following each dive. Respiratory frequency (f) was also monitored during the dives, while state anxiety (SA), body awareness (BA), and air tank pressure (kPa) were measured before and following each test session. RESULTS The results were analyzed by means of a repeated measures ANOVA. A significant decrease in TC was noted over the course of each dive (F=22.27, p<.01), but the rate of decrease for TC did not differ significantly between the EI and R conditions. TS exhibited no significant main or interaction effects. HR was higher during the EI condition (F=6.39, p<.05) and decreased significantly over both of the 30-min sessions (F=13.89, p<.01). A significant main effect was found for f with the value for EI being higher than R (F=14.55, p<.01). The pattern of decrease for f during each dive was nearly parallel as rates plateaued following the initial drop (F=4.99, p<.01), even though use of compressed air was greater during the EI dive (5806 kPa vs. 4942 kPa, p<.05). There were no significant changes in SA from pre- to post-dive or differences across dives. A significant increase in BA was noted following each dive (F=14.02, p<.05), but no differences in BA between dives were observed. CONCLUSION It is concluded that exercise imagery and relaxation have comparable effects on core temperature and thermal sensation in male scuba divers submerged for 30 min of inactivity in water maintained at 27.4°C. Supported in part by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.

Whale song analyses using bioinformatics sequence analysis approaches

Animal songs are frequently analyzed using discrete hierarchical units, such as units, themes and songs. Because animal songs and bio-sequences may be understood as analogous, bioinformatics analysis tools DNA/protein sequence alignment and alignment-free methods are proposed to quantify the theme similarities of the songs of false killer whales recorded off northeast Taiwan. The eighteen themes with discrete units that were identified in an earlier study [Y. A. Chen, masters thesis, University of Charleston, 2001] were compared quantitatively using several distance metrics. These metrics included the scores calculated using the Smith-Waterman algorithm with the repeated procedure; the standardized Euclidian distance and the angle metrics based on word frequencies. The theme classifications based on different metrics were summarized and compared in dendrograms using cluster analyses. The results agree with earlier classifications derived by human observation qualitatively. These methods further quantify the similarities among themes. These methods could be applied to the analyses of other animal songs on a larger scale. For instance, these techniques could be used to investigate song evolution and cultural transmission quantifying the dissimilarities of humpback whale songs across different seasons, years, populations, and geographic regions. [Work supported by SC Sea Grant, and Ilan County Government, Taiwan.]

EHPnet: Great Lakes Information Network

Vol. 113, No. 3 EnvironewsOpen AccessEHPnet: Great Lakes Information Network Erin E. Dooley Erin E. Dooley Search for more papers by this author Published:1 March 2005https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.113-a159AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail The Great Lakes Information Network (GLIN) is a partnership of public and private organizations managed by the Great Lakes Commission, an eight-state compact agency. The GLIN website, located at http://www.great-lakes.net/, serves as a central online source for information about the Great Lakes region. A strong network of state, provincial, federal, and regional partner agencies and organizations populate the GLIN with essential information for use by policy makers and others with an interest in the region.The site’s homepage is divided into six different topic sections, plus a daily news page featuring current news articles, press releases, announcements, and links to information about lake conditions and weather forecasts. Visitors can sign up to receive daily news or to submit stories.The Great Lakes section of the site features an interactive map of the region. Clicking on different geographic areas brings up state-, province-, or lake-specific news as well as links to general resources (such as governmental programs, state facts, and information on Sea Grant programs), economic profiles, environmental information, and tourism sites.The Environment section of the GLIN site groups information into five topics, each with several subtopics. The main topics are Air and Land, Water, Flora and Fauna, Pollution, and References. Subtopics include sustainable development, air toxics, human health, toxic contamination, and environmental justice, among many others. This section also provides an overview of the Great Lakes natural environment and general resources including an online atlas of the region published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, back and current issues of Environment Canada’s Science and the Environment Bulletin, and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation’s summary of environmental law in North America.Similarly, the Economy section includes information grouped under the main topics of Business Development, Business and Environment, and References, with agriculture, energy, economic development, and transportation among the subtopics.Aimed specifically for teachers, the Education portion of the site features free online “mini-lesson” modules for students in elementary through high school. Subjects covered in the lessons include the natural environment, geography, and pollution. The natural environment module features information on water diversion out of the region, invasive species, and protection of water quality. The causes and effects of Great Lakes pollution is the main focus of the pollution unit, which also includes a section on urban sprawl. An online glossary helps students with unfamiliar terms used throughout the modules.The Maps and GIS (geographic information systems) section of the site offers resources to help visitors customize their own Great Lakes map using GIS data (searchable by topic, region, or organization), online mapping tools, and a gallery of free downloadable maps. The types of maps offered range from ecological assessment maps to satellite images.Finally, the Tourism section of the site, with its extensive list of local recreational, cultural, and historical offerings, provides one small hint of the richness of this magnificent natural resource we call the Great Lakes.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 113, No. 3 March 2005Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 March 2005Published in print1 March 2005 Financial disclosures License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Acoustic mapping of squid egg clusters and their bottom habitat in Monterey Bay, California

