Scientific Revolution Research Articles

Telaah Kritis Aksiologi Sains Modern Persepektif Naquid Al-Attas dan Implementasinya Dalam Komunikasi Ilmiah

The modern scientific revolution, which Thomas Kuhn said was caused by a shift in the scientific paradigm, brought major changes totechnological developments, especially in the 20th century. Apart from modern science bringing many benefits to humans, it turns out toobrings extraordinary side effects, including continuous natural damage and humanitarian disaster, as also statedby Naquib Al-Attas. The scientific challenges brought by Western culture have resulted in the development of modern science which is full of Western view of reality and truth. One of the elements of Western civilization is tragedy that shows the search the truth and nature and purpose of life are endless, so he is always in search, but never achieves what he wantssearching for. This perspective also influenced the development of modern science. This article attempts to explicitly highlight the effects aside from modern science, as well as Naquib Al-Attas's view of modern science from its axiological side. Method usedis an in-depth literature review. From this article it can be stated with certainty that the treasures of Islamic scholarship have providedfoundation for the development of knowledge, especially science. This is proven in the history of Islamic civilization, how the ulama and Muslim scientists provide clear signs in the development of science. One important aspect that needs to be considered is maqashid syari'ah for the development of science. The way of looking at nature as an object and humans as a subject must be referred to to the Islamic perspective of viewing reality and truth. Besides that, the paradigm of scientific development and progress Modernism must refer to a paradigm based on an Islamic worldview which emphasizes that development and progress are necessary focused on one constant thing, namely the purpose and meaning of human life as caliph on Earth. This frame of mind can become a reference for the scientific community to be able to truly play the role of caliph on Earth, so that they can prevent further natural damage and human disasters.

Diderot’s Vital Materialism

In what follows I examine Diderot’s chemically influenced vital materialism. Once condemned as “mechanistic,” materialism has had something of a renaissance in recent decades as scholars have rediscovered a tradition of “vital materialism” which they have opposed to older, cruder forms of the idea, e.g. materialisms full of life, affect, chimiatry, and transformation. Sometimes these rediscoveries have attached themselves to a figure of the past, like Margaret Cavendish’s metaphysics of active matter, or to a construct of the still-emerging future, like Karen Barad’s quantum physics-nourished “agential realism” present in all of matter. Another question concerns the extent to which these revivals of “vital” or “active-matter” materialism should be traced back to older Renaissance naturalisms. In what follows, I return to Diderot and the question of his “vital materialism.” Diderot draws both on older traditions, approvingly citing Van Helmont and gesturing towards a new chemistry of living matter and also speaks the language of scientific revolution, writing that “We are on the verge of a great revolution in the sciences.” In earlier work I sought to connect this language of revolution in the sciences to the emergence of biology as a science. Here I focus on his chemically charged materialism.

Hawking for everyone: commemorating half a century of an unfinished scientific revolution

This year marks half a century since Stephen Hawking made his greatest scientific discovery by theoretically proving that ‘black holes ain’t so black’, as they behave like hot bodies with an absolute temperature that depends inversely on their mass. This discovery is expressed by a simple and elegant equation known as the Hawking temperature. The best way to commemorate this great scientific event is by bringing it to a wide audience. The simplest and most transparent and intuitive tool to achieve this goal is dimensional analysis. The objective of this work is to use this tool to derive the Hawking equation, reveal its meaning, and explore its main physical consequences.

Open Science Under Debate: Disentangling the Interest on Twitter and Scholarly Research

Open science movement gains attention since it might enable a second scientific revolution that fundamentally changes research methods and standards across science. However, the discussion topics towards opens science both from the academia and the environments outside the scholarly communication process have not been formally identified. This paper contributes to that end by analyzing 145,716 open-science-related tweets and 3,200 research papers in Scopus from 2011 to 2022. The results show there is increasing interest about open science both on Twitter and from academia. There are similar foci for both the public on Twitter and the academia from Scopus, including cloud computing and COVID-19 pandemic. When the public on Twitter focus on open science events and citizen science, the scholarly research is more concerned about the detailed aspects and novel innovation in research. The findings might interest the policy-maker for offering evidence to facilitate open science policies and practices.

