Simulation-Based Mastery Learning in Endoscopy: Bridging Expertise Science and Competency-Based Training.

Endoscopy Education Grounded in the Science of Expertise and Simulation-Based Mastery Learning.

Shifting pharmacist medication counselling from directive monologue to collaborative dialogue using the CONNECT-6 framework: A mixed-methods pre-post interventional validation study.

Current estimates suggest that about 1.7% of the general population meets criteria for clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR), but Latinx individuals are more likely to be at higher risk due to factors that could inflate rates of symptomatology. Disparities in screening, access to services, and intervention for Latinx individuals at CHR persist despite calls to action. Through the lens of service utilisation models, the present narrative review builds on prior calls to action by summarising the literature and providing culturally sensitive recommendations for clinicians and researchers. Disparities include challenges in the identification of need for services by individuals and their social networks, the lack of culturally appropriate tools and interventions across community and specialty settings, and barriers to service retention and engagement. In response, recommendations include disseminating psychoeducational materials and programs to Latinx communities, creating norms for Latinx individuals for standard screeners and clinical interviews, increasing specialised trainings for providers in different settings, and making psychosis-related research in Latinx populations more accessible through open science practices.

Prior evidence suggests that journals requiring open data are associated with higher levels of data sharing in the published psychology literature. Data sharing policies are not, however, consistently implemented or enforced. The American Psychological Association (APA), in 2020, signed onto the Transparency and Openness Promotion Guidelines, which promote increasingly stringent data sharing policies. The current study examined self-reported data sharing in APA journals and whether stricter policies are linked to higher levels of self-reported data sharing. We assessed self-reported data sharing practices in 1,250 articles published between 2023 and 2025 in 25 APA journals. Using logistic regression, we examined the association between journal policy level and self-reported data sharing. We then applied post-stratification weighting, based on the actual distribution of policy levels across APA journals and their associated percentages of data sharing, to estimate the overall percentage of self-reported data sharing. We estimated overall self-reported data sharing to be 30.3% (95% CI [27.7, 33.0]). Journal policy stringency was strongly associated with self-reported data sharing: among journals with no data sharing policy, 15.0% of articles reported shared data (30 out of 200; 95% CI [10.7, 20.6]); among journals that mandate that authors reveal whether they shared their data, 26.4% of articles reported shared data (145 out of 550; 95% CI [22.8, 30.2]), and among journals that mandate data sharing, 70.4% of articles reported shared data (352 out of 500; 95% CI [66.2, 74.2]). At the same time, even journals with more stringent data sharing requirements did not consistently enforce their policies. These results indicate that despite widespread endorsement of open science practices, data sharing is not yet a customary practice among psychology researchers. The observed self-reported data sharing practices do, however, show that more stringent journal policy requirements are associated with increased openness. While the observational nature of the present study precludes strong causal inferences, stricter journal policies may represent one potential factor relating to the adoption of data sharing practices, including the use of data embargoes and greater transparency around decisions not to share data. Overall, findings highlight a promising direction for ongoing efforts to promote openness in data sharing, while underscoring the need for future research to clarify the mechanisms that link policy to practice.

Empirical research on scientific misconduct and questionable research practices (QRPs) has increasingly adopted a systemic perspective, emphasising research climate, supervision, and organisational conditions. This PRISMA-guided scoping review synthesises 229 survey- and interview-based studies published between 2016 and 2025 to examine how misconduct and QRPs are empirically operationalised in perception- and climate-oriented research. Rather than aiming to estimate prevalence, the review focuses on the concepts, instruments, and methodological choices through which integrity problems are rendered measurable. The findings show that aggregate harm is rarely defined explicitly and is instead inferred from perceived prevalence and severity of practices. Severe violations dominate measurement frameworks, while routine, relational, and structurally induced practices remain weakly captured. Methodological patterns further shape what becomes empirically visible, highlighting the need for approaches that better integrate individual perceptions with institutional conditions when assessing integrity risks.

