• Multi-analytical study of 14th-century Königsfelden stained glass (Switzerland). • Combination of pXRF, LA-ICP-MS, OAS, Raman, and machine learning (GLORIA). • Predominant Central European signature with Rhenish and French contributions. • First evidence of Pb-rich green glasses in Swiss medieval stained glass. • Validates calibrated pXRF as a quantitative, non-destructive heritage tool. The chemical composition and optical properties of the stained-glass windows in the Königsfelden Abbey church (Aargau, Switzerland), which are among the oldest and best-preserved examples from the 14th century in the region, were analysed on site using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and optical absorption spectroscopy. A subset of loose fragments was further characterised by Raman spectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS, and these data were used to improve the calibration of the results obtained with in situ pXRF. A machine-learning classifier (GLORIA) was applied to assess the variability of the glasses and their provenance relative to a reference database of European stained-glass windows. The results demonstrate that the Königsfelden corpus consists of potash-based forest glasses, mostly attributed to Central Europe (59%), with additional inputs from the Rhine region (32%) and Northwestern France (9%). While the colouring mechanisms for cobalt blue, copper red, manganese purple, silver yellow and iron sulphide amber are relatively well understood, the colouring techniques of a distinctive bluish grey and rare Pb-rich green glass (∼10 wt% PbO) are unusual and have no clear published parallels. One hypothesis for the high PbO contents in green glass is that a CuO-PbO frit was deliberately employed to facilitate the dissolution of metallic copper in the silicate melt. The blue-grey glass, unique in hue and composition, appears to result from the combination of a manganese–cobalt glass with an additional, yet unidentified, contribution. Our study thus provides new insights into medieval glass recipes, trade networks, and workshop practices, while also validating the potential of calibrated pXRF combined with reference standards and machine learning for heritage science applications.

• Comparison of non-invasive sampling devices for VOCs emitted by historical snuffboxes. • Coupling of GC-MS with olfactory detection to combine chemical and olfactory data. • Comparison of olfactory data obtained with sorbent tubes filled with Tenax TA® and HiSorb probes. In the recent years, several sampling devices have been used for the non-destructive collection of volatile organic compounds in heritage environments. To heritage scientists and conservators, these have become essential tools, as they enable the investigation of material composition, degradation processes, and conservation treatments, in principle without damaging the artefact. This paper investigates the performance of sorbent tubes, common sampling devices used in museums, and HiSorb probes, to analyze the volatiles emitted from two historical snuffboxes. The first one, an empty one from the National Museum of Slovenia, has undergone conservation, while the second one is an untreated historical object from the Historical Reference Material Collection of the Heritage Science Laboratory Ljubljana, still containing tobacco. Comparison of the different sampling devices showed that both sorbent tubes and HiSorb probes gave comprehensive chromatograms, detecting products related to wood degradation, such as acetic acid, formic acid, furfural, nonanal, and decanal. Furthermore, HiSorb probes detected terpenes and tobacco-derived compounds, like nicotine, and pyridine-derivatives. Noticeably, these compounds were characterized as traces in the cleaned snuffbox, while they showed high peaks in the reference one, consistently with their conservation history. The small size of the HiSorb probe, which allowed its insertion into the snuffbox, likely contributed to the higher abundance of the detected volatiles. Gas chromatography was coupled with two detectors – mass spectrometry and olfactometry – to define the olfactory profile of the two case studies and correlate each compound with the detected smell. Two sampling devices were compared: sorbent tubes and HiSorb probes. In contrast with commonly used sorbent tubes, this study represents the first application of HiSorb sampling in combination with olfactometric analysis for heritage objects, introducing a novel methodological approach. The results demonstrated that olfactory analysis following HiSorb sampling is feasible, with a number of the most intense smells comparable, or even higher, than when sampling with sorbent tubes. The outcomes confirmed the chemical analyses, highlighting “wood”, “leather”, “flower”, and “fresh” as main descriptors, with the snuffbox belonging to the reference collection presenting a richer profile including more compounds giving “wood”, “sweet”, and “powder” notes.

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the virtual exhibition "Science in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War" as an example of integrating digital resources within the electronic library "Scientific Heritage of Russia." The principles of collection formation are discussed, including the distribution of materials by languages, years of publication, and scientific disciplines, as well as technological solutions to facilitate navigation and search. Using the example of an interdisciplinary exhibition, the article demonstrates how digital technologies aid in systematizing and presenting scientific materials.

