Scientific Research Research Articles

Recently, a major challenge in scientific research in nanomedicine has been effectively delivering medication to the local area of the disease or tumor. This approach aims to maximize clinical benefits while minimizing the side effects of the drug. Additionally, there has been a growing focus in modern medicine on photochemical and photothermal therapy for both malignant and nonmalignant tumors. The main goal of the research was to study the reduction process of silver ions on drug delivery nanoparticle - G4 PAMAM (polyamidoamine) dendrimers with different terminal functional groups, NH 2 and OH, using absorption spectroscopy and create new, stable nanosized metalorganic nanocomposites. For the reduction of silver ions, sodium borohydride was used. In the case of G4(NH 2 ) PAMAM dendrimer, the silver nanoparticles are created inside the dendrimer, while in the case of G4(OH) PAMAM dendrimer, the reduction occurs on the surface of the dendrimer. There were determined the adsorption rate constants and the adsorption energy of the silver atom on PAMAM dendrimers.

In the past decade, breast pathology in China has made significant progress in diagnostic standards, technological applications, scientific research, and discipline development. The histopathological diagnostic system has been continuously refined, with the implementation of relevant guidelines and expert consensus enhancing standardization and reproducibility of diagnostic results. Immunohistochemistry and molecular testing technologies have become increasingly sophisticated, with emerging biomarkers such as low HER2 expression and PIK3CA mutations gradually integrated into clinical decision-making, promoting the advancement of precision therapy. The application of digital pathology and image-assisted analysis has steadily expanded, providing new tools to improve diagnostic efficiency and consistency. The national breast pathology group has actively advanced the development of tiered diagnostic systems, workforce training, and public education, effectively strengthening diagnostic capabilities at the grassroots level. Looking ahead, the integration of multidimensional data, optimization of auxiliary diagnostic systems, and interdisciplinary collaboration are expected to drive the continued development of breast pathology in China.

This study presents the first systematic quantum chemical investigation establishing benchmark criteria for distinguishing coordination bonds from intramolecular chalcogen bonds in heavy chalcogen compounds. Through experimental and computational analysis of the tellurium(II) and selenium(II) dithiocarbamate complexes [Te(S2CNEt2)2] (1), [Se(S2CNEt2)2] (2), and [Se(S2CN(CH2)4)2] (3), we demonstrate that anisobidentate coordination arises from a bonding continuum combining covalent coordination and noncovalent chalcogen interactions. Using combined QTAIM, ELF, and RDG analysis, we established quantitative criteria for bond discrimination and discovered a diagnostic RDG method where coordination bonds appear without characteristic contours, while chalcogen bonds display blue regions at bond critical points. This work reinterprets secondary interactions as authentic intramolecular chalcogen bonds with LP(S)→σ*(Ch-S) charge transfer energies up to 39.7 kcal/mol. Results show shorter Ch-S bonds exhibit coordination (Te) and covalent (Se) characteristics, while longer contacts represent intramolecular chalcogen bonds with σ-hole signatures. Comparative analysis with the nickel(II) complex [Ni(S2CNEt2)2], where the ligands are isobidentate, validates covalent nature of the Ni-S bonds through different electron densities (ρ < 0.045 au for chalcogen bonds vs 0.0875 au for the coordination bonds). The methodology provides a framework for characterizing bonding regimes in heavy chalcogen compounds.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of the article was to study the influence of socio-psychological factors on the process of professional formation of future teachers of general education schools and to identify effective strategies to support and develop these students in the modern educational environment. Method To achieve this goal, a comprehensive methodology was applied, including the analysis of recent scientific research and literature on the topic, as well as the use of various methods of data collection. The approach included surveys, observations, and interviews with teacher education students, experienced teachers and school administrative staff. A total of 150 teacher education students, 50 teachers and administrative staff, and 200 school students participated in the survey. Results The study revealed that career adaptation and the development of personal strategies are central to professional growth. Notably, 85% of students recognised the significance of practical experience, and 78% of those who participated in such activities exhibited greater professional confidence. Moreover, 52% acknowledged that mentorship programmes facilitated smoother professional integration. These findings underscore the importance of real-world experience and structured support mechanisms in the educational trajectory of future teachers. Conclusions The results suggest that practical experience and mentorship play crucial roles in the effective professional formation of future educators. The data collected provide a foundation for enhancing educational programmes and support systems aimed at empowering novice teachers and fostering their integration into the professional community.

