Hungarian Science Research Articles

Influencing Factors Used for Performance Evaluation of Solar Dryers

Due to the rapid growth in human energy demand, research and development in renewable energy sources have become a top priority. Solar energy, as a renewable energy source, is widely used in the drying industry. This study examines the factors that influence the performance evaluation of solar dryers. The dryer consists of an air collector, a drying chamber, and a chimney. Experiments were conducted at the Solar Energy Laboratory of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences in Hungary (47.59° N, 19.36° E). The drying behaviour of single-pass and double-pass solar dryers was compared under the same environmental conditions. The analysis results indicate that the maximum solar radiation value is 950 W/m2 at 12:00. The maximum temperature difference between the top and bottom channels of the double-pass solar air collector is 9.5 °C. The average humidity in the environment, single-pass, and double-pass drying chambers is 31%, 26.5%, and 24%, respectively. The instantaneous efficiency of the single-pass solar collector reaches a peak of 56%, while the double-pass collector’s instantaneous efficiency peaks at around 60%. The collector performance curves show that the double-pass collector has a more stable performance.

ENERGY AWARENESS EDUCATION APPEARING IN NATURAL SCIENCES TEXTBOOKS FROM GRADE 1 TO 12

At the time of the current global energy crisis energy awareness education in school is increasingly important. Textbooks directly helping and influencing learning play an important role in this, especially in the case of natural sciences. Thus, the aim of this research was to show how science textbooks help to educate energy awareness (EA). Regarding this, 67 Hungarian science textbooks were analysed using a quantitative textbook analysis from grade 1 to 12. When studying the knowledge on EA, the occurrence of the key concepts related to EA included in the National Core Curriculum (2020) was examined according to content, pedagogical and structural dimensions. According to the results, the most common key concepts were renewable energy, and energy saving, while the least common was the concept of energy crisis. The textbooks studied increasingly communicate key concepts in the form of definitions in the main textbook text at the level of information, moving towards the upper grades, and paying less attention to the attitude-forming elements. There are few tasks that require the application of knowledge about EA, especially those that also develop digital competence. In this form, the textbooks studied are less suited to developing an attitude toward EA, which does not help in making the right decisions in relation to EA. Keywords: energy awareness, science textbooks, quantitative assessment

Validating a surveillance program of invasive mosquitoes based on citizen science in Hungary

Abstract Climate change, intensified tourism and trade activity have resulted in several exotic mosquito species invading the temperate zone, with considerable ecological and economic consequences, as well as threats to human health, due to the pathogen‐transmitting role of these organisms. Accordingly, three invasive mosquito species (Aedes albopictus, Ae. japonicus and Ae. koreicus) have been described in the last decade in Hungary, a Central European country. It is crucial to understand how invasive species are introduced and their distribution is expanded at the country‐level, for which intense surveillance programs are needed. We have established a citizen science program, in which we asked the public to submit reports on their observations of invasive mosquitoes. During a 3‐year campaign, we collected and taxonomically validated about 3000 reports that can be arranged along both temporal and spatial scales. We aggregated these observations into 35 km2 quadrats and examined if these can be used for reliable scientific inferences. We first found that the number of validated reports in a quadrat depends on the underlying sampling effort (i.e. number of total reports), but this relationship varies among species and study years. Second, after controlling for study effort, we showed that the prevalence and presence/absence of invasive mosquitoes within quadrats are significantly repeatable among years, but this consistency varies in a species‐specific way. Third, we demonstrated that conclusions about the local presence/absence of focal species based on citizen reports corroborate well the results of direct field sampling with conventional trapping protocols. Synthesis and applications: We suggest that if the reporting intensity is appropriate (i.e. the number of reports reaches a species‐specific threshold), citizen science results can be used to derive biologically meaningful conclusions about the distribution of invasive mosquitoes in a country. Distribution maps of the three invasive species in Hungary can be used to identify ecological predictors that determine such spatial patterns and also to develop a mosquito control program and assess epidemiological risk.

