SD Card Research Articles

Investigating the change of soil resistence and moisture content in the case of pre-crops and soil tillage systems

The experiments were set up in large parcels at the Fleischmann Rudolf Research Institute of Eszterházy Károly University located in Kompolt. We carried out measurements by using a Penetronik penetrometer (electrical soil cone penetrometer) at the experimental site, where brown grassland soil as well as clay washed brown forest soil are the typical soil types. The device used primarily serves to investigate the physical and water management properties of soils suitable for agricultural cultivation. The instrument is a hand-operated tool for registering soil mechanical resistance in Newtons (0-1000 N) and also the moisture content of the topsoil (%) at the same time. The recording of the location of the measurement is made by the built-in GPS, and the results of the measurements are saved to the SD card of the device. The device’s data acquisition unit allows direct reading of measurement results, serial measurements and computer processing of results (0-70 cm). Taking our objectives into consideration, we defined the location of measuring points with various numbers according to the properties of the examined fields. Besides designating measuring points at a distance of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 m from the edge of the fields, we designated two more in the middle of each field in all cases. The examined crop species included sand oats (Avena strigosa), baltacim (Onobrychis viciifolia) as well as common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) with oats as a companion crop. Summing up the measurement results, we have made the following statements: Low soil resistance (127-131 N) was experienced after soil loosening and oat-vetch with higher, well-preserved soil moisture content observed at each level, where the 50% moisture content of the soil started at the layer of 27 cm depth. Moderate soil resistance values (150-168 N) were manifested in the case of soil tillage with loosening and ploughing after sand oats. In this case, the 50 % soil moisture content was observed at the layer of 38 cm depth. Higher soil resistance values were found (171-196 N) in the case of 2 and 3-year-old crops of baltacim, respectively, where the 50 % soil moisture content was recorded from the layer of 58 cm depth. Based on the results, we consider it important to develop and improve soil tillage systems

E. E. Cummings by the Numbers

A WEBSITE ADVERTISING ‘A Groundbreaking Advancement in the Field of Obsolescence’ introduces the USB typewriter, whose ‘circuitry transforms beautiful old manual typewriters into retro-futuristic marvels’. A steampunk melding of the mechanical and the digital, twentieth and twenty-first century technologies, this digital typewriter affords those desiring a break from digital devices the opportunity to ‘type with good old fashioned ink-on-paper while electronically recording [their] manuscript to an SD card’.1 Describing E. E. Cummings and other avant-garde typewriter experimenters of his time as code poets manqués, Rita Raley might have found this device a useful vehicle for expressing their in-between, retro-futuristic status. Here, she imagines them ‘upgrading their medium and exchanging their typewriter keys for the units of programming languages, and the result would in part resemble the contemporary mode of experimental writing and net.art called “codework”’.2 Although he was necessarily constrained, in Raley’s words, ‘by what the media [of his time] allow[ed]’, Cummings’s own mingling of natural language and code comes closer to the notion of the USB typewriter, and codework itself, than she allows. A code poet avant la lettre, he practised a digital prosody whose underlying mechanisms anticipate those of codework. In composing poems ‘by the numbers’, Cummings also digitised traditional concrete poetry, the dynamic operations of his own works arising from the submerged code governing their visual displays. In equal parts poet and programmer, he transformed his mechanical typewriter into the equivalent of a hardware device supplied with the necessary software for running a poem as an executable file. In doing so, Cummings anticipated what Gillian Huang-Tiller describes as ‘the heterogeneity, multiplicity, and self-reflexivity of postmodern poetry’.3 His fragmenting of word units, aberrant syntax, and unmooring of grammatical markers reveal a ‘pre-postmodern’ sensibility, while his digital sequencing of the poems considered here suggests a new mode of organisation: digital prosody.4 These poems call into question the view of Cummings as a modernist poet. As Huang-Tiller expresses it, ‘his self-reflexive experimentation further challenges established boundaries between modernism and postmodernism’.5 Retrofuturistic, these coded, digitised works gesture towards our own era; in Jean-François Lyotard’s formulation, ‘New languages are added to the old ones … machine languages, the matrices of game theory, new systems of musical notation’.6

