Scout Camp Research Articles

Scouts, forests, and ticks: Impact of landscapes on human-tick contacts

Just as with forest workers or people practicing outdoor recreational activities, scouts are at high risk for tick bites and tick-borne infections. The risk of a tick bite is shaped not only by environmental and climatic factors but also by land management. The aim of this study was to assess which environmental conditions favour scout-tick contacts, and thus to better understand how these factors and their interactions influence the two components of risk: hazard (related to vector and host ecology) and exposure of humans to disease vectors. A survey was conducted in the summer of 2009 on the incidence of tick bites in scout camps taking place in southern Belgium. Joint effects of landscape composition and configuration, weather, climate, forest and wildlife management were examined using a multiple gamma regression with a log link. The landscape was characterized by buffers of varying sizes around the camps using a detailed land use map, and accounting for climate and weather variables. Landscape composition and configuration had a significant influence on scout-tick contacts: the risk was high when the camp was surrounded by a low proportion of arable land and situated in a complex and fragmented landscape. The distance to the nearest forest patch, the composition of the forest ecotone as well as weather and climatic factors were all significantly associated with scout-tick contacts. Both hazard- and exposure-related variables significantly contributed to the frequency of scout-tick contact. Our results show that environmental conditions favour scout-tick contacts. For example, we emphasize the impact of accessibility of environments suitable for ticks on the risk of contact. We also highlight the significant effect of both hazard and exposure. Our results are consistent with current knowledge, but further investigations on the effect of forest management, e.g. through its impact on forest structure, on the tick-host-pathogen system, and on humans exposure, is required.

SEANA Camp – Pax Hill Scout Camp

SEANA Camp – Pax Hill Scout Camp

İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin Çevre Tutumlarının İncelenmesi

Environment is a heritage from the past and an entrust for the future. Today environmental problems which continue increasingly have effected our lives. To determine the problems that created by humanbeings and to provide positive attitudes towards environmental protection can be seen as serious steps for problem solving. This study aims to examine the attitudes of primary school students towards environment in terms of gender, whether they live in a house with garden or not; they have pets or not, their schools have environmental clubs or not, if they are participated in the club activities or not, if they participate in the environmental or scout camps or not, whether they plant or not. Using the screening model the sample group consisted of 543 eighth grade students. Environmental Attitude Scale (CTO), developed by Atasoy (2005), is used as the data collection tool. Data were collected during the 2013-2014 spring term. In order to analyze the data t test was used. Results show that girls’ emvironmental attitudes are more positive compared to boys. However there is no significant difference between the scores of boys and girls towards environment in terms of living in a house with garden or not, having a pet or not, having clubs at school or not. Findings also show that students who participate in club activities have more positive attitudes towards environment compared to students who do not participate in. Students’ participation in a scout or environmental camp does not cause a significant difference on environmental attitudes. Besides there is no significant difference between the attitudes of the students who plant and do not plant

Healthy Living Interventions in a Residential Girl Scout Camp

Lifestyle habits developed in childhood often carry over into adulthood and that developing healthy habits at a young age can help prevent weight-related health problems later in life. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement an interventional curriculum based on nutrition, physical activity, and self-concept in adolescent girls to promote the development of healthy lifestyle habits. Ten girls between 11 and 14 years old (n = 12.5 ± 0.97) were recruited to participate in a five-day Girl Scout camp. Physical parameters were measured and each participant filled out a questionnaire regarding eating habits, nutritional knowledge, physical activity, and self-concept. Educational curriculum and activities corresponding to the above domains were incorporated into each day. Participants were guided in setting goals for healthy lifestyle changes over the coming months and provided with journals to track their progress. It was found that 60% of participants had a Body Mass Index (BMI) above the 85th percentile. All participants scored positive in self-concept, but a negative correlation was found between BMI percentile and selfconcept. Notable relationships were found between variables of nutrition, physical activity, and self-concept. Results suggested that the participants were of an important age range during which self-concept was still positive and was beginning to be shaped, indicating adolescence as a good time to intervene and influence positive self-concept through understanding the relationship of nutrition and physical activity on health.

Outbreak of leptospirosis during a scout camp in the Luxembourg Belgian province, Belgium, summer 2012.