The increasing number of retracted pediatric papers reflects a growing concern with a complex pattern and various determinants. Researchers and publishers should adopt strong regulations and guidelines to improve the integrity of scientific research, especially pediatric research. • Retractions in biomedical research have been increasing over the past decades, often due to research misconduct, plagiarism, or data fabrication. • Previous studies have analyzed retraction patterns across several medical specialties, but pediatric research remains underexplored despite its ethical and clinical sensitivity. • This is the most comprehensive analysis of retracted publications in pediatric literature, covering 590 articles from 1995 to 2024 and revealing distinct geographic, temporal, and publisher- and author-related patterns. • The study highlights a strong dominance of retractions from Asia-especially China-and shows that research misconduct and peer-review manipulation are the leading causes, underscoring the urgent need for stricter integrity measures in pediatric research.

Candida spp. has emerged as major fungal pathogens, especially in immunocompromised individuals, posing significant challenges in clinical settings. Their growing prevalence and increasing resistance to antifungal agents underscore the urgent need for systematic investigation into resistance mechanisms. Constant monitoring of resistance-associated mutations is essential to mitigate drug resistance and develop effective therapeutic strategies. We developed CanDRes, a manually curated, open-access resource cataloging mutations linked to antifungal resistance in Candida spp. Mutations were systematically compiled from published literature, focusing on those identified in drug-resistant clinical isolates. Each entry was annotated with gene-level information, drug associations, organism specificity, resistance mechanisms, and evidence-based validation scores. 3D structures of mutant proteins were developed and are available for download from the CanDRes database. CanDRes encompasses 1053 unique mutations across 56 genes from drug-resistant strains of 13 Candida spp., assessed against 19 antifungal drugs. The database also includes resistance mechanisms, protein sequences, predicted 3D structural models, and mutation plots. These data provide a valuable foundation for understanding molecular resistance patterns and for guiding therapeutic decision-making. Our study emphasizes the critical need to investigate antifungal resistance in Candida spp., which are among the most clinically challenging fungal pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms driving resistance to frontline antifungals can improve treatment strategies. CanDRes serves as a free and accessible resource for clinicians and researchers aiming to address antifungal resistance. Users can access CanDRes via https://candres.bicnirrh.res.in/ .

This study aims to analyze the implementation of health policies in the modern era by highlighting the sustainability dynamics of traditional health services amidst the dominance of modern healthcare systems. Using a bibliometric approach, this study explores scientific publications indexed in the Scopus database over the period 2019–2024. The analysis focuses on publication trends, dominant keywords, institutional collaborations, and country contributions related to the integration of traditional health services into national health policies. The findings reveal a significant increase in publications discussing integrative approaches, particularly concerning the formal recognition and potential of traditional services in supporting sustainable healthcare systems. Nevertheless, challenges such as regulatory inconsistencies, limited funding, and scientific validation continue to pose major barriers. This study recommends the formulation of more inclusive and adaptive health policies that accommodate diverse medical systems while prioritizing the effectiveness, safety, and accountability of healthcare delivery.

Patient and stakeholder engagement (PSE) in research is increasingly recognized as essential to producing relevant, ethical, and impactful health studies. While PSE has advanced in many fields, its application in osteoarthritis (OA) research remains poorly defined. This scoping review aimed to map the landscape of patient engagement in OA research, identify existing models and frameworks, and assess their characteristics and implementation. Following the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (until March 2025). Eligible studies reported on active patient involvement-beyond participation-in OA research processes. Data extraction and synthesis were performed by independent reviewers. Of 64 screened records, seven studies met inclusion criteria. These studies highlighted varying degrees of patient involvement, ranging from consultative roles to active co-production. Key enablers included early involvement, clear role definition, adequate training and compensation, and mutual trust. Reported benefits included improved study design, increased relevance and adherence, and enhanced dissemination. However, engagement remained inconsistent, particularly in translational research, and challenges persisted around inclusivity, resource allocation, and methodological standardization. PSE in OA research offers considerable promise but remains underutilized. Structured frameworks and institutional support are needed to move from tokenistic inclusion toward meaningful, equitable partnerships. Patient engagement can humanize research, reduce waste, and bridge the gap between scientific inquiry and lived experience, particularly crucial in chronic, heterogeneous conditions such as OA.

