Scientific Knowledge Research Articles

A Systematic Review of Needleless Connector Function and Occlusion Outcomes: Evidence Leading the Way.

Vascular access devices (VADs) are essential to intravenous (IV) therapy in acute care. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends using needleless connectors (NCs) to provide IV access and eliminate the need for needles. Approximately 17 NCs are currently available in the United States, with 3 basic designs. The Infusion Nurses Society Standards of Practice established NC classifications of negative, positive, and anti-reflux NCs. Evidence indicates a relationship between NC fluid displacement, blood reflux, and occlusion. A systematic review of the literature was performed to ascertain whether the functional design of anti-reflux NCs results in reduced catheter occlusion. A literature search of design types, function, and incidence of occlusion complications with peripheral and central venous access devices yielded 24334 publications, with 61 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Results from available in vitro and in vivo evidence suggest using anti-reflux NCs with the lowest levels of fluid displacement may result in fewer complications of occlusion and longer catheter dwell times. This review correlates current research to update scientific knowledge of NC displacement performance and outcomes of NCs.

Children-specific environmental protection strategies are needed in China.

Children-specific environmental protection strategies are needed in China.

Integrating Traditional Knowledge Systems for Wetland Conservation and Management: A Critical Analysis

With traditional knowledge passing through generations and habits of indigenous people, the local communities perform a crucial role in managing the environment and development. It should be the Local communities who should be involved in the conservation and management of the wetland resources, however, increasing government controls and prohibitions are harming wetland conservation, which potentially promotes responsible use habits in the region. This literature review investigates the role of traditional knowledge systems (TKS) in wetland conservation, focusing on four key domains: agriculture, fishing practices, stormwater management, and traditional knowledge of wetland plants and produce harvesting. This review methodologically synthesizes current research to provide a thorough understanding of the contribution of traditional knowledge to wetland conservation efforts. It does this by using a total selection of 68 papers within a range of five to ten articles per category. Using the PRISMA(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methods of literature review as a guide, this study identifies, evaluates, and synthesizes peer-reviewed and localized publications that examine the application of Traditional knowledge systems to various wetland management contexts, drawing from scholarly databases and pertinent literature sources. By delving into diverse disciplines such as environmental engineering, ecology, and environmental science, the review elucidates the multifaceted ways in which indigenous wisdom informs conservation practices, fosters sustainable resource utilization, and enhances community resilience in wetland ecosystems. Moreover, it examines the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating traditional and scientific knowledge paradigms, emphasizing the need for inclusive and participatory approaches to conservation that respect cultural diversity and local knowledge systems. The results of the literature study have been compiled to highlight several traditional systems for wetland conservation. These include traditional stormwater management in wetland watersheds, resource management by local communities, the use of wetland plants in conservation, traditional fishing practices, traditional agricultural practices, and religious and cultural practices. The findings of this review contribute valuable insights to academia, policy development, and on-the-ground conservation efforts, serving as a foundation for future research and practice aimed at promoting the holistic and equitable stewardship of wetland ecosystems. This paper concludes with suggestions on using traditional knowledge systems in the conservation of wetlands in India, along with the different traditional methods that could be part and parcel of the decision-making system in this field. The results of this paper are highly significant, as they demonstrate the integration of traditional knowledge systems as a method for environmental conservation and management, specifically targeting wetland ecosystems and their biota.

Exploring Resources and Reasoning Practices in Socioscientific System Modeling for Justice-Centered Science Education.