ABSTRACT This study investigates how different video-based representations of scientific practice and a scientist’s thought processes influence public perceptions of credibility – both of the scientist and the research – as well as perceived tentativeness of scientific findings and academic self-efficacy. In an experimental online study with a German general population sample (N = 1,105), four videos depicting bat ecology fieldwork were tested. The videos varied in two factors: representation of scientific practices (cookbook style vs. scientific reasoning style) and portrayal of the scientist’s thought processes (science-in-the-making vs. ready-made science). Bat ecology, characterized by nocturnal behavior, complex habitats, and conservation challenges, provides a compelling context for examining the communication of uncertainty. Results show that more elaborate representations – particularly those reflecting scientific reasoning and science-in-the-making—led to higher perceptions of tentativeness. These findings underscore the importance of transparently communicating the epistemic processes of scientific knowledge construction to foster scientific literacy.

Iodine metabolism has a central role in thyroid physiology and thyroid cancer biology, shaping both tumour behaviour and therapeutic strategies. Within the past 20 years, advancements in molecular research and targeted therapies have transformed the understanding of iodine metabolism in thyroid cancer and subsequently changed clinical management. In differentiated thyroid carcinomas, the ability of tumour cells to concentrate iodide provides the biological foundation of radioactive iodine treatment. However, loss of iodide-handling machinery function drives refractoriness in advanced disease, posing a major clinical challenge. Molecular genetics has now been integrated into routine clinical practice and genetically guided strategies to restore iodine uptake in previously non-avid lesions have emerged. This Review synthesizes these breakthroughs across molecular science, pathology, physics and clinical practice. We describe emerging predictive markers of radioiodine-refractory disease and summarize the current state of knowledge on iodide-handling mechanisms, their dysregulation in thyroid tumourigenesis and therapeutic advances made in the past 15 years aimed at redifferentiation. By bridging molecular insights with translational and clinical perspectives, we aim to highlight evolving paradigms that promise to refine patient stratification and improve outcomes in differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Implementing new technologies and practices in schools is complex, but these efforts often fail in predictable ways. Implementation Science offers clear criteria for conducting a well-planned project and identifying the "known unknowns" to proactively anticipate likely complications, but its frameworks are complex and difficult to use. We present a simplified, user-friendly protocol for implementing evidence-based pedagogical practices and technologies in real-world educational settings.

ABSTRACT Recent research in science education has mainly focused on children aged 3–6, while studies on those aged 0–3 remain scarce. This study analyzes the exploratory behavior of children aged 0–3 in an educational setting that was intentionally designed to foster emergent scientific learning in early childhood, with a particular focus on the phenomenon of magnetism. Using a qualitative approach, 38 video sequences recorded in a nursery school were analyzed by applying an ad hoc analytical scale developed for this study, drawing on the Exploratory Play Scale by Van Schijndel et al. (2010. “A Sciencing Programme and Young Children’s Exploratory Play in the Sandpit.” European Journal of Developmental Psychology 7 (5): 603–617). The findings reveal a progression from spontaneous sensory exploration to intentional strategies, in which the science educational setting and materials serve as mediators in the development of early scientific practices. This study reinforces the view that complex scientific phenomena, such as magnetism, can be introduced at very early ages (0–3). Furthermore, it underscores the potential of well-designed and structured educational environments to foster the emergence of scientific activity, reaffirming the importance of adults’ role in the pedagogical design of learning spaces for children aged 0–3.

Bridging the Gap from "Paper" to "Patient": An Overview and Quality Assessment of PET/CT-Based Radiomics for Prostate Cancer Using the Updated RQS 2.0.