ABSTRACT Large‐scale multi‐objective optimization problems (LSMOPs) are characterised by concurrent optimization of multiple conflicting objectives and no fewer than 100 decision variables. They widely exist in the fields of practical engineering and scientific research. Over the past decade, many large‐scale multi‐objective evolutionary algorithms (LSMOEAs) have emerged to address LSMOPs. This paper systematically reviews and comprehensively analyzes the ideas, advantages, disadvantages, and latest developments of these LSMOEAs. Firstly, it introduces the relevant concepts of LSMOEAs. Then classify them into four categories: decision variable grouping‐based LSMOEAs, non‐grouping dimensionality reduction‐based LSMOEAs, effective offspring generation‐based LSMOEAs, and learning models‐based LSMOEAs. It analyzes representative algorithms in each category, elaborating on their core strategies, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, it explores the applications of LSMOEAs in computer vision, like tackling pixel‐level correlation, high‐resolution feature redundancy, dynamic target tracking, and complex visual modelling. This paper provides readers with a comprehensive and systematic overview of LSMOEAs, serving as a valuable reference for both researchers entering this field and practitioners seeking to select appropriate algorithms for practical problems.

It is well established that various pre-harvest factors significantly influence the post-harvest quality of fruits and vegetables. These factors include location, season, light, radiation and temperature exposure, farming systems, salinity management, water availability, plant nutrition, biostimulants, inoculants, and soil management. Each year, scientific research generates extensive and interconnected insights into these aspects. This review aims to consolidate recent studies on environmental influences, mineral nutrition, and pre- and post-harvest control strategies while highlighting previous important reviews to provide readers with complementary information. This integrated approach seeks to enhance understanding and improve the quality and sustainability of fruit and vegetable production.

Molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) represent a promising class of synthetic recognition elements with growing potential as robust alternatives to antibodies in diagnostic and sensing technologies. Despite widespread use, limited attention has been given to how solid-phase synthesis parameters, particularly the nature of the solid support and template identity, affect nanoMIP composition and function. Herein, we present a systematic investigation comparing popular glass bead and magnetic nanoparticle solid-phase protocols for nanoMIP synthesis targeting protein templates bovine haemoglobin (BHb) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Using an identical functional monomer feed and surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based affinity assays, we demonstrate that the choice of solid-phase significantly influences particle size, yield, and binding affinity, with nanoMIPs synthesized on glass beads exhibiting up to a tenfold enhancement in binding performance compared to those produced on magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, 1H NMR analysis reveals substantial deviations between initial monomer feed ratios and final polymer compositions, with polymer structure being highly dependent on both the solid phase and template characteristics. These findings highlight the importance of rational nanoMIP design, by challenging assumptions of uniform polymer composition and revealing how template and solid-phase interactions shape material properties. Our work establishes a framework for engineering high-performance synthetic receptors with tuneable properties and offers key insights for the optimisation of nanoMIP-based applications and sets new benchmarks for material consistency, reproducibility, and potential commercialisation.