Integrating science education with social justice is vital for preparing students to critically address significant societal issues like climate change and pandemics. This study examines the effectiveness of socioscientific system modeling as a tool within Justice-Centered Science Pedagogy (JCSP) to enhance middle school students' understanding of social justice science issues. It focuses on how system modeling can scaffold students' reasoning about complex social systems, informed by their lived experiences, cultural backgrounds, and social identities. Our research involved 27 middle school students using system models to explore the societal and scientific dimensions of the COVID-19 pandemic. By leveraging the experiences and insights of students, educators can create transformative learning environments that not only recognize but also utilize students' unique knowledge bases as legitimate contributions to classroom discourse. The implications for instructional design highlight the need for multifaceted, responsive activities that align with the principles of JCSP and empower students as agents of societal transformation. The research contributes to the ongoing discourse on enhancing science education through justice-centered approaches that address the complexities of socioscientific context and the cultural relevance of scientific knowledge.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Biomechanical Research of Pelvic Organ Prolapse: A Scientometric Approach.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has become a significant public health issue, with its prevalence increasing proportionally with age. Despite the considerable number of biomechanical studies reported on POP, there remains a lack of a systematic approach to summarize and synthesize all existing research. The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was used as the data source to select literature published from 2003 to 2023 related to biomechanical research of POP. We employed various visualization software to generate scientific knowledge maps, facilitating data analysis and visual representation. This study included 292 publications, comprising 252 research articles (86.3%) and 40 review articles (13.7%). The United States has emerged as a leading nation in terms of productivity, with the University of Porto making significant contributions. Robust partnerships are maintained by all countries and institutions involved. Moali PA stands out as the most prolific author, while Deprest J exhibits exemplary levels of collaboration. Notably, the journal Int Urogynecol J has the highest publication rate and citation frequency, making a significant contribution and demonstrating considerable academic influence in the field. Keyword and cluster analysis reveal that key research areas include validating finite element (FE) models of pelvic floor structures, studying interactions among pelvic support systems, evaluating the impact of vaginal delivery, assessing the effects of various mesh or 3D-printed materials on POP repair, remodeling vaginal connective tissue in POP patients, and biomechanical performance evaluations of pelvic floor tissues. Future research will likely focus on the development of personalized and regenerative treatment strategies. Moreover, advancements in machine learning, various regenerative medicine approaches, and multimodal large-scale FE modeling offer promising insights for development. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge system and research directions of the biomechanics of POP, providing valuable guidance for future research endeavors.

Formation and control of heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products in traditional Chinese braised pork belly: The role of food additives.

Formation and control of heterocyclic amines and advanced glycation end products in traditional Chinese braised pork belly: The role of food additives.

Ciência e tecnologia no século XXI: um novo movimento de renovação epistemológica

Science had its origin in the rationalization of reality, going through a continuous process of epistemological renewal over the past four centuries, culminating in the inseparable interconnection between Science and Technology in the new millennium. In the face of this scenario, the research in question aims to address the following problem: "How have the movements of epistemological renewal influenced the construction and validation of scientific knowledge throughout different eras, culminating in the interconnection between Science and Technology in the contemporary context of the 21st century?" With this purpose, the study aims to investigate the impact of epistemological renewal movements over time on the construction and validation of scientific knowledge, specifically analyzing the intrinsic relationship between Science and Technology in the 21st-century scenario. Configuring itself as basic research with a qualitative focus and bibliographic procedures, the results emphasize the relevance of the dialogue about Technoscience, a term that encompasses the profound interconnection between Science and Technology in contemporary times, aiming to redefine the human relationship with nature and address the challenges posed by the complex network of interactions in Technoscience.

Paradigms in law: the reality of modern legal science

The article is devoted to the study of scientific paradigms, in particular scientific paradigms in law. It reveals the essence and features of scientific paradigms based on the analysis of scientific works. Attention is drawn to the fact that the term «paradigm» entered the system of scientific knowledge by historical standards quite recently, in the second half of the twentieth century. This term owes its wide scientific use in the philosophy of science to the book by Tamas Kuhn, published in 1962 under the title «The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. An analysis of this work shows that the author considered science primarily as an activity carried out by different schools. At the same time, a paradigm is what unites members of the scientific community, and vice versa, the scientific community consists of people who recognize the paradigm. The authors of the article point out that each paradigm corresponds to a certain type of scientific discourse, scientific rationality. With the change of paradigm, the type of rationality changes, since rationality is, on the one hand, expediency, and on the other hand, one of the most important methods of science. Rationality cannot be non-paradigmatic, since rationality in general should be considered as compliance with the laws of reason, the laws of formal logic, and scientific rationality as a pure case of rationality. Researchers draw attention to the fact that the theory of paradigmatic science, which was developed by T. Kuhn, although not designed for social sciences, can still be applied to them. Investigating paradigms in law, the authors come to the conclusion that the vast majority of researchers understand the paradigm in law as the prevailing worldview guideline of individual and social assessment of law in solving scientific and practical problems of law enforcement. Attention is drawn to the fact that the recent trend in the philosophy of law is to turn to the multiplicity of the nature of the paradigm, which is probably explained by the rapid development of scientific knowledge, including interdisciplinary, and is also associated with socio-economic and political-legal events that are taking place. In this regard, we can state that jurisprudence has its own «family» of paradigms, which are a set of theoretical and methodological foundations used by the legal community and create the framework of scientific knowledge, acting as its fundamental construction.