Comparison of open circuit voltage generated by tracking solar panel and static solar panel using arduino board

This paper represents the comparison of the voltages generated by the tracking and static solar panels. The work also aims to design and fabrication of a cheap and efficient tracking device. This device comprises of hardware and software. A rigid mechanical structure with nut and screw as the transmission is developed. 4 LDRs and DC motors are employed, which are cheap and less power consuming. As far as the software concerns, an open source microcontroller “Arduino UNO” board is used because of their simplicity and cost effectiveness. This Sun tracking device with a PV panel installed on it, is placed outside at the roof of the building along with a static solar panel. Output voltages generated from both panels are recorded in SD card through data logger in Arduino UNO. This real-time data shows the difference in amplitude of both the signals. Voltage of rotating panel is more than static one resulting that the tracking device can increase the efficiency of the panel by exposing the PV panel more to the sun light. Hence this setup proves that the solar panel with tracking system generates more energy than solar panel without tracking system.
 Keywords: Solar Tracker, LDR, PV Panel, Arduino UNO Board.

A High-Precision Energy-Efficient GPS Time-Sync Method for High-Density Seismic Surveys

Large numbers of seismic channels and high-density energy-efficient acquisition systems are the development trend of seismic instruments and have attracted high R&D interests in recent years. The combination of remote sensing and wireless sensor network technology provides superior observation capabilities for high-density seismic exploration. However, large-scale and multi-node acquisition methods place higher requirements on time synchronization performance. Seismic data with poor time synchronization will cause considerable errors in the interpretation of seismic data and even have no practical significance. Thus, the strict time synchronization performance is the prerequisite and basis for the application of cable-less storage seismograph in high-density seismic array applications. The existing time synchronization methods have high power consumption and poor time synchronization accuracy, which is not suitable for the long-time task. In addition, these methods are affected by the number of nodes and the distance. This paper presents an energy-efficient time-sharing indexed interpolation intercept method for the seismic data synchronization. The time synchronization method uses the high-precision TCXO as the main clock and records GPS time in the SD card at intervals to achieve the high-precision time-stamp for the seismic data. Then the seismic data is intercepted intermittently based on precise time stamps, which achieves the strict seismic data synchronization. Performance analysis shows that the time synchronization accuracy of the proposed method is 0.6 μs and saves 73% energy of the time-sync periods compared to the common GPS timing method. The field measurement results indicate that the time synchronization accuracy is not associated with the working time and the distance between nodes so that the proposed synchronization method is suitable for the high-density seismic survey.

0646 Evaluation of Increased CPAP Compliance After Electronic Learning Video Aimed at Troubleshooting Common CPAP Related Problems

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is a common diagnosis associated with immediate and long-term health consequences. Due to increasing awareness, the demand for treatment with CPAP is increasing. However, CPAP compliance remains a problem, and may be improved by initial patient education targeted at common CPAP problems Methods A 10 min video depicting common CPAP related problems was created in the Mayo Clinic Florida Simulation Center using standardized patients. Newly diagnosed patients with OSA requiring CPAP were randomized into two arms: (i) the intervention arm was shown the video and received standard of care; or (ii) in the “placebo” or standard of care alone. Our standard of care includes a review of the sleep study, discussion of diagnosis and recommendation for CPAP therapy along with Mayo OSA information packet, followed by compliance visit at 3 months. Compliance is defined as >4 hours of CPAP use per night gathered from machine’s SD card. The two groups were compared for statistically significant difference in compliance at 3 months. Results 47 patients diagnosed between 10/2018-5/2019 were included in the study(21:intervention, 26:placebo). 7 (33%) and 7 (26%) patients in the intervention and the placebo came back for follow up visit (p=0.63). Among them, median CPAP usage was 362.5 min (236.0, 480.0) in intervention arm vs 351.0 min (125.0, 466.0) in placebo group and the difference was not significant. Average nightly use of >than 4 hours was 12(57.1%) in the intervention group and 17(65.4%) in placebo group. Conclusion In this group addition of an educational video to standard of care did not show benefit in CPAP compliance. There was a tendency toward greater median nightly usage. Patients receiving the video had a higher likelihood of making their follow up appointment which is pivotal, as it provides an opportunity for further intervention and enhancement of adherence. Support Mayo Clinic Jacksonville