Here we report a systematic investigation of the stereodirecting effects of a remote 6-O-ortho-cyanobenzyl ether (BCN) group in glycosylation reactions with a glucosyl donor. These reactions exhibited dual stereoselectivity dependent on acceptor nucleophilicity: weak nucleophiles predominantly yielded α-glycosides, while strong nucleophiles produced β-glycosides. DFT computations revealed that the 6-O-BCN cyano group forms hydrogen bonds with both types of acceptors, mediating nucleophilic attack on covalent α- or β-glycosyl triflates through an SN2-like mechanism. The acceptor-dependent stereochemical outcomes result from the combined effects of differentiated reactivity of the covalent triflate intermediates and the noncovalent hydrogen bonds. We demonstrated the utility of this stereoselective glycosylation method through the efficient synthesis of a 4,6-O-branched α-hexaglucan using glucosyl donors containing 2-O-, 4-O-, or 6-O-BCN functionality, showcasing its effectiveness for challenging iterative α-glucosylation reactions.

The belief in science's inherent self-corrective nature has been challenged by growing concerns over research integrity violations, leading to heightened scrutiny of scientific processes. Examining 40 years of discussions in Science and Nature, this article explores how debates on issues around research integrity reflect important shifts in the very meaning of 'scientific self' when speaking about the self-corrective capacity of science as well as evolving 'geographies of responsibility' within the research system. These journals-key voices in science and policy discourse-offer a lens to explore these processes of gradual transformation. We identify key narrative threads and turning points in understanding who is accountable for ensuring research integrity-extending beyond individual researchers to include institutions, funding bodies, journals, and whistleblowers. The analysis highlights how the scientific community has progressively reassembled its self-image, adapting to complex systemic challenges while engaging diverse stakeholders. These narratives, we argue, do more than document instances of transgressions of good scientific practice: They map broader transformations in the research ecosystem, revealing changing values, roles, and expectations. By analysing these shifts, we offer new insights into the interconnections between integrity concerns and systemic change, and into the conditions necessary for fostering responsible research practices and sustaining (public) trust in science.

This study aimed to determine the current prospective strategies for diagnosing and treating cold urticaria based on the history of its research since the 19th century. The study analysed relevant scientific sources, and the main historical milestones of cold urticaria research were identified. Based on the results, a chronology of scientific events was established that formed the modern understanding of the pathogenesis of cold urticaria and contributed to the development of diagnostic and treatment methods used in contemporary clinical practice. Throughout the 19th century, scientists formulated the concept of cold urticaria as an allergic reaction, identifying a causal relationship between exposure to cold and a patient's skin reaction. They expanded this understanding by describing the symptoms, triggers, and mechanism of development, and establishing the hereditary nature of the disease. The technological capabilities of the 20th century significantly improved the level of research. The results obtained have demonstrated the scientific processes that have become the basis for the introduction of existing approaches to the treatment of cold urticaria and have expanded the potential for the development of fundamentally new therapeutic strategies in this area.

Conserving natural ecosystems requires consistent and standardized biodiversity data to advance scientific research and ecological understanding. Despite several national initiatives to develop databases of species habitat suitability maps, even well-studied countries often lack comprehensive, standardized databases that cover a wide range of taxonomic groups modelled using a consistent framework. Using Switzerland as a case study, we demonstrate how these gaps can be addressed by introducing SDMapCH (v1.3), a nationwide raster database of species habitat suitability maps at 25-meter resolution. SDMapCH provides maps for about 7,500 species under both present conditions and future climate scenarios. SDMapCH was developed using the N-SDM software, an end-to-end platform based on a spatially-nested hierarchical framework. N-SDM allows multi-level integration of species and covariate data, helping to address niche truncation. SDMapCH outputs were evaluated using a state-of-the-art cross-validation procedure, and all layers passed a systematic data integrity check. By providing standardized, high-resolution habitat suitability maps for diverse species across various taxonomic and functional groups, SDMapCH stands as a key resource for scientific research and biodiversity assessments.