UN activities in the fight against international terrorism

The article deals with the activities of the United Nations in the fight against international terrorism. Terrorism poses a threat to the foundations of law and order, respect for human rights and the peaceful resolution of disputes, contradicts the principles and goals of the United Nations (UN), among which are the maintenance of international peace and security, the adoption of joint measures to prevent threats to peace and deter aggression, promote evolution of human rights and economic development. The object of the study is the interaction of states in the sphere of ensuring the protection of human rights in the process of their counter-terrorist activities. The subject of the study is the international legal problems of human rights protection during the fight against terrorism. The following methods and methods of scientific knowledge served as the methodological basis of the study: dialectical, formal-logical, problem-theoretical, systemic-structural, and the method of comparative-legal analysis. It is indicated that international cooperation in the field of combating terrorism can be effective and efficient under certain conditions. These include: international legal regulation of the fight against terrorism; creation of new and improvement of existing forms of interaction between states, which collectively ensure effective countermeasures against terrorism based on international law; establishment of control of the world community over the activities of international terrorist structures; organization of coordinated international research and law-making work aimed at developing a unified definition of the concept of «terrorism» taking into account modern conditions; the use of other action measures that will help move from declarations to specific joint actions. The fight against terrorism and the protection of human rights are goals that do not conflict with each other, but complement and mutually strengthen each other, therefore, when taking measures aimed at stopping terrorist activity, states are obliged to comply with key principles and norms of international law and specific obligations provisions adopted in connection with the participation of international agreements with human rights.

Culinary Medicine.

The use of food as medicine to treat illness and maintain health has ancient roots across various cultures. Despite significant scientific progress during the past 2 centuries linking diet, the microbiome, and overall health, modern challenges persist due to sociocultural factors, aggressive food marketing, and insufficient nutritional education. However, there is increasing support from health systems, insurers, nonprofits, philanthropic organizations, and government bodies to develop health policies that promote access to high-quality meals for disease prevention and management. Culinary medicine is now incorporated into undergraduate and postgraduate medical education through electives, certifications in culinary and lifestyle medicine, and continuing medical education conferences. There is substantial potential for culinary medicine to enhance patient care across diverse populations and settings, including individual consultations, group visits, schools, farms, and community gardens. Collaborative efforts among stakeholders can advance practical solutions to translate scientific knowledge into effective policy and practice. [Pediatr Ann. 2025;54(3):e83-e87.].

Novel factors of cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian tumours.

Novel factors of cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian tumours.

Legal regulation of the tasks and functions of the headquarters of the brigade-type border detachment of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine

The scientific article studies and analyzes the legal regulation of the tasks and functions of the headquarters of the border detachment of the brigade type of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. This problem is poorly studied. Using general and special methods of scientific knowledge, the authors studied the laws of Ukraine and current subordinate regulatory legal acts that regulate the tasks and functions of the headquarters of the border detachment of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. The researchers clarified the content and normative definition of the tasks and functions of the headquarters of the border detachment of the brigade type. It was established that the border detachments of the brigade type of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine are part of the defense forces and perform tasks related to the defense of the state, in particular, they participate in conducting defensive and counter-offensive actions. The headquarters of the border detachment directly organizes the implementation of the entire complex of tasks, functions and powers assigned to them to ensure and participate in the defense of Ukraine, protect its sovereignty, independence, national interests, territorial integrity and inviolability in the event of armed aggression, which involves direct combat, military (combat) operations. It is normatively determined that the headquarters of the border detachments plan the use of their forces and means to perform tasks of territorial defense. The article states that the headquarters of the border detachment carries out its work on the basis of orders, orders (instructions) of the commander of the detachment to which it is subordinate, as well as orders, orders and instructions of the higher headquarters and information from interacting and supporting headquarters (units). The headquarters unites, coordinates and directs the efforts of all management bodies of the detachment to ensure the timely and full implementation of the assigned tasks. The authors conclude that the headquarters of the border detachment must have a methodological apparatus for planning, organizing and managing the actions of the detachment’s forces and means during its participation in repelling an armed invasion of the territory of Ukraine. This issue requires proper legal regulation.