India ranks first in milk production, contributing 24.64 per cent of global milk production. The development of web modules is a cost-effective and rapid method for disseminating information to multi-stakeholders. The present study was conducted in four districts of Karnataka with the objective of developing and evaluating a web module on dairying among professionals. The website was developed in English and Kannada to disseminate demand-driven information. Eight phases were followed for developing the web module, including analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, evaluation, scaling up, and report preparation and submission. A random sampling method was used to select 10 university scientists, 10 veterinary officers and 5 KMF officials from each district, resulting in a final sample size of 100 respondents from four districts of Karnataka. Information needs were assessed before developing the web module, and the same respondents evaluated the developed module. The evaluation considered utility, information, technical and user attributes components, and respondents recorded their level of satisfaction for each component and related sub-component. Among veterinary officers, the information component ranked first (WMS 2.94, Rank I). Among university scientists, the utility component ranked first (WMS 2.90, Rank I). Among KMF officials, the user attributes component ranked first (WMS 2.93, Rank I). The findings indicate that web-based information and communication technologies can support stakeholders by providing timely, need-based information. The website may serve as a first-hand, cost-effective information source on scientific dairy farming practices for students, dairy farmers and stakeholders, while helping livestock owners and extension personnel save time, money and effort.

Few conditions in reproductive medicine rival polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in terms of clinical breadth and global impact. Affecting roughly 6-21% of women of childbearing age depending on which diagnostic criteria are applied PCOS sits at the intersection of endocrinology, metabolism, and gynecology, making it difficult to capture within any single disciplinary lens. Its hallmarks are well rehearsed: excess androgens, disrupted ovulation, and the characteristic follicular architecture seen on pelvic ultrasound. Yet what makes PCOS genuinely challenging is the degree to which these reproductive features overlap with far-reaching metabolic consequences, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, lipid abnormalities, and a meaningfully elevated cardiovascular risk profile that persists well beyond the fertile years. Despite several decades of sustained investigation, the origins of PCOS remain imperfectly understood. Genetic susceptibility, epigenetic programming, environmental chemical exposures, and modern dietary habits all appear to play contributory roles, though no single culprit has emerged. The molecular picture is equally layered: aberrant insulin signaling feeds androgen overproduction, gonadotropin secretion goes out of balance, inflammatory cytokines accumulate, oxidative injury mounts, and more recently the gut microbial community has been implicated as an additional participant in this cascade. Diagnosis is further complicated by the phenotypic variability of the syndrome, with different criteria yielding meaningfully different patient populations. Treatment, in turn, requires individualization; lifestyle change, hormonal therapies, insulin sensitizers, and an expanding repertoire of repurposed drugs and plant-based agents each address different facets of a fundamentally heterogeneous disorder. This review provides a comprehensive and integrated account of PCOS across its full biological and clinical spectrum. It covers epidemiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, and current diagnostic frameworks. Pathophysiological mechanisms are examined in depth. A central and distinctive focus of this review is the experimental preclinical landscape. Established animal induction models, letrozole, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone/dihydrotestosterone propionate, and high-fat diet protocols are critically evaluated for their translational relevance. Drawing on these models, we comprehensively catalogue protective agents across four systematic tables, encompassing both repurposed pharmaceuticals (metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, statins, melatonin) and bioactive natural compounds (curcumin, berberine, quercetin, fisetin, myricetin, apigenin, and others), detailing their induction models, mechanistic pathways, and therapeutic outcomes. Together, this review aims to serve as a single, authoritative reference bridging basic science, translational pharmacology, and clinical practice in PCOS, while identifying the most promising avenues for future research and personalized therapeutic development.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate the qualities of prospective primary school teachers’ small-group discussions in science. The empirical data comprise students’ discussions in small groups (N = 15) and students’ pre- and post-tests (N = 50). Analyses of the discussions were conducted according to four levels of tentative sense-making. Out of 15 groups, only 6 arrived at the correct conclusion regarding the phase changes of water during their discussions. The groups that succeeded exhibited higher-quality levels of tentative sense-making during their discussions. Additionally, students in these groups showed improved post-test results compared to their pre-tests. The findings have implications for how we organise and use small group discussions when teaching science and in teacher education to improve science education and practice.