An outbreak of leptospirosis occurred in the South of Belgium, during August 2012, in teenagers who participated in two consecutive adventure scout camps near the Semois river. Among the symptomatic patient population (ten scouts), clinical manifestations included headache (70%), myalgia (50%), fever (50%), bilateral conjunctival injection (50%), general malaise (30%), vomiting (20%), anorexia (20%) and cough (20%). Some of the cases presented elevated blood creatinine (40%), or proteinuria (30%). Three patients were confirmed by serology and one by polymerase chain reaction. Potential risk factors included direct contact with a muskrat and indirect contact with potentially contaminated environments including the river water. Prospective environmental investigation carried out near the river banks 2 weeks after the outbreak identified Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat) as one Leptospira sp. reservoir.

The Rowan Tree: The Lifework of Marjorie Edgar, Girl Scout Pioneer and Folklorist, With Her Finnish Folk Song Collection “Songs from Metsola.”

Songs of Camp Minnesota for Girl Scout Leaders (Zimmerman Print, 1925) contained twelve songs from diverse ethnic groups. her success at teaching singing at Girl Scout camps led to a request from the national organization to com- pile a ballad book, which she at first turned down but eventually published as Old Songs and Balladry for Girl Scouts (Girl Scouts, inc., 1930). these were not scholarly collections, but were designed for practical use. edgar collected and arranged songs from various published sources, as well as her own transcriptions. There was a complex relationship between the nationally recognized folklorist robertson and the local folklorist edgar. on the one hand, edgar was publishing, performing, and lectur- ing about this material herself, so she was some- what reluctant to share it, but also she knew the importance of national collection to preserve these local traditions. in the end, with edgar's help and cooperation, robertson made some of the earliest recordings of Finnish and Gaelic music from northern minnesota, preserved today at the library of congress. in the early 1940s, edgar was hired by the minnesota branch of the Federal Writers Proj- ect to work on a comprehensive history and ethnography under the title "iron men:

Edward O. Wilson: I Was Trying to Find Every Kind of Ant

Edward O. Wilson was born 10 June 1929 in Birmingham, Alabama. He is generally recognized as one of the leading biologists in the world, and is acknowledged as the creator of two scientific disciplines (island biogeography and sociobiology), three unifying concepts for science and the humanities jointly (biophilia, biodiversity studies, and consilience), and one major technological advance in the study of global biodiversity (Encyclopedia of Life). From an early age, he was interested in natural history, especially insects and reptiles. He partly blinded himself while fishing, when the dorsal fin of a fish cut his right eye, which later required surgery. His stereoscopy was lost, along with a diminished capacity to observe wildlife, but his left eye vision was 20/10 and this allowed him to see minute details on insects, which then became his passion. He served as nature counselor at a Boy Scout camp in Alabama and advanced to the rank of Eagle Scout. Wilson earned B.S. (1949, Biology) and M.S. (1950, Biology) degrees from the University of Alabama, and a Ph.D. from Harvard University (1955, Biology). Among more than one hundred awards Wilson has received worldwide are the U.S. National Medal of Science, the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (equivalent of the Nobel for ecology), the International Prize of Biology and Cosmos Prize of Japan, the National Geographic Hubbard Medal, and two Pulitzer Prizes in nonfiction. Wilson is a Founders’ Memorial Award recipient and Fellow of the Entomological Society of America. He is currently Honorary Curator in Entomology and University Research Professor Emeritus at Harvard University, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of London, and the Academy of Natural Science of Russia. I first met Wilson in 1996 when he gave a lecture at Iowa State University. Written questions were provided prior to the interview, which occurred by telephone. Pauses in his response are noted with an ellipsis (...) and retained for effect. This interview occurred 4 October 2013; Wilson was 84 years old. Rice: Dr. Wilson, thanks for the opportunity to conduct this interview. Wilson: You are welcome and please, call me Ed. I will try to be, or how shall I say... parsimonious...and not wander. But you just cover so much territory in the questions you sent that it is not easy for me to remain on the point.