The article analyzes the progressive role of higher education in ensuring economic growth and sustainable development of the state, especially in conditions of crises and dynamic changes in the world landscape. It is emphasized that in order to overcome crisis phenomena and build an innovative economy, it is necessary to significantly increase the educational level of the population, as well as use the experience of highly developed countries, in particular in the field of qualified migration. The author notes that the traditional model of education, focused on the transfer of knowledge, is insufficient to solve the complex problems of sustainable development. Based on his own pedagogical experience, the thesis is put forward about the need for higher education institutions to transition from simple informing to the formation of competencies on the basis of interdisciplinarity, action orientation and value aspect. The central part of the study is the analysis and justification of innovative pedagogical approaches that effectively integrate the principles of sustainable development into the teaching of psychological and pedagogical disciplines. The scientific research is focused on the implementation of effective innovative approaches to teaching psychological and pedagogical disciplines in higher education institutions through the prism of sustainable development, namely: project-based learning (PBL), service-learning, gamification and simulations, and the use of ICT. Examples of educational and creative tasks for students of the specialty «Preschool Education» are given, which are used when teaching professional psychological and pedagogical disciplines and are aimed at solving problems of sustainable development.

Since ancient times, Chinese medicine has had a profound cultural heritage. From the very beginning, Chinese medicine has focused on research related to medical humanities, with a particular emphasis on medical methodology and philosophy. On the path of medical development in China, Chinese doctors value and comprehend the "Way of Medicine", and the "Wuwu View" is one of the important philosophical thoughts of medicine proposed by the orthopedic scientist Zhang Yu, which is the "philosophical view and methodology of medicine". The teaching of medical undergraduate students integrates the philosophical thinking of "Wu Wu Guan", promoting innovation in clinical practice and avoiding the path of "mediocre doctors misleading people". This inspires medical undergraduate students to have good medical philosophy thinking and methodology in clinical, scientific research, and teaching aspects of their careers, enabling them to continuously improve and develop innovation in their medical professional field through the combination of "good service and good understanding".

Groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW), two crucial factors in the water cycle, are often viewed in an artificially segmented way within scientific research, resulting in insufficient interactions between them, especially in areas in which frequent SW–GW interactions occur [...]

Space technology, a frontier of global scientific innovation, is crucial for competitive edges and national tech innovation. Amid intensified international competition and rapid technological change, scientifically evaluating a country’s Scientific and Technological Strength in Space Technology (STSST) is vital. A model is innovatively proposed in this study called “Analytic Hierarchy Process-Maximum Entropy-Induced Ordered Weighted Average (AHP-ME-IOWA)” for the assessment of STSST. First, an STSST assessment indicator system is developed with four sub-dimensions: scientific research, industrial operation, innovation output, and policy resources. Second, the AHP model is used to convert experts’ qualitative judgments on indicator importance into initial individual weight vectors. Subsequently, the IOWA operator is employed to aggregate these individual weight vectors, thereby mitigating the impact of outliers and enhancing the robustness of the weights. Specifically, the weights are reordered using the cosine similarity between each expert’s weight vector and the temporary group mean as the induced value. Position weights are then determined via the ME method, and consensus weights are derived through re-aggregation. A systematic evaluation of the United States’ STSST was conducted using this method. The results show that the United States achieved a comprehensive STSST score of 8.73 (out of 10), which is in line with the actual situation, thereby providing empirical validation for the proposed method.

It is a moment of great pride to present the first issue of the Journal of Saidu College of Dentistry (JSCD). This journal reflects our shared vision to promote scientific thinking, clinical excellence, and research culture within the dental community. Dentistry today is not limited to treating teeth — it is about understanding how oral health affects overall well-being. With rapid progress in biomaterials, digital dentistry, and preventive care, dental professionals must stay informed and base their decisions on the best available evidence[1,2]. Through JSCD, we aim to provide a platform where clinicians, researchers, and students can share knowledge that improves patient outcomes and strengthens dental education. This inaugural issue brings together original research, clinical case reports, and review articles that highlight both innovation and practical relevance. Each contribution demonstrates the hard work of our authors, the careful review by our experts, and the dedication of our editorial team. We encourage dental professionals and academicians across Pakistan and beyond to contribute to JSCD. By publishing honest, well-conducted research and clinical experiences, we can collectively enhance the standard of dental care and promote continuous learning in our profession. On behalf of the editorial board, I would like to thank all contributors, reviewers, and readers for their valuable support. Your participation and trust will help J SCD grow into a credible and respected scientific journal for the dental community.