The Future of Environmental Engineering Technology: A Disruptive Innovation Perspective

Scientific and technological revolutions and industrial transformations have accelerated the rate of innovation in environmental engineering technologies. However, few researchers have evaluated the current status and future trends of technologies. This paper summarizes the current research status in eight major subfields of environmental engineering—water treatment, air pollution control, soil/solid waste management, environmental biotechnology, environmental engineering equipment, emerging contaminants, synergistic reduction of pollution and carbon emissions, and environmental risk and intelligent management—based on bibliometric analysis and future trends in greenization, low carbonization, and intelligentization. Disruptive technologies are further identified based on discontinuous transformation, and ten such technologies are proposed, covering general and specific fields, technical links, and value sources. Additionally, the background and key innovations in disruptive technologies are elucidated in detail. This study not only provides a scientific basis for strategic decision-making, planning, and implementation in the environmental engineering field but also offers methodological guidance for the research and determination of breakthrough technologies in other areas.

The Evolution of Medicine and Medical Law: From Ancient Civilizations to Modern Uzbekistan

Background: The development of medicine and medical law has evolved significantly from ancient times to the present, reflecting shifts in societal needs, scientific advancements, and ethical considerations. This review explores the historical progression of these intertwined disciplines, with a particular focus on Uzbekistan, tracing the contributions of key figures like Avicenna and examining modern healthcare reforms. Methods: A historical-analytical approach was employed, analyzing primary sources such as ancient legal codes, medieval medical texts, and Renaissance medical works, alongside secondary scholarly analyses. This method enabled a comprehensive overview of the evolution of medical practices and their corresponding legal frameworks. Results: The study reveals that medical law has consistently developed alongside advancements in medical knowledge, with each era introducing new legal regulations to address emerging challenges. In ancient times, legal codes established basic responsibilities for medical practitioners, while the Middle Ages saw Islamic scholars significantly influence global medicine. The Renaissance and scientific revolution brought about more formalized medical ethics, and modern times have seen the expansion of medical law to encompass issues such as patient rights and data protection. Uzbekistan's recent healthcare reforms, initiated in 2017, further illustrate the continuous evolution of medical law in response to technological advancements and societal needs. Conclusion: The history of medical law demonstrates its critical role in safeguarding public health by adapting to the changing landscape of medicine. The ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan highlight the importance of continually updating legal systems to address contemporary challenges, ensuring that healthcare remains effective, ethical, and accessible.

Что отличает традиционную индийскую эпистемическую культуру от классической эпистемической культуры Запада?

The paper presented to the reader’s attention pursues two goals. The first is a substantiation of the productivity of the concept “epistemic culture” (hereinafter – EC) as a tool of historico-philosophical intercultural research by the example of its application to the interpretation of the meanings of Indian logico-epistemological texts. The second is a demonstration of differences in understanding the purposes and ideals of cognition in traditional Indian EC, and in the Western classical EC with its scientific orientation. Wholeness of the foundations of traditional theoretical knowledge in India, and the leading role of religion in the process of its elaboration (1) led to a different understanding of the aims (2) and ideals (3) of cognition than those which took shape in Western theoretical knowledge, and which became the basis of the scientific revolution of the XVII century. The absence of the concept of the Divine Reason in Indian culture also prevented the formation in EC of the concepts of absolute (4) and objective (5) truth, human reason (6) and rationality (7) as criteria for the truth results of cognition. Indian philosophers placed the superintelligent comprehension (anubhava, pratibhāsa) (8) of the supreme truth (paramārtha) at the top of the hierarchy of cognitive abilities. The eight listed features of the Indian EC determined significant differences in the orientations of civilizational development in India and in the West: invariable orientation to the life “according to dharma”, getting rid of the suffering of the material world – in the Indian civilization, and to a material prosperous life based on technogenic development – in the West from the modernity.