The Comparison of Hungarian and Indonesian Curriculum: A Case Study of ISCED 2 Mathematics and Sciences Curriculum

In the twenty-first century, there has been significant and rapid advancement in mathematics and science education. Comparing the educational systems of different countries according to international standards can provide valuable insights for improving educational quality. This study aims to investigate and compare the science and mathematics education systems of two countries, Indonesia and Hungary, specifically at the ISCED 2 level. The Indonesian curriculum used in this study is the most recent version of Curriculum 2013, updated in 2016, while the Hungarian curriculum used is the National Core Curriculum 2020 (NCC). This research is categorized as library research and applies the qualitative descriptive-analytical method. We searched several legal documents of curriculums from both countries in libraries, legal websites, formal institutions, and the archives of the ministries of education. After finding the relevant documents, the authors from each country translated, analyzed, and reviewed them thoroughly. According to the findings, several differences between the two educational systems might generate drawbacks. In Hungary, both science and mathematics curricula are empirical-based and involve activities, whereas in Indonesia, they start from new activities and are content-based. There are also several disjoint topics in mathematics between both countries, such as absolute value and quadratic equations. In Indonesia, science education is focused on biology topics as the main proportion of knowledge and is theoretical-oriented, while in Hungary, it is more varied in topics and is realistic and empirical-oriented. The Hungarian science curriculum is also emphasized on inquiry and experimental activities. To further investigate and compare the education systems, more studies are needed at every level of education.

Past and present of electrochemical science in Hungary

The electrochemistry-related scientific activities in Hungary over the past 3 decades are reviewed. In the first section, we summarize those research areas that are already ceased; in the next section, the ongoing research is discussed; finally, the trends and outlook are highlighted. A special emphasis is put on new experimental methods elaborated in the country.

Department of History of the USSR at the University of Budapest: Essay on the Sovietization of Hungarian Science and Higher Education in the 1950s

The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern and Central Europe in the second half of the 1940s. predetermined large-scale changes in the scientific and educational life of the countries of the region. One of the common features of Sovietization was the emergence departments in Soviet history, Soviet literature and Soviet law in the universities. Moreover, these departments were created according to the Soviet model, implying an appropriate staffing schedule, distribution of teaching assignments, etc. The article is devoted to an important episode in the history of the Sovietization of Hungarian humanities and education in the late 1940s — mid-1950s. This is activities of the Department of History of the USSR at the University of Budapest in 1953—1957. It was shown that creation this Department was connected with the work of the so-called Lenin Institute within the structure of the University of Budapest. On the one hand, Sovietization was carried out with the participation of specialists sent from the USSR, such as, for example, A. N. Kitushin, the Head of the Department of history of the USSR. On the other hand, a significant role was played by communist historians who returned from Moscow (J. Révai; E. Fazekas, E. Andics, D. Nemes, etc.). In the first year of the Department’s work, its employees developed a program on the history of the USSR, which was subsequently used in all major universities in the country — in Budapest, Szeged and Debrecen. The emphasis in teaching was on “key moments of historical ties between the Hungarian and Russian peoples”, especially in the 20th century. The same topic formed the basis of the Department’s research work. Its employees were compiling a collection of documents on the history of the USSR during the feudal period. They also participated in the translation of Soviet educational and scientific literature into Hungarian. Under the influence of the revolutionary upheavals in the autumn of 1956, Hungary’s intellectual agenda was adjusted. The aggressive Sovietization of humanities education has been suspended. In 1957, the Department of History of the USSR was transformed into the Department of History of Eastern Europe. The appendix to the article contains important documents from the Archives of the University of Budapest and the Archives of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, reflecting the process of Sovietization of Hungarian historical science in the early 1950s.

The significance and role of István Kótyuk’s work in Transcarpathian Hungarian science and education in the mother tongue