Calls for reform in undergraduate biology education, such as Vision and Change, advocate for student-centered learning that emphasizes core concepts and scientific practices. Yet, translating these calls into lasting curricular transformation remains a complex, context-dependent challenge. In this paper, we describe how our department developed and implemented a new introductory biology course sequence using a theory of change (ToC) to guide a second-order, department-wide reform effort. Our ToC was grounded in organizational and educational change theories and emphasized three core arguments: (i) starting from scratch to disrupt previous frameworks, (ii) employing a design thinking process to foster innovation and consensus, and (iii) engaging in intentional knowledge sharing to elicit faculty contributions and a shared vision. The ToC guided a vision phase in which we engaged stakeholders and developed a new conceptual framework that set broad goals for an ideal course sequence; a development phase, where we creatively brainstormed proposals without constraints until a consensus emerged; and an implementation phase, which resulted in a course sequence consisting of two unique lecture-based courses and two research-focused laboratory courses. The new structure emphasized research engagement, active learning, and integration across biological scales, aligning with both departmental values and Vision and Change principles. Ongoing communication ensured strong faculty investment and sustained implementation. Seven years after adoption, the sequence continues to receive broad support and has led to improved student satisfaction and retention. By sharing our ToC-driven approach, we offer a practical, adaptable model for departments seeking to enact meaningful, long-term change in undergraduate biology education.

ABSTRACTBackgroundChronic migraine (CM) is a debilitating neurological disorder with limited treatment options. Although acupuncture has demonstrated clinical efficacy in relieving CM symptoms, its cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood.ObjectiveThis study aimed to delineate the cell‐type‐specific transcriptional landscape and intercellular communication network reshaped by acupuncture.MethodsA rat model of CM was induced by repeated administration of nitroglycerin. Acupuncture was applied at GB8 and GB34 points. Single‐nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA‐seq) was performed on the TNC region to profile transcriptomic changes across different cell types. Differential expression analysis, functional enrichment, and pseudotime trajectory inference were performed, along with intercellular communication analysis using CellChat.ResultsAcupuncture alleviated pain‐related behaviors and restored aberrant cell compositions in the TNC, especially among neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. It reversed the CM‐induced upregulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress‐related genes (e.g., Nfkbia, S100a8, S100a9, Penk). The imbalance between neuronal excitability and metabolism was rectified through the modulation of glutamatergic transmission and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Microglial polarization shifted from pro‐inflammatory (M1/M5) to reparative ones (M2/M4), while astrocytic subtypes rebalanced toward anti‐inflammatory and metabolic repair states. CellChat analysis showed that acupuncture also remodeled neuron–glia communication disrupted by CM.ConclusionsThis study sheds light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which acupuncture alleviates CM, providing novel insights into its effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal function in the TNC. These findings have important implications for both basic science and clinical practice, supporting the potential of acupuncture as a non‐invasive, adjunctive therapy for migraine treatment.

The Radiation Oncology-Biology Integration Network (ROBIN) initiative addresses critical gaps in radiation oncology by integrating advanced biological research, technological innovation, and clinical practice. ROBIN leverages “omics” technologies, data science, and integrative analyses to elucidate the mechanisms governing tumor and normal tissue responses to radiation therapy (RT). Through five specialized centers – OligoMET, ImmunoRad, GenRad, METEOR, and KIDSROBIN – the network covers a broad spectrum of cancer and radiation biology research. Each center conducts translational programs linked to clinical trials, targeting key domains including metastasis biology, RT-immune system interactions, and genomic determinants of treatment response. KIDSROBIN assures the invaluable inclusion of pediatric cancers to the consortium. By collecting clinically annotated human biospecimens and applying single-cell and spatially resolved omics, ROBIN enables mechanistic insights into radiation effects directly in patients. A central pillar of the initiative is its commitment to data standardization and sharing, using cloud-based platforms to generate accessible and interoperable datasets. ROBIN also prioritizes education and cross-disciplinary training to cultivate the next generation of scientists in radiation biology and oncology. This integrated approach positions ROBIN to drive transformative advances in radiation oncology and multimodal cancer therapy, informing personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.This review provides an overview of the ROBIN program and its key strategies, research activities, and contributions to advancing radiation biology and oncology. The vision and leadership of Dr. Norman Coleman have been foundational to the development of the ROBIN initiative, inspiring a collaborative ecosystem that bridges science and clinical practice to drive meaningful impact in patient care.