Reinhold's "letters on kantian philosophy": their significance for Kant and german philosophy

The article is devoted primarily to the analysis of Reinhold’s Letters on Kantian Philosophy, published in the “Der Teutsche Merkur” (German Mercury) 1786-1787. The purpose of this analysis is to reveal the peculiarities of Reinhold’s interpretation of Kant’s philosophy, as well as the possibility of the influence of these letters on Kant's practical philosophy and the further development of German idealism in general. To more clearly define Reinhold's own position, the article turns to Reinhold's early works, written before Letters, as well as to the 1790 and 1923 editions of the Letters. Particular respect is given to three topics that are closely related to each other: “Why did Reinhold’s Letters bring fame to Kant?”, “To what extent was Reinhold an independent philosopher?” і “What kind of infusion did his Letters make into the development of Kant’s philosophy and German idealism?” The article proves that before 1786, Reinhold had, in general terms, formed a program for the reform of philosophy, which was critical in its nature and had a clearly expressed practical focus. However, Reinhold's criticism was closer to the criticism of the eclectics and Leibniz than of Kant: it was aimed at overcoming the limitations of the original points of view and assumed a deep knowledge of the history of philosophy. The main reason for the popularity of Reinhold’s Letters lies in his idea of the “scientific revolution” in Germany, which should have become an alternative to social revolutions in other countries of Europe. Formed in “pre-revolutionary” articles, this idea received its justification in the second edition of the Letters. It was the nationalist idea of transforming the Germans into a “nation of scientists”, that became the reason for the rise of national consciousness in Germany and attracted “thinking youth” to it Reinhold's program for the reform of all philosophical sciences from a generally valid point of view gave impetus and largely determined the further development of German classical philosophy: not only Fichte, but also Schelling and Hegel relied primarily on his program. The first edition of his Letters largely determined the main themes of the Critique of Practical Reason, and the second - the Metaphysics of Morals. The second edition inspired Kant to develop a system of criticism and the basic ideas of Kant’s philosophy of law.

Nepotism vs. intergenerational transmission of human capital in Academia (1088–1800)

We have constructed a comprehensive database that traces the publications of father–son pairs in the premodern academic realm and examined the contribution of inherited human capital versus nepotism to occupational persistence. We find that human capital was strongly transmitted from parents to children and that nepotism declined when the misallocation of talent across professions incurred greater social costs. Specifically, nepotism was less common in fields experiencing rapid changes in the knowledge frontier, such as the sciences and within Protestant institutions. Most notably, nepotism sharply declined during the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, when departures from meritocracy arguably became both increasingly inefficient and socially intolerable.

Study on the Evolution of the World Economy and International Cooperation in the Context of Carbon Neutrality

With the passage of time and the promotion of global eco-environmental protection concepts, the issue of the climate crisis has attracted the attention of all countries in the world and has become a hot topic characterized by ties. In recent years, major economies have announced their participation in carbon neutral activities one after another, actively implemented the carbon neutral targets, promoted international exchanges based on the concept of green and low carbon, deepened the degree of greening cooperation among countries, and met the needs of carbon neutral policy implementation from a strategic perspective. In the process of popularizing the concept of carbon neutrality, global economies have been able to participate in ecological and environmental protection activities together. Nowadays, there are certain changes in the global development pattern, and a scientific and technological revolution oriented to the goal of carbon neutrality has quietly arrived, and the world energy governance order has also changed. This paper analyzes the trend of the world economy in the context of carbon neutrality and the challenges of cooperation brought about by it, and puts forward the idea of participation in international cooperation from China's standpoint.

"Lethal Mutations" a Misnomer or the Start of a Scientific Revolution?