István Kótyuk, who passed away in the autumn of 2020, is a famous Hungarian linguist, translator, lexicographer and author of numerous textbooks for schools with Hungarian language of instruction in Transcarpathia. István Kótyuk’s activities were very diverse. Scientific research, teaching, organizing and translating activities and work in the field of Hungarian and Ukrainian lexicography are only some of the most important achievements of the scientist.
 István Kótyuk was born on 11 January 1934 in the village of Rativtsi, then part of Czechoslovakia, now in the Uzhhorod district of Ukraine. In 1949, he was admitted to the Mukachevo Teachers’ College, which operated in Khust until 1950. In 1953 he graduated as a primary school teacher and in the same year he started studying at the Hungarian Language Department of the Pedagogical College in Uzhhorod. The Pedagogical College was soon closed down, and he continued his studies at the Uzhhorod State University, where he graduated in 1958 with a degree in Russian language and literature. After that, he worked first at the editorial office of the Zakarpatska Pravda (Carpathian True Word) and then at the regional radio station. In 1963, the Hungarian Language and Literature Department of the Uzhhorod State University was established, where he was appointed as a teacher of Hungarian language and literature. During his 30 years there, he taught various subjects: modern Hungarian (morphology and syntax), dialectology, historical grammar of the Hungarian language and other special courses in the Hungarian language. István Kótyuk worked at Uzhhorod State University until 1994. In 1997, he accepted an invitation from the newly established Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education and taught Hungarian grammar to the students, first at the Linguistics Department and then, after the Hungarian language and literature section of the Philology Department was established, to the students of that department. In the middle of the 60s of the last century István Kótyuk started to investigate the Hungarian dialect of the historical Uzh county. His research included the phonetic, vocabulary, formal, syntactic and stylistic features of the dialect, as well as the Eastern Slavic influences in the dialect. He also wrote his doctoral dissertation on this topic, which he defended in 1974 under the title Украинские заимствования в ужанском венгерскoм говоре (Ukrainian loanwords in the Hungarian Uzh dialect). With several years of active research, he contributed to the creation of the All-Carpathian Language Atlas (1989–2003) and the Dictionary of Transcarpathian Hungarian Dialects (the glossaries of which were also published in Acta Hungarica). Besides his scientific activities, István Kótyuk also did a lot of work in the field of education. Since 1971, he wrote 16 textbooks approved by the Soviet and later by the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science for grades 4–11 in secondary schools of Transcarpathia with Hungarian language of instruction, some of which have been published several times. As a result, several generations of Transcarpathian Hungarian schoolchildren have been able to acquire knowledge of their mother tongue from the textbooks compiled by István Kótyuk.
 István Kótyuk’s work has been recognised with numerous awards. His wisdom, his knowledge, his perseverance, his humanity remain an example for us. We cherish his memory with a grateful heart.

The Past, Present and Future of the ELKH Cloud

This review article summarizes the history the Hungarian Scientific Cloud Infrastructure project. This research infrastructure was launched officially on 1 October 2016, funded by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. With the support of ELKH, the infrastructure’s capacity has been substantially boosted; the features and workflows that it offers to scientists were significantly expanded to celebrate the arrival of the year 2022. The article reviews the types of work Hungarian researchers implemented on the infrastructure, thereby providing an overview of the state of cloud-computing enabled science in Hungary.

P06-03 Associations between walkability and physical activity of Hungarian adults, preliminary study of the EUPASMOS project

BackgroundWalkability is a new definition in sport and health science in Hungary. In our study the walkability was measured by NEWS-Hungarian questionnaire first time in Hungary and our research aim was to compare neighbourhood walkability to physical activity level.MethodsThe study comprised 593 participating adults (248 males and 345 females). The data was collected during February-May 2019 using quota sampling by age and gender representing the Hungarian adult (18+) population. The physical activity was measured by RM 42 hip-worn triaxial accelerometer for 7 consecutive days using vigorous, moderate to vigorous activities and daily steps scores. The walkability was measured by walking and cycling facilities subscale (10 questions) of NEWS-Hungarian questionnaire. The subscale measured the environment's possibilities and quality for walking and cycling. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, Spearman's rank correlation was used to analyse data using SPSS 24. program, where level of significance was set at p > 0.05.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 44.41±18.64 and their average number of daily steps was 7308.47±6993.86. 69.05% was lived in cities and 30.05% in rural areas. The respondent's opinion about the walking and cycling around their place of living was measured by a 4 point scale (1 = strongly disagree and 4 = strongly agree), where we found 2.76±2.8 mean scores. The walkability score was showed significant but weak correlation with accelerometer-measured vigorous PA (R = 0.124, p = 0.004). But the accelerometer-based number of steps was not showed correlation with walkability (R = 0.058, p = 0.184).ConclusionsAccording to our results the built environment, especially walking and cycling places had significant but weak effect on physical activity patters. The participants were somewhat satisfied with walking and cycling possibilities of their built environment but this was not affected directly the time spent physically active. This study used first time the NEWS-Hungarian walkability scale to have a better understanding of the country specific details and compared them with PA level of the population further analysis needed.