Clusters of gelatinous egg capsules, known as mops or beds, of the market squid (Loligo opalescens) were mapped in a shallow-water, sandy habitat of Monterey Bay, California. The benthic egg clusters were imaged using an EdgeTech 272-TD dual-frequency sidescan sonar towed from R/V MacGinitie, an 8-m-long survey vessel, with data recorded on a Triton Elics International Isis digital data acquisition system. Verification of target identity was accomplished independently by video photography from a remotely operated vehicle. The survey area included a 4-km stretch of sandy seafloor between Lover’s Point and Cannery Row in Monterey at depths of 15–30 m. The study area had previously been mapped using the RESON SeaBat 8101 240-kHz multibeam sonar. Resulting high-resolution bathymetric data, with 1-m resolution, were used during the survey planning and execution. Squid egg clusters were clearly visible in the very-high-resolution, 400-kHz backscatter imagery, with pixel size 10–20 cm, recorded from the towed sidescan sonar. The concentration of egg clusters was greatest along a sloping feature believed to be a submarine fault. Egg mops with diameter as small as 0.5 m were distinguishable. [Support by Sea Grant is acknowledged.]

Conserving California fish … Extension approaches applied to contentious marine-fisheries management issues

We describe three creative collaborations between the California Sea Grant Extension Program (SGEP), the California Department of Fish and Game, the fishing industry and university researchers to improve marine fisheries management in California. These collaborations involved difficult and long-standing issues at a time when many fisheries are declining. The cases studied highlight SGEP's involvement in (1) implementing California's comprehensive marine-life management legislation, (2) helping the sea urchin industry identify goals and techniques to achieve them, and (3) using extension methodologies to enhance socioeconomic research related to management of the Dungeness crab fishery. Critical components of SGEP methods were trust, independence and nonadvo-cacy, a science-based approach, and effective communication. These characteristics are seldom found together among diverse participants involved in contentious fisheries-management situations. We demonstrate how extension programs can partner with constituents and agencies to improve the management and research process; this approach can be applied to the broad range of natural-resource issues facing the state.

Integrating Horticulture into Middle School Science Curriculums to Satisfy Educational Standards

Louisiana requires schools to address designated educational standards at specific grade levels. Science is a challenging subject at the middle school level. A hands-on approach has been proven more effective than traditional classroom teaching. A program was developed by a cooperative effort between Louisiana Sea Grant and the LSU AgCenter Dept. of Horticulture within the Coastal Roots Nursery Program. Eight lesson plans were designed to meet 16 standards and 275 students in four schools. Pre- and post-test were given to each grade in addition to the Children's Attitude Toward Environment Scale (CATES). Additional pre- and post-test were given to classes not participating in the program. The evaluations tested both short and long term memory on material contained in the lesson plans. The data was analyzed by school, sex, and grade level.

Bluefin autonomous underwater vehicles: Programs, systems, and acoustic issues

Bluefin Robotics Corporation has been manufacturing autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) since spinning out of the MIT Sea Grant Laboratory in 1997. Bluefin currently makes three different diameter models of AUVs; the 9, 12, and 21, all based on the same free-flooded architecture and vectored-thrust propulsion design. Auxiliary acoustic systems include acoustic abort, ranging beacons, and acoustic modems. Vehicle navigation is aided by a downward-looking acoustic Doppler velocity logger (DVL). Sonar payloads can include: bottom profiler, side-scan sonar, SAS, forward-looking imagers (DIDSON), as well as horizontal and vertical discrete hydrophone arrays. Acoustic issues that arise include: (1) transmission of sound through the ABS plastic vehicle shell; (2) the impact of vehicle self-noise on data; (3) interoperability of sonars with other acoustic emitters present on and off the vehicle; and (4) the impact of navigation on some acoustic operations like SAS. This talk will illustrate these issues with real data collected on various Bluefin vehicles.

A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Adherence in Recreational Scuba Divers

0450 PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to examine adherence in recreational scuba divers over time. METHODS: Seventy-five certified divers (55 men and 20 women) initially completed a questionnaire pertaining to general health, selected psychological variables, and diving habits. These respondents were followedup (M = 10.6yrs; SD = 3) in an attempt to document any changes in these variables, and this report focuses on the adherence data. RESULTS: The proportion of men (65.5%) and women (65.0%) divers who considered themselves “active” divers did not differ across genders at follow-up (z = 0.04, p > .05). Men and women divers also did not differ in their estimate of METs/yr spent scuba diving at the initial assessment (461 vs. 440, t = 0.13, p > .05) or at follow-up (231 vs. 252, t = 0.17, p > .05). In light of these findings the two groups were combined for all further analyses. At follow-up, 65.3% of all respondents answered, “yes” when asked if they considered themselves to be active divers. This rate is significantly higher than one would expect in the short-term (50%, z = 1.82, p < .05), and in the long-term (25%, z = 4.92, p < .01) for other forms of exercise reported in the published literature. The number of reported METs/yr spent scuba diving decreased significantly from the initial assessment to follow-up (456 vs. 237, t = 2.70, p < .01). There was also a significant reduction for total self-reported exercise METs/yr (4305 vs. 3299, t = 2.64, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the adherence rate among recreational scuba divers is significantly higher than adherence rates previously reported for other exercisers. Supported in part by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.