Abstract Understanding long-term human–environment dynamics is essential for contemporary debates on resilience and sustainability. This paper reviews approaches to studying humans and their environments in the Mediterranean between 1000 BCE and 1000 CE , with particular emphasis on the role of agent-based modelling (ABM). The region is strongly shaped by human activity, richly documented by archaeological, palaeoenvironmental, and historical written sources, and characterised by complex socio-ecological dynamics throughout the study period. We first synthesise how different sources/archives of evidence have been used to reconstruct past human–environmental links, assessing spatial and temporal resolutions and the methodological challenges of combining different evidence. We then review ABMs that focus on human–environment relationships in the study period and region, examining how they incorporate different datasets, how explicit models are, and to what extent qualitative historical information is translated into formal computational frameworks. Despite the region’s relatively exceptional research history, few ABMs directly engage with socio-ecological dynamics, and even fewer exploit the potential of historical texts as structured inputs to simulations. Our review identifies key methodological gaps at the intersection of archaeology, history, environmental science, and modelling practice. We argue that ABM remains underutilised for moving beyond correlational reasoning: it can be used to test proposed causal mechanisms, explore emergent socio-ecological patterns, and link processes operating at multiple scales. We conclude by outlining directions for future ABM research on the Mediterranean that could better integrate diverse sources of evidence and contribute more effectively to debates on long-term resilience and sustainability.

Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Informationis one of the eight Science and Engineering Practices in the National Research Council framework that underlies Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Scientific inquiry requires evaluation and communication of research findings. These skills are part of scientific inquiry itself. The goal of this study was to characterize the communication practices students used during Science and Engineering Fairs (SEFs). To examine these practices, we included the following question in our online anonymous and voluntary national high school SEF surveys carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23, “What types of communication and presentation skills did you use in your science fair project?” The possible answers wereliterature review; research notebook; software to prepare tables, graphs, or images; written report; poster board preparation; PowerPoint presentation; and interview with the judges. Literature review and research notebook are part of developing research questions and data collection. Software to prepare tables, graphs, or images, and PowerPoint presentation contribute to analyzing research and developing a presentation. Written reports, poster board preparation, and interviews with the judges provide the opportunity to present the findings. Overall, 1789 students answered the question. The percentage of students utilizing these skills ranged from 17.3% doing a literature review to 67.6% preparing a poster board. On average, students indicated the use of three skills. Poster board preparation and interview with the judges were selected by students more than twice as frequently as literature review and research notebook. More positive SEF outcomes were associated with a greater number of skills used by students. Among the different skills, use of a research notebook showed the strongest association. In this paper, we present the findings and discuss implications regarding use of notebooks and other communication and presentation skills in students’ SEF experiences and engagement with scientific inquiry.

Effective pandemic response requires large-scale behavioural change. Despite efforts to integrate behavioural science advice in public health policy making, there is a shortage of empirical evidence on the challenges faced by countries that want to professionalise their behavioural science advisory capacity. As senior behavioural science advisers during the COVID-19 pandemic, we explored and compared how behavioural science organised itself across Northwestern Europe in order to draw lessons for integrating behavioural insights into policy during future crises. Using the evidence-based public health framework, we conducted interviews with 21 senior stakeholders from the Netherlands, Ireland, the UK and Finland, followed by a facilitated look-back meeting with a subset of participants. All participants were actively involved in their countries' pandemic responses. Data were analysed using qualitative analysis software (NVivo 15) and validated during the facilitated look-back meeting. Producing actionable and relevant behavioural science advice during crises benefits from: (1) drawing on a wide mix of research methodologies; (2) sustaining continuous dialogue with, and access to, policy and decision-makers; (3) ensuring clear packaging and delivery of advice, including additional efforts to support comprehension; (4) creating functional structures for interdisciplinarity; and (5) maintaining institutional memory of the competencies and relationships developed during crisis response. An improved science for policy practice in the health field involves the difficult tasks of motivating direct dialogue, interdisciplinarity and co-creation, and a functioning governance of behavioural science advice systems. The findings further illustrate the conceptual utility of the evidence-based public health framework.