ST93-Queensland community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone in France: outbreak in a scout camp and sporadic cases, July to August 2012

We describe the occurrence in France of a Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST93 clone, a predominant community-acquired (CA)-MRSA in Australia. In July to August 2012, an outbreak in a scout camp (n=3) and sporadic cases (n=2) of skin and soft tissue infections were reported. Investigations suggested importation of the clone through travel and onward transmission. This illustrates the epidemic potential of this lineage and the role of travellers in the spread of PVL-positive CA-MRSA.

How to Tar and Feather a Thief

How to Tar and Feather a Thief Rachel E. Pollock (bio) Neat scraps of skin hang clothespinned to a line. Thick daubs of something shiny and black besmirch each one, downy white feathers stuck smeared to the surface. The soft breeze capering in through three large casement windows stirs these fetishes like grim handkerchiefs. The laundry of vigilante justice. The taut rope, forefinger girthed, stretches the length of the steel-walled room on a sturdy wooden frame, pulley-rigged to hoist it up out of the way while its grotesqueries harden and cure. I haul the line and up it goes, belay it to a wall-mounted cleat. I smile at recollections of past lines belayed—the Girl Scout camp flag, the high school color guard, sailing on the Liberty Clipper. I’m no serial killer sicko; this North Carolina studio is not my abattoir. I make costumes, theatrical costumes, and these tiny waving flags of tarred and feathered flesh compose the first notes of a cloth requiem: over the course of the next month, my shop will make a tar-suit. The theater that employs me, a professional regional theater in residence at a prominent Southern university, will soon present the final show of its 2010–11 season, Big River, a musical based on Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The show builds towards its dramatic climax as Huck exposes a con man’s ruse and an angry mob of the bilked attacks. Tar-and-feather ’im! Tar-and-feather ’im! the crowd chants, shaking their fists as they pursue this man, known only as “the Duke.” Sometime later, Huck discovers the poor fellow, disfigured and suffocating, the crowd having made good on their threat. Cotton and silk jersey, matte spandex, a thin nylon mesh called Power-net—these are the fabrics that can mimic a victim’s flesh onstage. I have dyed [End Page 133] each swatch to a particular skin tone, the creamy praline color of a man. An actor. Let’s call him the Actor. The Actor will play the role of the Duke. We, meaning the production team and I, have researched this phenomenon, tarring and feathering, and scrutinized daguerreotypes and photographs of survivors of the atrocity, historic paintings depicting the act in progress. We have debated the color, consistency, opacity, and sheen of the stage tar desired, and considered the aesthetics of chicken versus turkey feathers. I have taped each fabric sample to a long strip of waxed paper, smeared a ganache of black silicone caulk onto each. My assistant then followed along behind, bag of feathers in nitrile-gloved hand, gingerly smushing one into each gooey blob. We have strung them up, our small, precise victims. Now we wait. Six Facts I Cannot Think About beyond the Task at Hand 1. Pine tar is a blackish-brown colloid at room temperature and gives off a compelling, sickly sweet odor, a scent reminiscent of caramel and gin. 2. A common waterproofing substance in the nineteenth-century maritime industry, vats of hot pine tar constantly boiled over shipyard fires awaiting numerous uses. 3. North Carolina, the state in which I reside, was the major producer and exporter of tar and turpentine in the nineteenth century, so much so that “tarboilers” was a pejorative term for its residents. 4. Tar boils at 60°C (140°F). 5. Burn injuries result when the skin temperature exceeds 44°C (112°F). 6. The exact circumference of the Actor’s hips is 38½ inches. Once we determine which fabric has the perfect combination of dyeability, stretch, and caulk retention, an artisan called a draper will draft a leotard pattern to fit the Actor’s measurements. Cut from the chosen cloth (Powernet will earn this honor), the pieces of the leotard will be stitched into a garment, which, if I’ve done my dye job correctly, will blend invisibly with the Actor’s actual skin. He has a name, the Actor. It’s Scott. This is both good and bad, I think, the fact that he goes by Scott. We are [End Page 134] already intimately acquainted, and for me that name carries uncomfortable baggage. When I say “intimately...