Development of California Halibut, Paralichthys californicus, Culture

In contrast to freshwater aquaculture and the culture of anadromous species such as salmon, marine fish culture is in its infancy. The small larval size of many marine species presents significant challenges to culture, however, these highly valuable fish offer considerable promise for aquaculture. A particularly attractive group for marine aquaculture is the flatfish. The California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, with a range in nature from Washington State south to Baja California Sur, Mexico is one such species. With the goal of enhancing the fishery for this species, a hatchery program was developed over a decade ago. The hatchery at Redondo Beach, California, maintains a group of adults that routinely spawn throughout most of each year. Further development of routine culture and juvenile growout techniques ultimately aimed at commercial aquaculture was initiated last year with support from the California Sea Grant College Program. Profitable commercial ventures culturing various flatfish species already exist in other parts of the world, but development of a flatfish culture industry in California confronts unique challenges. Two challenges in particular are the relatively high cost of energy and stringent environmental regulations. To meet these challenges, a culture system built around recirculation technology is being developed that would allow for an energy-efficient industrial-like approach to the culture of California halibut while minimizing environmental impacts.

Acoustic detectability of squid egg beds

Egg beds of the market squid (Loligo opalescens) on the bottom of Monterey Bay seem to have been detected by means of sidescan sonar at 420 kHz. Evidence for this is presented in the form of sidescan sonar images and egg-bed distribution maps from the same area, as prepared from camera surveys by scuba divers. The general detectability issue is also considered, with specific reference made to preliminary physical measurements performed on two egg capsules. [Work supported by Sea Grant.]

SEA-COOS: A Model for a Multi-State, Multi-Institutional Regional Observation System

The SouthEast Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing System (SEA-COOS, www.seacoos.org) is a regional partnership that has initiated an integrated coastal ocean observing system for a four-state (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida) region of the southeast coastal United States. The long-term intent of SEA-COOS is to establish a regional coastal ocean observing system that will be part of the coastal component of the national Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) envisioned by Ocean. US. SEA-COOS was initiated in September, 2002 with funding from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) as a coordinating and enhancing effort between several existing subregional-scale efforts in the southeast, the Sea Grant Offices from the four states, and a number of federal agencies. This article briefly describes the essential elements of an observing system, the region-wide observations, overlapping circulation models, data management capabilities, and outreach and education activities of SEA-COOS, at present and planned for the coming year. Development of a governance system has also been pursued, and an initial structure is in place for SEA-COOS.

The Pacific Northwest Coastal Ecosystems Regional Study

1 School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020 2 Biology Department, Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800 3 Oregon Coastal Management Program, Department of Land Conservation and Development, 800 NE Oregon Street #18, Portland, Oregon 97232 4 Washington Sea Grant Program, Box 355060, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195

ANXIOLYTIC EFFECTS OF QUIET REST IN SCUBA DIVERS ABOVE WATER AND UNDERWATER

PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to compare selected psychological and physiological responses of scuba divers to 30 min of quiet rest conducted above water and underwater. METHODS Thirteen certified scuba divers participated in 30-min quiet rest sessions conducted in a sound chamber (SC) maintained at 8 dB, 21.3°C (± 1.5), and 45% relative humidity while wearing street clothes, and at a depth of 3.7 m in a diving well (DW) at a water temperature of 27.4°C (± 1.1) while breathing compressed air and wearing a full wet suit. Assessments of heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (f), and core temperature (Tc) were performed before, during and following each condition. State anxiety (STAI) and tension (POMS) were measured before and following each rest period. RESULTS The results were analyzed by means of a repeated-measures ANOVA. Divers exhibited a significant decrease in state anxiety (F=13.34, p < .01) and tension (F=34.87, p < .01) in both conditions. A significant decrease in Tc was noted over the course of each session (F=35.43, p < .01), but Tc was consistently higher during the DW condition (F=14.93, p < .01). HR was higher during the DW condition (F=94.21, p < .01) and decreased significantly over both of the 30-min sessions (F=34.40, p < .01). The rate of decrease for HR in the SC condition was significantly slower than the DW condition as indicated by a significant interaction effect (F=8.74, p < .01). Although f was significantly higher during the SC condition (F=76.37, p < .01), the rate during each session remained relatively constant (SC=11; DW=5). CONCLUSION It is concluded that 30 min of quiet rest underwater results in anxiolysis comparable to that typically seen with 30 min of quiet rest above water. Supported by a grant from the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.