The aim of this paper is to review the history surrounding the discovery of lethal mutations, later described as delayed reproductive death. Lethal mutations were suggested very early on, to be due to a generalised instability in a cell population and are considered now to be one of the first demonstrations of "radiation-induced genomic instability" which led later to the establishment of the field of "non-targeted effects." The phenomenon was first described by Seymour etal. in 1986 and was confirmed by Trott's group in Europe and by Little and colleagues in the United States before being extended by Mendonca etal. in 1989, who showed conclusively that the distinguishing feature of lethal mutation occurrence was that it happened suddenly after about 9-10 population doublings in progeny which had survived the original dose of ionizing radiation. However, many authors then suggested that in fact, lethal mutations were implicit in the original experiments by Puck and Marcus in 1956 and were described in the extensive work by Sinclair in 1964, who followed clonal progeny for up to a year after irradiation and described "small colony formation" as a persistent consequence of ionizing radiation exposure. In this paper, we examine the history from 1956 to the present using the period from 1986-1989 as an anchor point to reach into the past and to go forward through the evolution of the field of low dose radiobiology where non-targeted effects predominate.

Embarking on the era in new medicine: reshaping the systems of medical education and knowledge

Abstract Recent revolutions in science and technology have driven human civilisation to an unprecedented level and have promoted the rapid development of modern medicine. New Medicine (NM) is proposed in response to the recent technological revolution and higher requirements for health. The characteristics of NM have been summarised using systems, holistic, intelligent, and precision (SHIP) paradigms. The development of NM has led to substantial changes in healthcare systems and related human resources. However, information regarding how current medical talent cultivation goals adapt to the developments in the era of NM remains unclear. Such adaptations may require a systemic revamping of the current medical education. Recently, medical educators have proposed the construction of New Medical Education (NME), but no unified consensus on its connotation and roadmap exists. Systematically understanding the core essence of NM and identifying the matched strategies of NME are crucial and will benefit future reform strategies that attempt to tackle potential challenges and achieve sustainable goals for medical services. Here, we aim to summarise the changes that have emerged in the field of medicine, how these changes affect the development of medicine, and how the field should prepare for the future medical education.

Cultural Self-confidence Path Analysis: Historical Background, Practical Logic and Promotion Strategy

In the process of modernization of China, cultural self-confidence is an important condition. Today, China has entered a new era, and the world and national conditions are undergoing profound changes. Against this historical background, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening, the international balance of power is undergoing profound changes, and conflicts and differences in world cultural concepts are becoming increasingly prominent. This paper studies the actual connotation and relationship of cultural confidence, and puts forward effective strategies to strengthen the socialist cultural confidence with Chinese characteristics in the new era.

Giorgio Armeno Baglivi - Reappraisal of a seventeenth century physician scientist