Fuel flow meter based on the AVR Microchip (Atmel) microcontroller

Problem. During operation of the vehicle, it is necessary to periodically monitor fuel consumption. Experimental methods are known for determining fuel consumption according: by signal from the engine control system, by the fuel level in the tank, by the flow rate in the fuel line of the fuel supply system. A physical measurement of the amount of fuel per unit time in a vehicle’s fuel line provides accuracy of up to 1%. Goal. The purpose of the work is to improve the method of measuring fuel consumption in the fuel line of a car, by constructing a control and measurement system based on the use of microprocessor systems. Methodology . An algorithmic research method is used that describes the transformation of information in the fuel flow meter control system, data transfer to a computer, analysis and presentation of results for the user. Results. The measuring system is based on the ATMega 328p microprocessor manufactured by Microchip (Atmel). The controller controls the fuel flows inside the sensor, through interruptions determines the moment of filling the measured volume, registers the time between cycles, calculates the instantaneous and accumulated flow. The controller software organizes the output of information on the screen, writes fuel consumption readings to a file on an SD card, and organizes data transfer to a computer via UART. The developed computer software receives data from the microprocessor through the serial port via USB, displays the received fuel consumption information on the computer screen in graphical and text form. All stages of the implementation of the system, the use of tools, software products and libraries are described. Originality . The fuel flow meter is built on the basis of a modern element base using affordable and inexpensive components. Practical value. The fuel flow meter can be used to diagnose the general condition of the car, to detect timely hidden malfunctions during operation, to evaluate the effectiveness of fuel and economic indicators. Key words: fuel, flow meter, vehicle, measuring system, microprocessor, software, information technology.

Komparasi Akurasi Global Posistion System (GPS) Receiver U-blox Neo-6M dan U-blox Neo-M8N pada Navigasi Quadcopter

Quadcopter UAV development is happening very rapidly. One of the most important in the navigation system is the hardware and software or the used algorithm. Improving the accuracy of Quadcopter positioning is one of the most popular topics in the UAV field. This position parameter is determined by the GPS module. GPS modules produce position and speed information with a high degree of precision, but these modules are vulnerable to interference. Thus, GPS signals are often lost. Moreover, GPS measurements also cannot meet the real-time requirements. Both GPS U-Blox variants, Neo-6M, and M8N become the main problem by testing which are more precise and consistent with the actual geographical position indicated by Google map. Data obtained from GPS receivers are parsed and converted to longitude and latitude coordinates by the ATmega328 IC microcontroller then combine with real-time data from RTC DS1370 and stored continuously in a 2 GB SD card. The transferred geographic coordinate data would be retrieved and converted to CSV format so that it can be plotted into a map. The test was conducted where the Neo-6M GPS receiver was carried out