Invasion of a Southeastern Pine Savanna by Japanese Climbing Fern

Lygodium japonicum (Thunb. ex Murr.) Sw. is an invasive fern in the southeastern United States. This perennial fern, which produces twining fronds from underground rhizomes (Clarke 1936), is native to open forests and forest edges in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of eastern and southeastern Asia, East Indies, and northern Australia (Singh and Panigrahi 1984, Munger 2005, Willis et al. 2006). Lygodium japonicum was introduced to North America as an ornamental; the first known wild populations were recorded in Georgia in 1903 (Pemberton and Ferriter 1998), but this fern is now widespread in the southeastern United States. Japanese climbing fern occurs in human-modified habitats, as well as forests and woodlands (Langeland and Burks 1998, Rosen et al. 2003), where it often forms dense mats that grow on and cover native species (Gagnon et al. 2005, Zeller and Leslie 2004). Some management plans have emphasized the dearth of scientific data on invasions by climbing ferns (e.g., Ferriter 2001). Lygodium japonicum has been noted as present in pine savannas. Nonetheless, there is minimal documentation of invasion of pine savannas by this fern in the literature, although it has been designated a threat to southeastern pine savannas (Munger 2005, Stocker and Hupp 2008) and invasion of pine savannas has been hypothesized to be facilitated by fires (e.g., Wade et al. 2000). Pine savannas (sensu Platt 1999) have been reduced to less than 3% of their original extent by fragmentation and fire suppression, and most that remain are degraded (Platt 1999, Varner et al. 2005, Means 2006). Invasion by L. japonicum thus could have major consequences for these fire-frequented ecosystems containing species rich and endemic groundcover vegetation (Sorrie and Weakley 2006). Mesic pine savannas may be particularly vulnerable to invasion by L. japonicum. Lygodium japonicum tends to be intolerant of extreme drought and/or flooded conditions (Bargeron et al. 2008), suggesting that oldgrowth mesic pine savannas with mixed sandy-clay soils ideal for fern growth may be susceptible to invasion (e.g., the Wade Tract; Platt et al. 1988). Such pine savannas also tend to have pronounced biodiversity at small scales (Peet 2006, Platt et al. 2006, Carr et al. 2009). Might invasion by a species capable of forming mats on top of existing groundcover plants compromise the high biodiversity of mesic pine savannas? Lygodium japonicum has been present at Girl Scout Camp Whispering Pines in eastern (Tangipahoa Parish) Louisiana for more than two decades. This upland, mesic site, described in Platt et al. (2006), historically contained pine savannas with a two-layered physiognomy resembling that described in Gilliam et al. (2006). The overstory contained predominantly longleaf pine, Pinus palustris Mill. (Noel et al. 1998). Groundcover vegetation was dominated by warm-season grasses, especially bluestems [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash, Schizachyrium tenerum Nees], but also contained high biodiversity of herbaceous plants mixed with shrubs and lianas (Platt et al. 2006). Pine savannas at Camp Whispering Pines have experienced different land uses during the past century: logging in *email address: eleich1@tigers.lsu.edu Received June 8, 2010; Accepted February 18, 2011. CASTANEA 76(3): 293–299. SEPTEMBER 2011

A Qualitative Analysis of Interest in Camp

This study explored how interest in camp was formed in girls with littleprevious experience at camp. Basic Needs Theory (Deci & Ryan,2000) suggests that interest (i.e., feeling intrinsically motivated) inengaging in activities requires supports that meet individuals' needsfor autonomy, relatedness, and competence. A qualitative case studyapproach was used to explore the experiences of twenty-one 12 to 15year-old girls who attended a residential Girl Scout camp. We collecteddata through semi-structured interviews that were based on BasicNeeds Theory, yet remained open to other possible influences oninterest. The results showed that experiences of relatedness moststrongly influenced interest in camp. Additionally, interest in camparose from the setting of camp, namely engagement in new andunique experiences, feelings of flow, and connections with nature. Wediscuss implications for designing and implementing youth developmentprograms.