Rosemary, of Mediterranean origin, is widely recognized for its properties in traditional medicine, due to the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and digestive effects. In contrast, the romerito, originally from Mexico, is distinguished by its role in Mexican gastronomy, especially in festive contexts, in addition to its nutritional value as a source of vitamins and minerals. The joint analysis allows us to show how both species represent different ways of using natural resources, either for therapeutic or food purposes. It is concluded that both the rosemary and the romerito have a significant importance in their respective contexts, contributing to scientific knowledge and cultural heritage. Romerito and rosemary are plants that grow in saline environments, as is the case of romerito, and calcareous in the case of rosemary. Both are edible, provide nutrients and have medicinal and cosmetology uses.

Since the beginning of peaceful nuclear activity in 1949, there have been many milestones in Argentina’s nuclear history that have contributed to shaping its scientific and cultural heritage. One of these was the creation in 1950 of a government agency dedicated to the development of knowledge and technology: the National Atomic Energy Commission (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica–CNEA). The Bariloche Atomic Center (Centro Atómico Bariloche–CAB) is one of the CNEA’s pioneering sites and is located 9 km from the Civic Center of the city of San Carlos de Bariloche, in Argentine Patagonia. In addition to laboratories, classrooms, wooded areas, buildings, medical centers, housing, leisure and recreational areas, and machinery, the CAB also houses libraries, exhibition spaces, collections, storage sites, a digital repository, and archives. The questions that guide this research are the following: What processes of heritage activation can be observed in the narratives of the subjects involved in the history of the CAB? What milestones, stories, events, processes, materialities, and knowledge do their testimonies highlight? What figures, assessments, and imaginaries surrounding nuclear technology can be identified in the meanings expressed? What heterogeneities, visions, and images of the nuclear past and future underpin their discourses when participating in the dynamics of scientific and cultural heritage activation? In a previous publication, framed within the CNEA institutional projects “MUTEC” and “Recuperación de la memoria audiovisual” (Recovery of the Audiovisual Memory), provisional answers to these questions have been systematized based on the analysis of testimonies from retired CNEA personnel who worked mainly at the CAB. The purpose of this article is to examine, from specific theoretical and methodological frameworks, field results and new information with a view to reinforcing discussions and conclusions. From an ethnographic perspective, the discoveries and scientific analysis of this research contribute to the understanding of the meanings and dynamics of heritage activation and renew the challenges of the interrelation between the social sciences/humanities and nuclear sciences. In short, this article aims to venture into the construction of a novel and vacant area of study at the local level and scientific and cultural heritage in the nuclear sector, addressing the national specificity of a cutting-edge country with significant development and accumulated knowledge through social research located at one of the main and pioneering headquarters of the CNEA.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the scientific activities of Ravil Usmanovich Amirkhanov (1946–2006) – Doctor of Historical Sciences and Honored Scientist of the Republic of Tatarstan, whose works significantly influenced the study of the history of Tatar society and the experience of intercultural communication. The research of his scientific heritage allows for a deeper understanding of the evolution of Tatar identity, the mechanisms of national self-consciousness formation, and the specifics of historical and cultural interaction. The scientific works of R.U. Amirkhanov cover a wide range of research areas and represent a significant contribution to the development of historical science, cultural studies, and sociology. Among the key aspects of his scientific activity, the following can be highlighted: 1. History of the Tatar periodical press, where R.U. Amirkhanov analyzes the evolution of printed publications as an important instrument for shaping public opinion and transmitting cultural values; 2. National liberation movement and public ideas of the Tatar people, within which he examines the ideology and strategy of the struggle for national self-determination, as well as analyzes the influence of enlightenment and reformist movements on the transformation of Tatar society; 3. Problems of cultural dialogue and interethnic interaction, where particular attention is paid to the study of mechanisms for the coexistence of various ethnic groups and cultures in a polyethnic space; 4. Biographical method as a tool of historical analysis, which the scholar uses to study the life and activities of prominent figures in Tatar history, such as Rizaeddin Fakhreddin and Ahmed-Zaki Validi. The research of R.U. Amirkhanov has enriched the historiography and cultural studies of the region, contributed to the popularization of historical knowledge, and made a significant contribution to the study of problems of national self-determination and intercultural interaction. The scientific biography of R.U. Amirkhanov demonstrates the consistent development of his professional competencies. The scientific heritage of the scholar maintains its relevance and significance in the modern scientific community. For citation: Tukhvatulin A.Kh. Scientific Heritage of Ravil Usmanovich Amirkhanov: Contribution to the Study of Tatar National Identity and Intercultural Interaction (Dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of his Birth). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2026, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 167–178. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2026-16-1.167-178 (In Russian)