Design of Drones for Monitoring of Volcanic Areas

Introduction Volcanic eruptions are a serious threat to the environment. The volcanic ash can contaminate water, vegetation, livestock and people. The Andes or Andean Mountains are the longest continental mountain range in the world, with a length of 8500 km. and presents different volcanoes [1]. In our work group the gas emissions of the Peteroa volcano are analyzed. In order to assess more accurately the state of a volcanic zone, spatially distributed measurements are required. Consequently, it is necessary to have an unmanned aerial vehicle to obtain several measurement points. An Electronic Nose (eNose) and a quadcopter drone equipped with gas sensors for CO2, temperature and humidity were developed [2][3]. The Dron eNose system provides a versatile technology for autonomous monitoring of diverse environments. The use of this device minimizes the risks of exposure to dangerous compounds for people and allows exploring inaccessible areas. The advantage of this system, over drones sold in the market (provided with proprietary software), lies in the possibility of adding accessories, which gives to it more adaptability. In this work, the complete structure of the quadcopter was manufactured using a 3D printer. To obtain a robust frame, parts were printed with filaments composed of different materials. Motors and propellers were selected according to the drone load capacity, the sensors, the stability control and the teletransmission system. The system is very versatile and different gas sensors can be added such as for detect SO2 and H2S. The flight can be controlled manually by remote control, or autonomously by a programmed flight plan. Method The implemented methodology was aimed at: 1) developing a drone (mobile robot) with an eNose system carrying capacity; 2) the testing of analytical capabilities of the assembled system by conducting studies in semi-field conditions (small spaces under controlled conditions). Once these objectives have been met, an area or region of interest may be explored to sample pollutants and to obtain their distribution map. Results in different project stages contribute to the development of new technologies relevant to environmental chemistry Drone structure parts were manufactured using a 3D printer. Drone arms rigidity tests were performed. The weights of each arm must be constant, the tubular arms oscillate less than the rectangular ones, so the former was chosen. This improved the structural rigidity of the drone. The electronic controller had to compensate for vibrations, therefore, it was essential to have more rigidity. The selected design allows to be printed without support material, and can accommodate a 3 cells 6000 mAh or 4 cells 4200 mAh LiPo battery. In addition, it is possible to put a camera and / or sensors in their compartments. Four Readytosky model 2212 of 920kv motors and suitable propellers were selected. A Pixhawk PX4 Autopilot PIX 2.4.8 32-bit flight controller was chosen because of its benefits: it has a real-time operating system (RTOS), multiple communication interfaces, a backup power system, manual and automatic flight modes and the ability to record flight data on an SD card. The chosen kit also includes a GPS module and telemetry. The connection with the drone is done through a Radiolink AT9S 2.4G 9CH transmitter. The gas detection system (eNose) to be mounted on the drone consist of a plate containing the gas sensors, the electronics for sensors measurements and an Arduino Nano 3.0 microcontroller. It processes the obtained signals. Data is analyzed on a PC with user friendly pattern recognition software which has a GUI that allows to pick between the following algorithms: PCA, Fisher and linear classifiers [4][5]. The sensor array consists of 6 Microsens MOS type gas sensors. Part of this arrangement consisted of three MSGS-3000i sensors. The MSGS-3000i Gas Sensor detects carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ethanol and volatile organic compounds emissions. The remaining part of the arrangement consisted of three MSGS-3007i sensors. The MSGS-3007i detects NO2 in 0.05 to 5 ppm range. Due to the integrated sockets that the eNose possess, sensors could be easily changed to detect different compounds. The assembled drone is shown in Fig. 1. Results and Conclusions The implementation of a drone eNose system would be one of the first in Argentina. It has the advantage of being a flexible system. This project was carried out with the objective of studying the negative environmental impacts arisen from volcanic eruptions. The technological innovations of this project could be applied to other fields of monitoring. For example, control of high risk of toxicity areas due to the emission of gaseous pollutants, inaccessible for humans.

Accident Prediction and Crash Recovery by using Car Black Box

In the desire of experiencing the taste of speed and not following the traffic rules many people are losing their lives in the road accidents. As they were happening far from the living areas the others will not be aware about these accidents and also due to lack of information regarding the accident, the medical facilities were also not able to reach them. To overcome these situations we have designed a GSM-GPS based intelligent vehicle tracking system using Raspberry Pi controller. This system consists of light sensor, MQ135 Alcohol sensor, temperature sensor, accelerometer, video recorder, limit switch sensor, GPS and GSM modems to prevent vehicles from collisions and alert while colliding. All the sensors are connected to the Raspberry pi controller. In addition to this an SD card is provided to collect and save the data from the sensors. We can recover this data from this SD card to know the reason behind the accident and can avoid it from happening again. When an accident is occurred the information about the accident will be sent to the preregistered number through an sms. The main feature of this system is whenever the sensors records a value beyond the specified value whether it is about crossing the lane line, not wearing seat belt, the driver is drunk, or reaching close to the other vehicles etc.., an alert message will be sent to the preregistered number.