The seventeenth century was an exciting transformative period of creativity in the generation of new medical knowledge. It was then that the scholasticism of the past was formally replaced by the new spirit of inquiry, experimentation, quantification, and validation that had originated in the Scientific Revolution of the previous century. It was then that within the prevailing notions of iatromechanics that anatomical observations at postmortem were linked to clinical symptoms of diseases and launched the discipline of pathological anatomy, and when the introduction of anatomical experimentation and quantification that was reasonably analyzed launched the discipline of physiology. It was also then that iatrochemistry transformed the alchemy of the past into chemistry and launched the quest for the elements that constitute matter. It is in this creative environment that Giorgio Armeno Baglivi (1668-1707), a disciple of Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), was born, matured, trained and became a distinguished physician of the period. Reputed as a strict iatromechanist, careful scrutiny of the writings of Baglivi reveal a pioneering physician scientist with broader and more insightful views of the body in health and disease. He was a strong promoter of correlating postmortem findings to antemortem clinical symptoms of patients that would lead to the emergence of pathology and the nosography of disease. In dealing with the circulation, he was limited in addressing the composition of blood, but considered the maintenance of fluid equilibrium essential to normal bodily functions. He attributed acute diseases to changes in fluid composition and equilibrium, and their progression to chronicity to the solidification of those changes in affected organs observed at autopsy. It would take three centuries of investigation and technological developments to resolve these problems of homeostasis as we understand them now. The difficulties Baglivi faced in dealing with them is a classic example of the intellectual hardships that pioneers in the scientification of medicine had to toil with in the seventeenth century to bring medicine to its present stage of a scientific discipline rather than just another professional occupation.The seventeenth century was a transformative period when the concepts and methods of the Scientific Revolution that were developed in the previous two centuries were tested, verified, validated, enriched, and by the close of the century set the stage for the Enlightenment that followed. It was a time when new medical knowledge was made, exchanged, and spread. It was then that scholasticism was formally replaced by inquiry and forums for their consideration and evaluation created under the patronage of local authorities such as the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome in 1603, the Accademia del Cimento in Florence in 1657, the Royal Society of Medicine in London in 1662, and the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1666. It was a time that fostered the exchange of ideas by the distribution of relatively short, published tracts and by correspondence between its primaries, which by the end of the century evolved into the self-proclaimed “Republic of Letters” of the intellectual community that would blossom into the Enlightenment which followed. It was the time when the 1543 “Fabrica” (structure) of Vesalius (1514-1564) evolved and was incorporated into the “anatome”, “anatomia”, and “anatomica” in the title of the books and tracts published then (Fig. 1).

New horizons of law: from electronic jurisdiction to the model criminal code of the Metaverse

The Scientific and Technical Revolution 5.0 and Web 3.0 technologies create conditions for the renovation of various forms of social relations with the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies in the Metaverse. According to the proposed theory, legal regulation of social relations in the Metaverse requires the development of a comprehensive electronic jurisdiction based on the latest basic legislation. The formation of legal regulation of the Metaverse is a prerequisite for the need to form an electronic jurisdiction of the Metaverse, which will include sectoral Metaverse Codes. The Metaverse, as the electronic society of the future, does not yet have clear legal boundaries, and the task of scholars is to predict and outline with sufficient certainty the future contours of legal authority for virtual environments. Today, discussions in the scientific community about the feasibility and necessity of legal regulation of the Metaverse often revolve around several key issues. First, there is the question of what legal framework should be applied in the Metaverse and how to resolve conflicts between different legal systems. Second, there is a debate about whether current regulatory bodies in the physical world have the capacity to effectively regulate the Metaverse through existing laws and regulations. Third, there is the question of how to deal with offenses that occur in the virtual environment, and whether they should be regulated by existing tort or criminal law, or whether a separate cross-border electronic jurisdiction should be created. The regulation of social relations within the Metaverse should focus on one central goal: to clearly define the status of electronic entities, subjects, objects, establish their rights, duties and responsibilities, and define the different types of relations between virtual entities, subjects and objects within a particular Metaverse, as well as between different Metaverse within an electronic jurisdiction and in a cross-border context. A crucial component of Metaverse electronic jurisdiction is a Metaverse Model Criminal Code that will outline the norms and offenses applicable to analogue, mixed and electronic jurisdictions. This code will define the types of socially harmful acts or crimes, as well as the corresponding criminal penalties that will be applied within the Metaverse. The formation of the electronic jurisdiction of the Metaverse and the development of a Metaverse Model Criminal Code is a topical scientific and legal issue.