Synergy of complex systems and knowledge mastering as a factor of creative potential growth of each school student

Synergy of complex systems and knowledge mastering as a factor of creative potential growth of each school student

The Fragility of Scientific Knowledge: A Case Study on the Miscitation of Findings on Gender Stereotypes

Miscitation of research findings is a common problem as evidenced by 19% of citations in top psychology journals being in error (Cobb et al., American Psychologist, 79:299–311, 2024). Such errors interfere with the orderly cumulation of knowledge. Providing a case study, this research examines the citations of a recent and highly cited article on gender stereotypes (Eagly et al., American Psychologist, 75:301–315, 2020), which found that communion, agency, and competence stereotypes each showed a distinctive trend over time. Analysis of the 751 documents that cited this article’s findings showed that overall, 59% of citations were accurate and 9% somewhat accurate, yet a surprisingly high rate of 32% were inaccurate. These inaccuracies most often misrepresented findings on agency with 37% of the citing articles being inaccurate, and among these inaccurate citations, 21% directly contradicted the findings by erroneously stating that the tendency to ascribe agency more to men than women had faded over time. Miscitations for the two other stereotype domains were less egregious. Of the communion citations, 25% ignored that the tendency to ascribe communion more to women than men has become stronger over time. Of the competence citations, 18% ignored that most people in recent years believe that women and men are equally competent. The discussion considers possible reasons for misciting findings on gender stereotypes, particularly for the agency stereotype that has favored men over women ever since the 1940s. We further expound on the feminist theme of the fragility of scientific knowledge, especially when research findings compete with preconceptions that people, including researchers, may have about the phenomena of gender.

Blueprint for Constructing an AI-Based Patient Simulation to Enhance the Integration of Foundational and Clinical Sciences in Didactic Immunology in a US Doctor of Pharmacy Program: A Step-by-Step Prompt Engineering and Coding Toolkit

While pharmacy education successfully employs various methodologies including case-based learning and simulated patient interactions, providing consistent, individualized guidance at scale remains challenging in team-based learning environments. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential solutions through automated facilitation, but its possible utility in pharmacy education remains unexplored. We developed and evaluated an AI-guided patient case discussion simulation to enhance learners’ ability to integrate foundational science knowledge with clinical decision-making in a didactic immunology course in a US PharmD program. We utilized a large language model programmed with specific educational protocols and rubrics. Here, we present the step-by-step prompt engineering protocol as a toolkit. The system was structured around three core components in an immunology team-based learning activity: (1) symptomatology analysis, (2) laboratory test interpretation, and (3) pharmacist role definition and PPCP. Performance evaluation was conducted using a comprehensive rubric assessing multiple clinical reasoning and pharmaceutical knowledge domains. The standardized evaluation rubric showed reliable assessment across key competencies including condition identification (30% weighting), laboratory test interpretation (40% weighting), and pharmacist role understanding (30% weighting). Our AI patient simulator offers a scalable solution for standardizing clinical case discussions while maintaining individualized learning experiences.

Evaluating the alignment of recent cardiac arrest randomized controlled trials with the top resuscitation science knowledge gaps.

Evaluating the alignment of recent cardiac arrest randomized controlled trials with the top resuscitation science knowledge gaps.

A study of teachers’ perceptions of the implementation of an integrated approach in school science education

Introduction. The new quality of school natural science education, combining a high level of natural science literacy of schoolchildren and high subject results, is due to the integration of natural science disciplines among themselves and with disciplines of other subject cycles. Existing models of integrative natural science education are not always viable in the conditions of school realities. The article aims to analyze the implementation of the integrative approach in school natural science education. Materials and methods. The study of advanced educational practices was carried out by means of interviewing teachers of chemistry, physics, and biology. Before the interviewing, a questionnaire was conducted among the participants. The sample consists of 25 teachers from secondary schools in 23 subjects of the Russian Federation (cities: Gorno-Altaysk, Nazran, Naberezhnye Chelny, Novorossiysk, Perm, Stary Oskol, Gubkin, Volzhsky, Voronezh, Obninsk, Shadrinsk, St. Petersburg, Yelets, Lipetsk, Moscow, Dzerzhinsk, Novosibirsk, Orel, Volgodonsk, Syzran, Novokuibyshevsk, Rzhev, Tomsk, Novomoskovsk, Dimitrovgrad). The survey results were processed using the statistical data processing method t-test for independent samples. Results. Intra-subject integration is a mandatory condition of integrative natural science education, however, only 32% of teachers use intra-subject integration to achieve the integrity of students’ understanding of natural science knowledge. Inter-subject integration is most often implemented with subjects of the natural science cycle (100%), mathematics (80%), computer science (56%), and humanities (44%). Most physics and chemistry teachers practiced unequal integration. On the contrary, it was typical for biology teachers to implement equal integration in the lesson. This is confirmed statistically: KEYWORDS the differences between physicists and chemists are statistically insignificant (temp=1.016), statistically significant between physicists and biologists (temp=4.103; p<0.001), and between chemists and biologists (temp=3.321; p<0.01). From the methodological point of view, the integration of natural science knowledge is ensured by the problem-based approach to teaching (100%), project-based research activities (68%), and STE(A)M education technology (36%). Significant differences were found between teachers of the subjects under study in their interpretation of the problem based approach. The differences between physicists and chemists in the use of practice-oriented methods as a source of problem-based approach are statistically insignificant (temp=1.109), the differences between chemists and biologists are statistically significant at the 0.001 level (temp=5.101; p<0.001), and between physicists and biologists at the 0.01 level (temp=2.844; p<0.01). Conclusion. The study showed that the integrative approach in school natural science education has a fairly powerful educational potential, but its replication is still limited at the level of the systemic organization of the educational process in a modern school