Humidity reliability of commercial flash memories for long-term storage

To investigate the feasibility of flash memory reliability in an environment for the application of long-term data storage, temperature and humidity acceleration tests have been carried out for commercial flash memories. Nine commercial 16GB SD cards with conventional package were kept in a test chamber of 85 °C/85%RH for up to 3040 h and we checked the write/read operation using free software “Check Flash” after the storage test. The lifetime against humidity is predicted by the power law humidity model (Peck model), which is widely used for the lifetime prediction, assuming the average parameters such as humidity acceleration factor (n) and activation energy () from the literatures. Although further studies to assure the reliability, the results indicate that commercial flash memories preliminary have the feasibility of a long-term storage media over 100 years.

Development of Alternating Current (AC) Line Monitoring Device for Power System Management

This work presents a study of the effect of imbalance between the supply of and demand of power from the National grid on electrical appliances. In the study, an alternating current (ac) line monitoring device was developed using arduino microcontroller to carry out the investigation. The device is a single system capable of measuring both the main frequency and nominal voltage of electricity supply. The device consists of seven major components: 12 V step-down transformer, half-wave rectifier, attenuator, wave-shaping circuit, arduino microcontroller, Liquid crystal display and micro SD card. The heart of the device is the arduino microcontroller that reads the period of the pulses from the shaping circuit and the output voltage from the scale resistor connected to the attenuator circuit in order to measure the levels frequency and voltage of the ac main source. By graphically compared the reading of the voltage obtained by the ac monitoring device with that of the standard Mastech voltmeter, it was shown that the device has a good correlation with the standard voltmeter with a deviation of ±0.21%, and this has proven that the device is capable of measuring ac voltage accurately. From the frequency test level results, it was found that the frequency measured by the device closely related to the frequency measured by the standard frequency meter. This shows that the device satisfied the requirement of the overall design. Hence, it can be used in the laboratory for demonstration and research purposes as well as in power plant industries.
 Keywords: Mains frequency, nominal voltage, half-wave rectifier, attenuator, wave-shaping circuit, Arduino microcontroller

Research on embedded file management system based on Forth virtual machine

In view of the lack of file management mechanism in the current embedded Forth operating system, a file management system is proposed in this paper. Embedded Forth system in astronomy, image processing, artificial intelligence has a wide range of applications, such as is the current popular embedded Forth system cannot be updated online, on-line modification and online programming problem, this subject adopts Forth, delayed word virtual machine technology, build operating system based on embedded Forth file management system of the SD card, to write a Forth system with SD card drive function, Forth buffer management, dynamic load, the editor’s build, complete Forth communication between the system and the SD card, load the related data from SD card, Make changes in the Forth system and save them to an SD card. To build a small file management system in the embedded Forth system and realize online editing, loading and updating in the embedded system.

Brain Computer Interface for Communication and Control of Peripherals and Appliances

The concept is designed to improve upon the recent developed system, utilizing auditory steady state response (ASSR) as a basis for the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) paradigm. It utilizes the classification of signals through a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) before the actual transmission to reduce overhead at the processing system. The electroencephalogram (EEG) obtained from the subject is through a p300 based EEG receivers. A compression algorithm is used to reduce the bandwidth usage and provide a quicker transmission of the large and continuous EEG. An Arduino board along with a proximity sensor is used to detect the presence and distance of the subject and consequently control playback of a single frequency audio signal, which as received by the user, is used for producing the EEG signals. A continuous focus of the user is required on the playback of the single frequency sound to produce a sizeable reading. At the receiving end, another Arduino board is installed with an SD card module, which contains the commands, responsible for the actual control of the devices. The concept can be utilized for various purposes from controlling IoT based systems to wheelchairs and hospital beds as well as bionic limbs, which however are limited due to the overall bulk of all the equipment currently required. The main aim of this paper is to propose an improvement in the transmission, reduction the latency of the signals and to provide a concept for utilization by the handicapped or physically impaired patients. Since the EEG is obtained through the inner ear of the subject, it completely eliminates any need for invasive surgery and provides a simplified solution. Developments have shown to be able to achieve over 95% of accuracy in the domain, currently limited by length of the EEG required in order to process the actual commands from the subject’s brain.