Academic associations in the field of administrative sciences in Central and Eastern Europe, or what could be the medium-term objectives of the newly established Central and Eastern European Society for Administrative Sciences?

When we search for the significant players of administrative sciences on both the domestic and international level, we find – amongst others, amongst departments of universities, think-tanks and committees of academies of sciences – also organisations that can be treated as parts of civil society, especially scientific societies, particularly scientific associations. My current paper deals exclusively with the latter ones (with scientific associations) and my main goal is to enlist those functions that can be or even should be provided by our newly created Central and Eastern European Society for Administrative Sciences. To provide the catalogue, the elements of which are based on scientific evidence, my paper covers a) the main roles of contemporary scientific associations; b) the general features of Hungarian civil society; c) the names and main features of the contemporary scientific associations in administrative sciences in Hungary; and d) also the results of an international survey conducted among 142 representatives of administrative sciences of 18 countries in our region, especially of those countries which were formerly socialist states. And finally, with the help of these facts collected I aim to show, and offer some fairly new possible functions to invent in the interest of our ’beloved’ Society.

Tools Supporting the Measurement of Fair Play in Sport

In the course of our work so far, we have repeatedly emphasized the loss of morality and value in societies, which has an impact on all areas of life (including sport). Today, we are far from the original values of sport and the ideals of Baron Coubertin; fair play as pure play. Among the ethical issues of sport, special attention should be given to two extremes: fair play and doping. In our study, we aimed to review the available literature related to the topic of fair play in both the domestic and international setting. In selecting the processed research, our main goal was to present results that are useful for Hungarian educational science, including specific, internationally validated fair play attitude surveys and educational programs. Our current study is the first theoretical partial result of a larger-scale research, which includes the Hungarian adaptation of the presented tests.

About János Sallai’s book entitled The Establishment and Accreditation of Law Enforcement Science in Hungary, with special emphasis on the chapters dealing with impact of professional journals on the develo

Aim: The aim of the review of János Sallai’s publication entitled The Establishment and Accreditation of Law Enforcement Science in Hungary is to present in a short and concise form the domestic acceptance and accreditation of law enforcement science written from a historian’s perspective, for the readers of Belügyi Szemle.Methodology: The authors of this review have sought to use both qualitative and quantitative content analysis in preparing this review. The review’s authors use the same intertextuality approach to present the content of the book as it is found in the structure of the book. This is because the chapters and subchapters of the book itself are not independent, completely separate items, but are organically connected, intertwined in a chain.Conclusion: The author has fully succeeded in realizing his original intention. The publication presents almost entirely the historically long process, its individual stages, as a result of which law enforcement science has become an accepted, independent discipline in Hungary, and its acceptance in both academia and higher education has been achieved.Value: The scientific findings and information revealed by the author of the book and summarized in this publication can make a significant contribution to the further development of Hungarian law enforcement science, to its treatment as an independent science, and to the fact that in the future, journals dealing with law enforcement theory can play a major role in the further development of law enforcement science and its wider recognition.

ADAM FRANTIŠEK KOLLÁR – PIONEER OF TERESIAN ENLIGHTENMENT, SCHOOL REFORMER

In this article, the author introduces the important personality of Adam František Kollár, who is one of the most prominent personalities of science in the 18th century. Adam Franciszek Kollar is considered one of the pioneers of the Theresian Enlightenment. He excelled as a librarian, historian, school reformer and ethnologist. He was called the "Slovak Socrates". His views on humanity and his striving for equal rights for all Hungarians also attract attention. Adam František Kollár was one of the most important Slovak personalities of the philosophical, pedagogical and social life of the 18th century. He contributed to the development of Old Slavic historiography, was a pioneer of modern Slavic studies and created the organizational foundations of Hungarian science, which also had an impact on Slovakia.

ICCECIP 2021 International Scientific Conference

The ICCECIP 2021 - 3rd International Conference on Central European Critical Infrastructure Protection was held this year on 15th November. This year conference was the third after the 2019 and 2020 ones. This event as part of the Hungarian Science Festival was organized by the Bánki Donát Faculty of Mechanical and Safety Engineering of the Óbuda University, Milton Friedman University and Batthyány Lajos Foundation in a historical place of the Castle, in the Villa of Lónyai-Hatvany. The motto of this year’s conference is “Kinetic and cyber tools in the critical infrastructure protection”.