Research on Digital Economy Driving High Quality Development of China's Manufacturing Industry

As an important driving force of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change, the digital economy plays a key role in the high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry. This paper discusses in depth the profound impact of the digital economy on China's manufacturing industry, as well as the transformation and upgrading path of the manufacturing industry in this context. It is found that the digital economy has reshaped the value chain of the manufacturing industry through technological innovation, model innovation and organisational innovation, promoting the improvement of production efficiency and the optimisation of industrial structure. Driven by the digital economy, manufacturing enterprises have actively embraced digital technologies, such as cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence, etc., which have promoted product personalisation, servicing and networking, and realised the transformation from traditional manufacturing to smart manufacturing. In addition, the digital economy has spawned new growth points and industrial ecosystems, such as the industrial Internet and platform economy, which have further stimulated the innovation vitality of the manufacturing industry. Government policy guidance and support, such as the construction of digital infrastructure, the opening of data resources, and the creation of an innovative environment, have played an important role in promoting this process. However, the digitisation process also involves issues such as data security, privacy protection, and skills gaps, which need to be properly addressed by improving regulations and enhancing education and training. To summarise, the digital economy has opened up new space for the high-quality development of China's manufacturing sector, but it also poses new challenges. Manufacturing enterprises, the government and relevant stakeholders need to work together to seize the opportunities of the digital economy and deal with the complex issues brought about by digital transformation, in order to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth in the manufacturing sector. This will not only help the manufacturing industry to maintain its leading position in global competition, but will also inject a strong impetus into the transformation, upgrading and sustained prosperity of China's economy.

The philosophy of thomas kuhn: paradigms and scientific revolutions in islamic scholarship

The philosophy of thomas kuhn: paradigms and scientific revolutions in islamic scholarship

Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Evolutionary Appraisal.

A recent American Heart Association Scientific Statement and Presidential Advisory recognized a new syndrome, the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. This expands our understanding of what has been called cardiorenal syndrome by incorporating the pathophysiological interrelatedness of metabolic risk factors into the previous concept of cardiorenal syndrome. Importantly, perturbation of cardiac or renal physiology combines to produce significant detrimental outcomes. The cardiorenal syndrome is a significant part of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and contributes to health care cost, disability, and mortality. It is a vexing malady that has generated considerable interest. To understand the syndrome evaluation of its teleological origins is important. In life's beginning, eukaryotes acquired exocytosis for excretion, formed tubular secretory systems for clearance, and a mesenchymal nucleic acid vasoform for nutritional distribution. Those structures progressed to cardiovascular and renal systems of evolving organisms, whose migration to rivers and land imposed complex, coordinated, homeostatic roles to maintain intravascular stability. Tissue mineralization of vertebrate endoskeleton added renal calcium balance regulation, which in kidney failure results in cardiovascular calcification. Insight into cardiorenal disease can be traced to ancient Egyptian and Chinese medicine, through the Scientific Revolution, and into current insights regarding human physiology and pathophysiology. The post-World War II epidemic of cardiovascular mortality generated considerable information on cardiovascular disease, which being higher in patients with kidney disease, drew increasing health concerns. The cardiorenal syndrome was formally introduced in this setting with a focus on ultrafiltration to manage volume overload. An evolutionary review of insight into cardiorenal syndrome will help us better understand the new cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.

Implikasi Revolusi Sains Thomas S. Khun dalam Media Dakwah

Thomas Khun in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions argues that the paradigm shift from the old paradigm to the new paradigm produces scientific breakthroughs that are revolutionary, both partially and thoroughly. The paradigm shift occurs in several stages before the new paradigm replaces the previous paradigm. Islam continues to spread its teachings through various means, including utilizing electronic media such as radio and television. The shift to digital da'wah media affects the way da'wah activists organize, distribute and manage religious messages. This research is library research, which is research that uses literature in the form of books, articles, and the like. The result of this article is that a shift in the point of view or paradigm of da'wah media will occur when digital da'wah media proves to be more effective in achieving da'wah goals and can well meet the needs of the audience. This new paradigm is the result of the application of information and communication technology that is more interactive, participatory and decentralized in the dissemination of religious messages.

The Scientific Revolution of Evolutionary Psychology: Current Status and Future Directions. A Commentary on Zagaria (2024)

The Scientific Revolution of Evolutionary Psychology: Current Status and Future Directions. A Commentary on Zagaria (2024)