Multi-Channel Data Acquisition System Based on FPGA and STM32

In order to realize the acquisition and storage of underwater acoustic signals for aiming at the requirements of multi-channel, low power consumption and small volume for underwater receiver extension of sonar system, a multi-channel signal acquisition and storage system based on FPGA and STM32 with variable number of working channels and sampling frequency is designed, in which the system is consisted of 8 pieces, 8 channel and 24 bits high dynamic range Δ-Σ ADS1278 ADC chip to synchronous multi-channel analog signal acquisition. FPGA, as the acquisition sequence and logic control, reads and collates the ADC chip data and writes it into the internal high-capacity FIFO, and adds corresponding operations according to the characteristics of FIFO in an application. SMT32 single-chip microcomputer reads the FIFO data through the high-speed SPI interface with FPGA and writes the multi-channel data into the high-capacity SD card. The testing results have verified that the system has characteristics such as stable and reliable, easy configuration, low power consumption, can guarantee the multichannel data serial transmission, storage, accurate, up to 64 analog signals at the same time the real-time collection and storage, top 20 kHz sampling rate, the system total power of the system of about 3W, data rates up to 100 Mb/s, fully meet the needs of underwater sound acquisition system.

Footprint-Based Health Monitoring Database using Raspberry PI

The health monitoring of the person can be done in the different ways. The health of the patient can be determined by the image processing technique. The biometric parameters can gather the details of the health condition of the patient. The digital image processing can be applied in the various filed such as medical, geology, research etc., In this paper they proposes the foot print technology this can capture the foot print of the patient by using the web cam. The captured image can be analyzed by using the shape and the dimension analysis. The foot print can reads the each person identity. Based upon the identity and the numbers the image processing system is implemented. It uses the raspberry pi as the main part. The data which is captured by the web cam can be stored in the SD card. The data allocation is done in the memory path. The classification of the data is takes place by using the data separation algorithm. The color analysis can takes place a significant place based upon the color we can able to classify the foot print and makes it for further analysis. There are several steps can be took place the image acquisition, edge detection, feature extraction, pattern recognition, pattern matching. The matched image can be provided as the better result. Based upon the result the health condition can be predicted. This method is highly effective and accurate when compared to other method.

Identification of the Students Learning Process During Education Robotics Activities.

This paper presents the design of an assessment process and its outcomes to investigate the impact of Educational Robotics activities on students' learning. Through data analytics techniques, the authors will explore the activities' output from a pedagogical and quantitative point of view. Sensors are utilized in the context of an Educational Robotics activity to obtain a more effective robot–environment interaction. Pupils work on specific exercises to make their robot smarter and to carry out more complex and inspirational projects: the integration of sensors on a robotic prototype is crucial, and learners have to comprehend how to use them. In the presented study, the potential of Educational Data Mining is used to investigate how a group of primary and secondary school students, using visual programming (Lego Mindstorms EV3 Education software), design programming sequences while they are solving an exercise related to an ultrasonic sensor mounted on their robotic artifact. For this purpose, a tracking system has been designed so that every programming attempt performed by students' teams is registered on a log file and stored in an SD card installed in the Lego Mindstorms EV3 brick. These log files are then analyzed using machine learning techniques (k-means clustering) in order to extract different patterns in the creation of the sequences and extract various problem-solving pathways performed by students. The difference between problem-solving pathways with respect to an indicator of early achievement is studied.