The consensus of local stakeholders and outside experts in suitability modeling for future camp development

With the emergence of geographic information systems (GIS), suitability analysis has become a modeling practice that facilitates the process of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) by simulating the suitability of a land unit in supporting a physical or socioeconomic phenomenon. To identify and quantify the contribution of various criteria for land-use planning, however, suitability modeling relies heavily on the expert knowledge in weight assignment. Little is known about at what rate the diverse input from outside experts and local stakeholders would propagate into the suitability model and come to a consensus. The objective of this study was to investigate the development of weight assignment and suitability modeling through iterative surveying between the local stakeholders and outside experts. This research surveyed eleven field experts about the areas best suitable for future development of a scout camp in Kalkaska, MI. The expert knowledge was consulted by using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and a direct method of weight table. The results of suitability modeling revealed that the weight assignment between the direct method and AHP method became more different as the survey progressed. It was also observed that the most suitable area for future development slowly emerged to a consensus between the outside experts and local stakeholders through iterative survey. This research illustrated the usefulness of the Delphi method within MCDM and highlighted patches of areas adjacent to the Grass Lake that are suitable for future development.

The Kindred Spirits of Pamela Duncan

The Kindred Spirits of Pamela Duncan George Brosi Pamela Duncan remembers that when she was growing up in small North Carolina towns, she thought of authors as being either dead or living in New York City. Nevertheless, she recognized herself in the stories she read about girls who became writers. I identified so strongly with writers in books and on TV. Jo March in Little Women, Anne in Anne of Green Gables, independent girls who grew up to be writers. I didn't know at the time that it meant I wanted to be a writer. I only knew I recognized them as kindred spirits. My daddy used to go around to the library when they'd be getting rid of books, and he'd bring me home boxes. And then John Boy Walton came along and would sit in his window writing on his tablet. I don't know if I wanted to be John Boy or marry John Boy. The first of three children born to Carl Jerome Duncan and Patricia Yvonne Price, Pamela Duncan comes from a long line of working-class mountaineers. Her father's people were from South Carolina, but he was raised in Buckeye Cove near Swannanoa, North Carolina. He graduated from Owen High School and worked first in a blanket factory and then, when Pam was a baby, joined the army. After he was discharged, he found work for the corrections department, first at the Craggy Correctional Center near Swannanoa and then moving the family to Shelby, at the edge of the mountains, to work at the Cleveland Correctional Center when Pam was seven. Pam's mother's people were from Madison County, North Carolina, high up in the mountains near the Tennessee line. Pam's maternal "papaw," Nealie Woodard Price, temporarily lived in Shelby for about a year as a boy when his family left Madison County in search of mill jobs. Nealie served in World War I, and when he returned to Madison County, married a local girl, Eloise Davis, then [End Page 20] only sixteen years old. They had eleven children, the first "set" in Madison County and the second set, including Pamela Duncan's mother, Pat, after they moved to Swannanoa to find factory work. Eventually both Nealie and Eloise got jobs at the Morgan Furniture plant (later Drexel and now defunct) and lived in "Morgan Village." Because he had been born in the 1800s, Nealie wanted very much to live to see the new millennium, but he died in 1999. He never had a birth certificate, but the family "reckoned" he was 106 years old when he died. Pamela Duncan's mother, Patricia Price Duncan, grew up in Swannanoa and graduated from Owen High School. Her first job was at the Kearfott plant in Black Mountain. After she got married, she worked at the Morgan Furniture plant where both her parents and a couple of her brothers worked. When she and her husband moved to Shelby, Pat got a job at J&C Dyeing, a textile mill supplier. Pamela Duncan's life changed dramatically in 1972. She was nine, and her brother, Kelly, was seven when a little sister was born in March. Then in June, their father was killed in a car wreck. Although raised by a single mother from then on, the family enjoyed the support of legions of kinfolks, especially Pamela's maternal grandmother, Eloise Davis Price, known to her as Nanny. In 1979, Pam graduated from Crest Senior High School, the same high school that graduated Ron Rash a few years earlier. She then enrolled at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, where she majored in journalism because she believed it was the only way to earn a living as a writer. During the summers she worked at Camp Golden Valley, a Girl Scout camp up in the mountains near Bostic, North Carolina, and during the school year, having been raised with a sister almost ten years younger, she was in demand as a baby-sitter. During her last two years at UNC, Pam worked on the Daily Tar Heel student newspaper, but journalistic writing never appealed to her, so, when she graduated...