History of science in Hungary: Stewardship and audience in periods of institutional and political change

The paper introduces the development of history of science in Hungary, focusing on the status of the field in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, universities, and scientific societies, and the “local” output in Hungarian. The genres associated with the field became popular in the early 20th century, and the institutional framework was created in the 1970s. After 1990, constructivist methodologies for studying localizable patterns of science-related activities spread, somewhat more pronounced in histories of the human sciences. A PhD school was established, and the discipline thrived until the early 2000s. Attempts were made to develop an historically informed integrated science curriculum, and to start a Masters program in History of Science. In recent years some of the key institutions of the discipline were closed down, and the visibility and relevance of the field decreased. Although the field has a relatively stable position in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS), with dwindling institutional resources "History of science" in Hungary will most likely become—yet again—an accessory of the special sciences.

Social Sciences in Hungary During the Cold War and After

Based on various types of recently explored empirical evidence, this study attempts to account for the complex and ever-changing relationship the social sciences in Hungary have entertained with their foreign counterparts, both institutionally and through their intellectual references since their birth in the early 20th century. Historically, up until Communist times, Hungary was a German intellectual colony of sorts while remaining receptive mostly to French and other influences as well. This changed fundamentally after 1948 with the process of Sovietization. This implied the outright institutional suppression of several social disciplines (sociology, demography, political science, and psychoanalysis) and the forceful intellectual realignment of others along Marxist lines. Contacts with the West were also suspended and the exclusive orientation to Soviet social science enforced through­out the long 1950s. A thaw period after this attempt at Russian cultural colonization followed the years after the 1956 anti-Bolshevik uprising. From 1963 on, the Hungarian social sciences saw the reestablishment and state-supported promotion of disciplines that were suppressed earlier, the softening of the ascendancy of official Marxism, and the opening of channels of exchange with the West. In spite of the continuation of political censorship, ideological surveillance, and occasional expulsion of politically dissident scholars until 1989, Hungarian social scientists could benefit more often and intensively from Western sponsorship (such as study grants from the Ford foundation) and collaborations. After the fall of Communism, the expansion and reorientation of the social sciences to the West, dominated by Anglo-Saxon contacts, are demonstrated by various indices, such as data on the book market of the social sciences and books purchased by libraries, translated, or cited in major reviews.