Sound Source Localization in Wide-Range Outdoor Environment Using Distributed Sensor Network

Sound source localization has always been one of the most challenging subjects in different fields of engineering, one of the most important of which being tracking of flying objects. This article focuses on sound source localization using fuzzy fusion and a beamforming method. It proposes a new fuzzy-based algorithm for localizing a sound source using distributed sensor nodes. Eight low-cost sensor nodes have been constructed in this study each of which consists of a microphone array to capture sound waves. Each node is able to record audio signals synchronously on an SD card to evaluate different algorithms offline. However, the sensor nodes are designed to be able to estimate the location of the sound source in real-time. In the proposed algorithm, every node estimates the direction of the sound source. Moreover, a calibration algorithm is used for extracting the orientation of sensor nodes to calibrate the estimated directions. The calibrated directions are fuzzified and then used for localizing the sound source by fuzzy fusion. An experiment was designed based on localizing a flying quadcopter as a moving sound source to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The flying trajectory was then estimated and compared with the target trajectory extracted from the GPS module mounted on the quadcopter. Comparing the estimated sound source with the target location, a mean distance error of ${6.03}{m}$ was achieved in a wide-range outdoor environment with the size of ${240}\times {160}\times {80} \,\,{m}^{{3}}$ . The achieved mean distance error is reasonable regarding the mean precision of the GPS module. The practical results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in localizing a sound source in a wide-range outdoor environment.

Development of a low-cost UAV-based system for CH4 monitoring over oil fields

ABSTRACT The recent booming of oil and gas production in the U.S. sparks a growing concern about greenhouse gas emissions from the petroleum industry. This study aimed to develop a low-cost UAV-based system for CH4 monitoring over oil fields. The system consisted of an airborne sensor node, a ground station, and a laptop. The sensor node was comprised of low-cost gas sensors, a microcontroller, a LoRa wireless transceiver, a GPS module, and an SD card reader. The ground station included a microcontroller and a LoRa transceiver. Both the sensor node and the ground station were programmed using Arduino. A graphic user interface was created using LabVIEW for data logging and visualization on the laptop. A preliminary test showed that the system was capable of measuring CH4 concentrations, along with temperature, humidity, and GPS location; while sending the real-time data to the ground station up to ∼1 km away without any loss. The system was further tested at two oil production sites in North Dakota. The results revealed a heterogeneous distribution of CH4 over the sites due to flares and road traffic, demonstrating a potential application of the system for air quality survey and gas leakage detection. The advantage of this system lies in its light weight (∼540 g), low cost (∼$300), expandability, ease of deployment and operation. Data quality collected by the system depended on the gas sensors chosen. With advancement in sensor technologies, it is expected that the quality of monitoring data can be considerably improved in the near future.

Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBee

This paper presents low cost-effective weather station with monitoring system by using ZigBee communication technique that serves as a communication channel by using hardware and sensors to transmit and receive data in the weather station system. Using ZigBee over the Bluetooth for the short coverage distance about (1-10 m) and over the (WLAN) (wireless local area network) or Wi-Fi, a WLAN has limitation like delay, lacking BW of the handover of a large amount of data, and some areas have no internet coverage. The system includes implementation and design for the weather station using Arduino Uno board and five sensors gives sixth reading data (rain state, wind level, air pressure, dust density, temperature and humidity). The data can be stored in SD card on receiving (clouding and main processing side) from more than one transmitter node (ZigBee Network). It can be retrieved the data in any time and date. Results showed the system has no delay and the data reputedly changing ever second with the new reading.

Design of power factor meter using internet of things for power factor improvement, remote monitoring and data logging

<span>Nowadays, many residential and commercial buildings that used electricity needs to take care the power factor to avoid penalty from the utility companies. A power factor that is close to one provides a good indicator for the overall power quality. Therefore, power factor improvement plays a significant role to reduce electricity consumption and more efficient system operation. In this paper, the design of power factor meter using Internet of Things will be discussed. Voltage and current sensors outputs were interfaced to Arduino, in which the real power and apparent power were calculated to determine the power factor. Results showed the effectiveness of our proposed device in measuring power factor. Moreover, the measured data points were logged in an SD card and can be accessed by computer with Matlab graphical user interface (GUI). In addition, IoT framework analysis for smart meter which can provide power factor improvement, remote monitoring, and data logging was further discussed in this paper.</span>