Stratigraphy and sedimentation of the stratotype sections of the Catfish Creek Drift Formation between Bradtville and Plum Point, north shore, Lake Erie, southwestern Ontario, Canada

Dreimanis, A. & Gibbard, P. 2005 (May): Stratigraphy and sedimentation of the stratotype sections of the Catfish Creek Drift Formation between Bradtville and Plum Point, north shore, Lake Erie, southwestern Ontario, Canada. Boreas, Vol. 34, pp. 101–122. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483. The Catfish Creek Drift Formation is a significant and extensive lithostratigraphical marker unit in SW Ontario. Here the stratotype, exposed in the Lake Erie bluffs of the Plum Point-Bradtville (Grandview) area south of London, Ontario, Canada, is proposed. It consists of subglacial and proglacial sediments deposited at the beginning of the Nissouri Phase of the Wisconsinan glaciation. In the 2.5-km-long stratotype section, the Catfish Creek Drift consists of 9 members. Five of them, the Dunwich and Grandview I-IV members, mainly consist of till, with minor components of stratified drift. The Dunwich till was deposited by the Huron-Georgian Bay lobe, but the Grandview I-IV tills by the Erie lobe. The Zettler Farm Member consists of co-lobal till in the central part of the section and of a proglacial waterlain flow diamicton and a subglacial undermelt diamicton in the SW part. Three members consist entirely of stratified drift; the glaciolacustrine silty and clayey Waite Farm Member, the ice-marginal deltaic Oosprink Farm Member and the Boy Scout Camp Member — deposited by meltwater streams in subglacial channels. The sequence of interbedded till and stratified drift represents the oscillating advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the Lake Erie basin.

Outbreak of lepidopterism at a Boy Scout camp

Lepidopterism refers to moth- or butterfly-associated illness, including contact dermatitis, urticaria, and occasional systemic reactions. Lepidopterism outbreaks are rare. To investigate a lepidopterism outbreak associated with caterpillars of the Douglas-fir tussock moth (DFTM; Orgyia pseudotsugata) among Boy Scouts attending summer camp in New Mexico. Retrospective cohort analysis; environmental investigation. Attendees were primarily male (100/107; 94%) and less than 18 years old (82/107; 77%). Itch, rash, or hives were reported by 56 of 102 (55%) of campers. Patients were more likely to report direct caterpillar contact (relative risk [RR]: 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-5.5); playing a caterpillar-flicking game (RR: 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.4); and sleeping at campsite 6, where caterpillars were most numerous (RR: 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4). All patients recovered. Data on disease status and risk factors were collected retrospectively. Modifying behaviors associated with lepidopterism and avoiding areas of heavy infestation can reduce illness risk.

Noteworthy Collections: Alabama

Hamamelis ovalis S.W. Leonard (HAMAMELIDACEAE)Clarke County: collected 10.5 air km SSW of Grove Hill, just S of intermittent, unnamed tributary of Rabbit Creek, ca. 1.3 air km N of jet. with Maubila Scout Camp Road and Co. Rd. 19; 31°37'01N, 87°48'09W; 28 August 2009, B. R. Keener 5609 with W. K. Webb (UWAL, duplicates to be distributed to AUA, GA, FSU, NCU, TROY, UNA, VDB); collected ca. 0.5 km NE of eastern terminus of Edward Harrell Lake, ca. 1.1 km N of Maubila Scout Camp Headquarters; 31°37'06N, 87°48'41W; 28 August 2009, B. R. Keener 5598 with W. K. Webb (UWAL, duplicates to be distributed). Covington County: collected 3.1 air km WNW of Carolina, along private unmarked road ca. 1.3 km S of jet. with Co. Rd. 31 at Salem Church; 31°14'57N, 86°33'36W; 18 October 2009, B. R. Keener 5654 with W. K. Webb (UWAL, duplicates to be distributed). Monroe County: collected 10.5 air km SW of Vredenburgh, just E of unmarked road ca. 2.2 km N of jet. with River Ridge Road; 31°44'29N, 87°21'54W; 18 October 2009, B. R. Keener 5642 with W. K. Webb (UWAL, duplicates to be distributed). Significance. These collections represent the first report of this taxon from Alabama thus terminating endemic status in Mississippl. The distinctive Hamamelis ovalis is a species relatively new to science only being described in 2006 (Leonard). Before now, the type locality and some nearby small populations in Perry County, Mississippi were the extent of its known distribution. Of the newly discovered localities, Covington County is the most distant from the type locality extending the range ca. 241 km to