ABSTRACT The submersed anthrosols of the estearias in Maranhão exhibit unique characteristics that expand our understanding of anthropogenic soils in complex hydromorphic and fluviolacustrine environments. This study aimed to characterize these soils morphologically, physically, and chemically, and to compare them with other Amazonian Archaeological Dark Earths (ADEs) from upland and floodplain environments. A database of 160 anthropic horizons from 71 profiles in eight studies was compiled from theses and dissertations, allowing detailed comparative analyses. Principal Component Analysis and Pearson correlation were applied to identify the main soil properties associated with each environment. The results indicate that, beyond anthropogenic additions, prolonged flooding and redox-affected conditions play a crucial role in soil formation. When combined with horizons containing ceramic artifacts, charcoal, and organic sediments, these features suggest that the estearias soils formed under distinct dynamics compared to typical ADEs. The novel association of anthropogenic and organic horizons in submerged estuarine soils highlights the complexity of environmental and human interactions in the region. These findings support the need for revising ADE classification criteria, particularly regarding the exclusive use of available phosphorus as a diagnostic parameter. Complementary studies, including micromorphology, mineralogy, and spatial and temporal analyses, are essential to understand the genesis and dynamics of these soils. Despite their limited agricultural potential, these soils represent a valuable scientific and cultural heritage.

École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, ParisTech, France 9–12 December 2025 The Conference on Research and Innovations in Science and Technology of Material 2025 (CRISTMas 2025) was held from 9 to 12 December 2025 at École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Paris, France. Organised by the STEMM Global Scientific Society, CRISTMas 2025 brought together researchers, engineers, and industry representatives to discuss emerging directions in materials science, advanced physical systems, functional materials engineering, and heritage technologies. The conference provided an interdisciplinary platform covering fundamental and applied research across electromagnetic and nonlinear systems, photonic and quantum platforms, heritage science and protective technologies, and advanced functional materials. Contributions addressed topics ranging from magnetic field engineering and nonlinear circuit dynamics to topological photonics, optomechanical systems, digital heritage frameworks, sustainable polymers, graphene-enabled surface technologies, and advanced materials interfaces. CRISTMas 2025 continued its mission of fostering dialogue between fundamental science and practical implementation, supporting the translation of advanced materials research into engineering solutions and societal applications. The proceedings reflect this interdisciplinary character and present peer-reviewed contributions that demonstrate both scientific rigor and applied relevance. List of Editorial Board, Scientific and Organising Committee are available in this PDF.

A multidisciplinary and interoperable dataset to understanding the dialogue between humans and the environment in Southern Umbria, emphasising sustainable management and valorisation of cultural and landscape heritage.

The advancement of neural networks in developing technologies for generating information objects rooted in humanity’s scientific and artistic heritage has intensified scholarly debate regarding the nature of computer-generated products, their eligibility for copyright protection, and the rightful ownership of such copyrights. This issue is exacerbated by the sociocultural landscape becoming inundated with an unbounded quantity of content artifacts characterized by ambiguous legal statuses. Such saturation adversely affects the efficacy of intellectual property rights protection for human authors and impedes their capacity to utilize publicly accessible information for creative endeavors. The article critically examines the feasibility of automatic copyright protection amid the extensive generation of quasi-creative forms. The analysis centers on the legal conditions under which the creator of a generated artifact qualifies as a competent subject and the neural network-generated output qualifies as a protected work. It scrutinizes the legal capacity of claimants asserting authorship alongside the protectability of the alleged works in accordance with intellectual property doctrine criteria. The primary objective is to enhance the copyright acquisition mechanism to fulfill the institution’s goals within the emergent technological paradigm. The study introduces the concept of performative authorship, advocating for replacing the prevailing principle of automatic protection with a formal registration procedure for copyright conferral. A verification process is proposed for assessing the author’s legal capacity against defined criteria. Legal attributes distinguishing potentially protectable content generation outcomes from those disqualified as protected works are delineated. The paper hypothesizes and substantiates that the creative act evidences an inherently human inseparability of intellect and coordinated motor activity, culminating in the manifestation of a work in tangible form — a phenomenon defined here as the objectivation motor activity of creativity. The conclusion advocates broadening the doctrinal aims of copyright law to include the protection of the human author as an additional institutional objective.

The article is devoted to the scientific heritage of the Leningrad urban architect V.I. Smirnova (1931–2011). His scientific activity is highlighted, the main directions of research at different stages of life are shown. His path is described as a teacher and supervisor of graduate students. The relevance of the topic of the article lies in the study, in addition to the design, scientific heritage of V.I. Smirnova. The purpose of the article is to reveal the main directions of scientific research and interests at different periods of V.I. Smirnov and the results of his pedagogical experience. A number of important tasks are outlined: to determine the main life stages of the architect-urban planner V.I. Smirnova; identify the directions of his scientific research; to study his teaching experience and experience leading graduate students. The search for solutions to the tasks was carried out on the basis of the preserved archival data of V.I. Smirnov and the memoirs of colleagues.