Preface

This journal contains 94 selected contributions of the GIREP-ICPE-EPEC-MPTL 2019 Conference held 1-5. July 2019 in Budapest Hungary in the premises of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics.This conference coincided with the centenary year of Roland Eötvös to commemorate his achievements in physics. Also the UNESCO was associated with this celebration. Roland Eötvös (1848-1919) was a Hungarian physicist, who was not only an outstanding scientist-measuring the strict proportionality of the inertial and gravitational masses to a precision unprecedented before-, but was also an excellent educator and reformer of the Hungarian science education system.More than 350 participants gathered from 47 countries all over the world to share their newest results on physics education research with their colleagues. There were 7 invited keynote talks (60 mins each), 10 symposia (90 mins)-containing altogether 39 oral presentations-, 11 workshops (90 mins each), 173 oral presentations (15 mins +5 mins discussion) and 76 posters.The main international scientific bodies organizing the conference were the following:• Group International de Recherche sur l’Enseignement de la Physique (GIREP)• Physics Education Division (PED) of the European Physical Society (EPS)• International Commission on Physics Education (ICPE) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP)• Multimedia Physics Teaching and Learning (MPTL).The leading organizing body was GIREP, which is an international membership organisation founded in 1966, open to academics, teachers, curriculum developers and all other stakeholders with the concern to improve physics teaching and learning by means of Physics Education Research, Innovative Experimentation in Physics Teaching/Learning, Innovative Materials and Methods, Suggestions for Stakeholders, International Cooperation in Conferences, Seminars, Selected Paper Books.The key topics of the Conference were the following:A. Strategies and methods to improve Physics learning and teachingB. Multimedia in Physics Teaching and LearningC. Contemporary Physics and Modern Physics in SchoolD. Physics Curriculum: Development and ImplementationE. Experiments in Physics EducationF. Early Science LearningG. Environmental PhysicsH. Teacher Education and postgraduate educationI. Informal learning and science centresJ. Outreach of PhysicsThere are several papers in this journal about most of the topics above. The papers were subject of double blinded reviewing process, and only those got accepted, which have met the high standards set by the referees.During the Conference also Symposia were organized where groups of researchers working on the same fields shared their results and discussed the actual problems of the field. Also reports of some of those symposia are published here in the Journal.In addition to these interesting topics GIREP also launched a new initiative during the Conference: The Community on Teaching/Learning Quantum Physics. This explains why the readers find here especially large number of papers about this very hot topic.We also draw the attention of the interested reader that some selected papers will be published soon in Springer book series “Challenges in Physics Education” under the title: “Teaching-Learning Contemporary Physics – from Research to Practice”.We, as main local organizers of the Conference, would like to express our thanks to the many organizations who contributed and helped organizing this Conference. Firstly, the international organizations mentioned above, who not only assured the high scientific standards, but also contributed financially. We are also indebted to the Budapest University of Technology and Economics who provided its nice premises and infrastructure and welcomed all lectures, workshops and meetings. We express our thanks also to the Hungarian Education State Secretary for the financial help and continuous encouragement. Last, but not least our thanks goes to the many institutions-in the country or abroad-who offered some sponsorship which enabled us to keep the finances of the conference under control, and to keep the participation fees at an acceptable height.Budapest, 20. April 2021.Beata Jarosievitz and Csaba Sükösd editorsContacts:Prof. Beata Jarosievitz, Dennis Gabor College Budapest e-mail: jarosievitz@gmail.comProf. Csaba Sükösd, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics e-mail: sukosd@reak.bme.hu

Research at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science in Nitra

Research at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science in Nitra

Fejezetek Erdély huszadik századi jogtörténetéből

On 20 November 2018, the Hungarian Museum Association of Transylvania and Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania organized a round table discussion on the legal history of Transylvania. The event took place as part of a series of events on the Hungarian Science Day in Transylvania, at the Sapientia building on Calea Turzii Cluj-Napoca. The participants were Dr Gyula Fábián (minority law), Dr Zsolt Fegyveresi (constitutional history), Dr László Nánási (history of criminal law), Dr Zsolt Kokoly (history of legal education), Dr János Székely (history of civil procedure law), and Dr Emőd Veress (history of civil law). The event was moderated by Előd Pál. The participants presented their research studies related to the legal history of Transylvania and explored the legal and social situations of the past hundred years.

Changes and Impact of Minimum Publication Requirements for University Full Professor Applications in Social Sciences in Hungary

On 1 Septem­ber 2020, the Guidelines for the pre­par­a­tion and eval­u­ation of uni­versity full pro­fessor ap­plic­a­tions, as amended by the Hun­garian Ac­cred­it­a­tion Com­mit­tee's De­cision 2020/6/IV/2 and ad­op­ted by the Board De­cision 2019/5/VII/4, entered into force. The re­vised re­quire­ment sys­tem rep­res­ents the trans­form­a­tion of the pre­vi­ous bench­marks. The focus of aca­demic per­form­ance has shif­ted to journal pub­lic­a­tions but bey­ond do­mestic pub­lic­a­tions, in­ter­na­tional pub­lic­a­tions – a pre­requis­ite for in­ter­na­tional vis­ib­il­ity and a prom­in­ent place in qual­ity rank­ing – have also be­come a con­di­tion for achiev­ing aca­demic de­grees. The present study ex­am­ines the im­pact and con­sequences of the new re­quire­ments on uni­versity full pro­fessor ap­plic­a­tions and, more broadly, on in­ter­na­tional aca­demic re­cog­ni­tion, through the pub­lic­a­tion activ­it­ies of lec­tur­ers at Hun­garian uni­versit­ies with a pro­file in eco­nom­ics and so­cial sci­ences. Does the “new” reg­u­la­tion of the Hun­garian Ac­cred­it­a­tion Com­mit­tee af­fect the sci­entific pro­gress of the in­di­vidual and the com­munity or in­sti­tu­tion?