Bridging scientific conceptual understanding and professional development through evidence-based instructional methodologies

Scientific conceptual understanding and professional development are crucial in shaping innovative and research-driven expertise across various disciplines. The gap between theoretical scientific knowledge and its practical application often creates challenges in professional settings, leading to inefficiencies and inconsistencies in industry practices. Bridging this gap requires a structured approach that integrates evidence-based instructional methodologies, ensuring that scientific concepts are effectively translated into applicable professional competencies. This study explores the role of evidence-based instructional strategies such as active learning, inquiry-based instruction, problem-based learning (PBL), and cognitive apprenticeship models in enhancing conceptual understanding while fostering professional skill development. These methodologies emphasize critical thinking, adaptability, and real-world application, enabling professionals to refine their expertise in data-driven environments. A key aspect of this research is the systematic integration of technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and learning analytics, to personalize and optimize the learning experience. By leveraging adaptive instructional frameworks, organizations and educational institutions can tailor content to specific industry needs, ensuring a seamless transition from scientific knowledge acquisition to professional execution. The study also highlights challenges in aligning academic instruction with industry standards, including curriculum rigidity, resistance to pedagogical change, and the evolving demands of modern workplaces. Addressing these concerns requires a collaborative effort among educators, industry leaders, and policymakers to develop dynamic, research-backed instructional models that enhance professional competencies. Ultimately, bridging scientific conceptual understanding with professional development through evidence-based instructional methodologies fosters a workforce that is not only well-informed but also proficient in applying scientific principles in practical, real-world settings.

Reconstructing Community Knowledge into Scientific Knowledge of Ecotourism at Lemor Botanical Garden and Lemor Spring Tourism

This study examines the reconstruction of community knowledge into scientific knowledge related to ecotourism in Lemor Botanical Garden and Lemor Spring Tourism. The local community possesses a profound understanding of the conservation and ecological functions of these areas; however, a gap remains between local wisdom and scientific concepts. This research employs a qualitative case study approach, utilizing field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that the community recognizes Lemor Botanical Garden as a center for the conservation of rare plant species, an educational site, and an environment-based ecotourism destination. Meanwhile, Lemor Spring Tourism is believed to offer health benefits and spiritual value, some of which can be scientifically explained through the mineral composition of the water and its balanced ecosystem. Certain traditional aspects, such as customary rituals and beliefs in misfortune, are more symbolic than scientifically grounded. The reconstruction of this knowledge is crucial for enhancing the sustainable management of these areas, optimizing the scientific potential of ecotourism, and improving community welfare through a conservation and sustainable tourism approach. Thus, the synergy between science and local wisdom can strengthen more effective and sustainable management strategies for both areas.

Harnessing microbiomes and machine learning for sustainability efforts

The Malthusian theory suggests that exponential population growth will eventually surpass the linear growth of food supply, leading to widespread land scarcity for urbanization. However, Malthus could not have anticipated the advancements in scientific knowledge and technology that now have the potential to revolutionize food production. With the global population projected to reach 9 billion by 2050 [4], ensuring sustainable food systems while minimizing environmental harm has become a critical challenge. Recent research reveals the role of the soil microbiome—complex communities of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms in enhancing plant growth. Notably, the correlation between soil bacteria and the growth of barley provides a method for identifying the most productive land. This study tests the machine learning capability to analyze soil microbiome data to predict crop yields based on the role of bacteria. A dataset of 627 bacterial strain features from over 1,340 farms was analyzed using Python to build regression models, uncovering patterns that optimize smart farming practices and soil conservation [5]. By integrating artificial intelligence with microbiology, the research highlights innovative approaches to advancing sustainable agriculture by identifying the most suitable areas for crop cultivation. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of KNN, Decision Tree, and MLP Regressor models in accurately predicting crop yields, outperforming random chances or any existing lottery-based systems.