Understanding radical processes in drying oils is essentialforboth heritage science and materials chemistry, as these reactionsgovern film formation and long-term stability in historical paintings.In this study, we investigate radical mechanisms in linseed oil, atraditional paint binder. Gold salts are used as probes to elucidatefilm-drying reactions. The introduction of gold salts into both rawand lead-treated linseed oils leads to the formation of gold nanoparticles,whose size, morphology, and distribution are monitored by spectroscopicmethods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Under ambientconditions, spherical gold nanoparticles form during the drying ofboth oil types. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) reveals oxygen-centeredradicals (peroxyl (ROO●) or alkoxyl (RO●) radicals) involved in the oil-curing process. The addition of lead,following historical oil preparation recipes, increases radical activityand promotes the formation of additional species, suggesting morecomplex reaction pathways. In lead-treated oils, 3–4 nm lead-basednanoparticles are observed both in the oil bulk and in dried films,formed during the oil preparation.

The article highlights the life and scientific career of the well-known Ukrainian scientist in the field of agricultural and animal husbandry economics, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher Pavlo Ivanovych Sharan (1941–2024). The main stages of his scientific, organizational, and pedagogical activities are characterized. The scientist’s research achievements in the field of economic substantiation of the efficient use of breeding resources in dairy and beef cattle breeding are systematized. Special attention is paid to the methodological approaches developed by P. I. Sharan to the assessment of the economic efficiency of cattle breeding, economic evaluation of breeds, formation of prices for breeding resources, as well as justification of mechanisms of state support for the conservation of the gene pool of farm animals. It is shown that his research had a comprehensive interdisciplinary character and combined economic analysis with biological, breeding, and genetic factors. The contribution of the scientist to the organization of research in the economics of breeding, management of breeding resources, and the functioning of experimental farms is highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the practical orientation of his scientific developments, the results of which were implemented in farms in various regions of Ukraine. The human dimension of the scientist’s personality is also revealed, including his organization skills, high professional standards, fairness, mentoring role, and strong sense of responsibility for research outcomes. The relevance of P. I. Sharan’s scientific heritage for the modern development of dairy and beef cattle breeding is substantiated.

This study proposes the development of comparative and machine learning-based methodologies for the identification of inks and pigments, with potential applications in both cultural heritage diagnostics and forensic science. A preliminary selection of black inks from various pen brands was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy to define a framework for spectral comparison based on peak shifts and area ratios derived from curve fitting. The proposed method introduces a system based on spectral compatibility allowing the classification of inks based on their compositional similarity. In parallel, an automated analysis code was developed to enhance scalability and reproducibility. This system performs baseline removal, peak normalization, first-stage filtering of incompatible spectra, and refined deconvolution through pseudo-Voigt fitting, generating a numerical similarity score for each comparison. Results demonstrate that the approach allows quantitative estimation of ink compatibility and could be extended to broader datasets through the implementation of a spectral database.

The historiographical tradition of studying reading in Russia started in 1890s and was interrupted in 1930s. When book studies got the status of a scientific discipline in the late 1950s, this issue appeared on the pages of professional collections and periodicals. That’s why the reactualization of scientific heritage is of heuristic value. Thanks to the sources introduced into scientific circulation, the developed methods for their interpretation, it is necessary to develop directions for future research. The article provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of publications in the collections “Book. Research and materials” in 1959–1991, devoted to the history of reading. Using statistical and analytical methods it identifies the main subject fields and vectors of research. The historiographical review of the materials in the mentioned collections with the rationale for their periodization has been previously made. The novelty of this study lies in the choice of the subject matter – the history of reading in Russia. Of 1 193 articles in 63 collections 354 (30 %) ones have been selected for analysis on the research topic. The results show the great attention of Russian book critics to the “external history of reading” (56 % are articles on publishing houses, circulations, subscribers, and prices of printed products), and they are less interested in the “internal history of reading” (29 % are individual readers’ biographies and practices of political and cultural figures). The interest in the topic was not linear, it had a polynomial trend line. The topic chosen for the analysis has revealed the confrontation between Moscow and Leningrad schools of book studies. In the main collection of Soviet book critics, theoretical debates on the methodology of studying reading have not lead to the development of a unified concept. The results of the study are presented in two parts. The first one provides the ideology of the research, general quantitative data and analysis of articles on the methodology of reading studies. The second one (it will be published in the next issue) describes reading practices and materials with reference to information and facts on readership, circulation, costs, etc., as well as general conclusions. They can be used in the future, since the history of reading is a promising area for studying book communicative function and its role in the history of culture.