Structural Significance of L Tectonites in the Eastern‐Central Laramie Mountains, Wyoming

The formation of L tectonites is little understood and scarcely studied; however, it is probably an important part of plastic deformation in the crust. To improve our understanding of this strain phenomenon, I present a detailed case study of a kilometer‐wide domain of L tectonites developed in and around the ∼2.05‐Ga Boy Scout Camp Granodiorite (BSCG) in the Laramie Mountains, Wyoming. Detailed mapping and structural analyses allow for the reconstruction of the structural setting of this domain of apparent constrictional strain. Elongation lineations plunge moderately to the south‐southwest and lie parallel with both the local fold hinge lines and regional fold axes, whereas poles to foliation generally cluster in the northwest quadrant, roughly defining fold axial surfaces. Map‐scale folds are west‐northwest vergent, but at the outcrop and thin‐section scales, there is no evidence for a significant component of simple shear. Reconstruction of the orientation of contacts in and around the BSCG indicates that L tectonites have developed in the hinge zone of a large synform. Deformation fabrics die out to both the east and the west of the map area. These data indicate that the domain of L and $$\mathrm{L}\,> \mathrm{S}\,$$ tectonites is accommodating oblique extrusion of material parallel with the axis of folding between two relatively rigid crustal blocks. Correlation with other deformation fabrics in the central Laramie Mountains indicates that this structure probably developed during northwest‐directed contractional deformation during the 1.78–1.74‐Ga Medicine Bow orogeny.

European Gender Lessons

The article investigates the tensions between and within models of gender equality and gender complementarity by studying children who are in the midst of learning to apply these gender models in practice. Children (aged 11–15 years) were observed and interviewed while they participated in scout camps in Denmark, Portugal, Slovakia and Russia. Through structural and symbolic gender splits in spaces, positions, activities and competences, children create, reproduce and sometimes challenge the specific gender hierarchies of their culture: they learn the gender lessons of ‘heroes and mothers’, ‘soldiers and waitresses’, ‘father and child’ and ‘adult and boy’. The article is based on the project ‘One of the Boys? Doing Gender in European Scouting’.

Investigation of an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection caused by environmental exposure at a scout camp.

In May 2000 a scout camp was held on an agricultural showground in New Deer, Aberdeenshire. There were 337 campers at the event, comprising 233 cubs, scouts, and venture scouts, and 104 adults. The event was abandoned early because of heavy rainfall. Twenty campers who became ill between 28 May and 3 June were confirmed as having E. coli O157 infection. Preliminary investigation did not suggest a food vehicle but did indicate environmental exposure at the camp as a risk factor. Subsequent investigations supported the hypothesis that transmission of E. coli O157 was from the environment to cases by contaminated hands, either directly from hand to mouth, or via food. As a result of the investigation the Aberdeenshire Council and the Scout Association jointly prepared interim guidelines to reduce the risk of E. coli O157 infection at scout camps.

Long-term survival of Escherichia coli O157 on pasture following an outbreak associated with sheep at a scout camp.

To monitor the decay of E. coli O157 in soil (loamy sand) on a scout campsite following an outbreak in humans. Samples of soil and sheep faeces were collected from the campsite and tested for the presence of E. coli O157 by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) after enrichment in buffered peptone water + vancomycin at 42 degrees C for 6 h. Enumeration of target was carried out by direct plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefixime and tellurite (CTSMAC) incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Low numbers (< 100 g(-1)) were estimated by the most probable number (3-tube MPN) technique. Survival was observed for 15 weeks. A number of laboratory studies have followed the decay of E. coli O157 in soil, animal faeces and water. This study follows (for the first time) the decay of the organism in soil after an outbreak associated with sheep. It demonstrates the long-term persistence of the organism in the environment and the results will be potentially important in performing risk assessments for both human and animal infection.