This paper presents a comprehensive and practice-oriented framework for integrating Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) into engineering education in alignment with NEP 2020 and India’s developmental vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. India possesses a vast scientific heritage rooted in mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, ecology, linguistics, and astronomy. Despite these contributions, contemporary engineering programs rely primarily on Western models. This paper reviews historical contexts, analyzes scholarly works, identifies implementation challenges, and presents an eight-stage roadmap integrating technology-enabled learning, policy alignment, faculty development, research pathways, and industry collaboration. The findings highlight the transformative capacity of IKS in shaping culturally grounded, sustainable, and innovation-driven engineering graduates while offering actionable strategies for academic institutions and policymakers nationwide.

Hadith occupies a central position in the normative structure of Islam as the second source of law after the Qur’an and the historical medium for transmitting the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). However, the humanistic nature of hadith narration makes the problem of authenticity an unavoidable epistemological issue. This article aims to analyze hadith criticism in Islam as a historical and scientific process that develops from personal belief to systematic methodological standards. This research uses a library study method with a historical-epistemological approach to classical and contemporary literature on hadith science. The results of the study indicate that hadith criticism has been present since the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) through direct verification mechanisms, developed during the era of the Companions and Tabi’in through the affirmation of the importance of sanad (chain of transmission), and reached methodological maturity in the codification and post-codification periods through the disciplines of rijāl, jarḥ wa ta’dīl, and musthalaḥ al-ḥadīth. In the medieval period, hadith criticism functioned as a means of preserving and perfecting the scientific heritage through the traditions of shari’ah and takhrij. Meanwhile, in the modern era, hadith criticism has been adaptive and dialogical in responding to the challenges of Orientalism and the Qur’anic scripturalism movement. This article asserts that hadith criticism is not a rejection of the Sunnah, but rather a foundation of scientific rationality that safeguards the Prophet’s authority from historical distortion and ensures its relevance throughout the ages.

Several Brazilian thesauri in fields such as Culture and Memory have become "orphans" or "zombies" following the discontinuation of their original projects. Often available only in unstructured formats (PDF) or closed platforms, these vocabularies face significant barriers to reuse and interoperability. This research proposes technological solutions to make such resources migratable and integrable into new systems. The methodology, exploratory and applied, utilizes the TemaTres software to convert textual formats into SKOS. The initial experiment involved importing the CAPES/CNPq Table of Knowledge Areas and the Brazilian Thesaurus of Information Science. Results confirm the feasibility of transforming these Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) into machine-processable formats, despite technical challenges in data extraction. The study discusses the relevance of these vocabularies for the Semantic Web and Big Data, while also addressing public policy and copyright issues. With the successful export to SKOS, the analyzed thesauri are now fully reusable, demonstrating a viable path for the preservation and evolution of Brazilian informational and scientific heritage.

ABSTRACT Handheld Raman spectrometers equipped with a sequentially shifted excitation (SSE) system are increasingly employed in heritage science for the non‐invasive identification of carbon‐based pigments. However, the influence of SSE fluorescence‐correction algorithms on the spectral interpretation of carbonaceous materials remains poorly understood. This study compares a reference amorphous carbon black pigment with real‐case samples from Gerhard Richter's mural in Dresden and an interior architectural paint from the Waldsiedlung Zehlendorf Housing Estate, both measured using a micro‐Raman system and a handheld SSE‐Raman instrument. The results demonstrate that the SSE system efficiently mitigates fluorescence; however, it also biases the Raman response towards graphitic domains, thereby concealing amorphous carbon contributions that are critical for pigment type identification. The findings highlight the need for cautious interpretation of SSE‐processed Raman spectra to ensure accurate characterisation of carbon black pigments in heritage applications.

Eponyms occupy a significant place in scientific terminology as linguistic units derived from the names of scholars, researchers, or historical figures who made substantial contributions to the development of science. They serve not only as nominative tools but also as markers of scientific heritage, continuity, and intellectual recognition. This abstract examines the role of eponyms in the formation and standardization of scientific terminology, highlighting their cognitive, cultural, and communicative functions. Particular attention is given to the principles governing their development, including motivation, internationalization, stability, and adaptation to modern terminological systems. The study emphasizes that while eponyms enrich scientific language, their use requires systematic regulation to ensure clarity, consistency, and intercultural comprehensibility in contemporary scientific discourse.