Scientific Issues Research Articles

Study on the physical mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of energy storage concrete with artificial phase change aggregate

As the main material for major infrastructure in cold regions, the mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of concrete have become key scientific issues affecting the safety and normal operation and maintenance of infrastructure in cold regions. Energy storage concrete with phase change materials (PCM) has high thermal storage performance, which is beneficial to improving the frost resistance of concrete. In our preliminary research work, the artificial phase change aggregate (APCA) containing PCM with high latent heat, good mechanical properties and frost resistance were made and tested. The APCA was added to the concrete and replaced with natural coarse aggregate in different proportions, resulting in several energy storage concrete schemes with different APCA contents. The water absorption characteristics, microstructure and pore characteristics of energy storage concrete with different APCA contents were tested and analyzed through negative pressure saturation test, SEM and MIP. The effects of APCA replacement on the composition, mechanical properties, failure morphology characteristics and frost resistance durability of energy storage concrete at various ages were analyzed through XRD test, strength test and freeze-thaw cycle test. The results showed that replacing natural coarse aggregates with APCA changed the pore characteristics of concrete, reduced its saturation water absorption rate, but did not change the composition of hydration products at various ages of concrete. Replacing with an appropriate amount of APCA in concrete is beneficial for reducing the total porosity, the number of more-harmful pores and harmful pores. APCA reduce the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of energy storage concrete at various ages. The early splitting strength of energy storage concrete increases rapidly, while the later growth is relatively slow. APCA are beneficial for suppressing the expansion of pores and cracks under freeze-thaw action of concrete. APCA is helpful to improve the freeze–thaw resistance of the energy storage concrete. After 100 freeze-thaw cycles, their strength is still 96% of the 28 day strength, and their compressive strength is about 35 MPa. This study provides a reliable experimental and theoretical basis for improving the freezing resistance of concrete in cold area.

The Neoarchean granitoids in the Yanlingguan area, western Shandong, North China Craton record the transition from TTG to K-rich granitoids

The Neoarchean is an important period of continental crustal growth worldwide. Determining how the continental crust increases in size and was finally cratonized at the end of the Archean is therefore an important scientific issue in geology. This study involved field investigations, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating, zircon in situ Hf isotopic analysis, and whole-rock geochemistry of Neoarchean granitoids at Yanlingguan, a typical Neoarchean area in the western Shandong granite-greenstone belt, North China Craton. Three samples of diorite/TTG that occur as enclaves in monzogranite record the oldest magmatic zircon 207Pb/206Pb ages of 2738–2731 Ma. They have low ΣREE (total REE) contents (37.5–72.4 ppm), low (La/Yb)n (8.9–25.5) and variable Eu/Eu* (0.90–1.86). The Xinfushan trondhjemite has a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 2599 ± 4 Ma for magmatic concordant or near-concordant zircons from six samples. The trondhjemites have large REE variations, with ΣREE, (La/Yb)n, and Eu/Eu* being 36.3–150.9 ppm, 23.9–91.1 and 0.57–2.00, respectively. The Lianhuashan monzogranite has a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 2502 ± 6 Ma for magmatic concordant or near-concordant zircons from four samples. These rocks have ΣREE contents, (La/Yb)n and Eu/Eu* of 42.9–573.7 ppm, 2.4–89.1 and 0.31–1.20, respectively. The geochemisal data indicate that the 2.7 Ga diorite/TTG rocks formed by fractional crystallization of mafic magma under low-pressure conditions. In contrast, the 2.6 Ga trondhjemites were most likely formed by a mixture of magmas derived from partial melting of low-K mafic and the earlier tonalitic rocks; whereas the 2.5 Ga monzogranites were derived by partial melting of the earlier TTG rocks, with addition of some sedimentary material. These events commenced with the subduction and melting of early Neoarchean oceanic crust, likely influenced by mantle plume activity, through an increase in crustal melting and consequent increase in the K2O/Na2O ratio in the 2.6 Ga TTG, and culminated in the production of the widespread generation of K-rich monzogranites at 2.5 Ga. Western Shandong thus underwent an increase in crustal maturity as it transitioned from TTG-dominated magmatism to K-rich granite, marking cratonization of the North China Craton at the end of the Neoarchean.

The influence of the socio-cultural environment on family upbringing in Аzerbaijan at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centurie

The late 19th century is etched in history as a highly complex and contradictory period for the Azerbaijani people, both economically, politically and culturally. It is known that the awakening of society in Azerbaijan, cultural revival, and the vibrant development of all fields of science and culture occurred in this period. A healthy society is fundamentally built upon healthy families. For this reason, from a socio-psychological perspective, the foundation of the state and the nation is formed by a healthy family. The role of the family and parents in shaping a child’s personality is irreplaceable. Under the continuous and purposeful guidance of parents, children gain life experience, integrate into society, and develop as individuals. This family role directly impacts children’s future, determining the social position they will hold in life. As the foundation of the social structure, the family must be established on solid foundations with distinct social, moral, and legal principles. Thus, establishing a healthy psychological climate in families, nurturing children and protecting them from harmful tendencies are among the most significant challenges of the modern family. One of the primary demands of our time is for parent-child relationships to be built on internal freedom and noble emotions. From the late 20th century onwards, family relationships have increasingly been replaced by more diplomatic and humanistic behaviors. Although the issues of family, family upbringing, the educational potential of the family and its role in shaping personality have been studied within various scientific disciplines (pedagogy, psychology, sociology, etc.), the theoretical and practical issues of family upbringing have not been investigated in historical-pedagogical terms or treated as a research subject to date. Investigating family upbringing from a historical perspective is essential in two respects. The scientific findings obtained can enrich both our history of educational and pedagogical thought and the content of contemporary family upbringing. Exploring the rich pedagogical heritage on family upbringing created by our enlighteners in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, passing it on to modern and future generations and preserving our predecessors’ progressive and humanistic ideas is a civic duty for today’s researchers. However, compared to the period under study, the old stereotypes have long been dismantled and removed in the modern era. The creation of a healthy environment within families in the current era directly impacts children’s overall development, future activities and formation as individuals. At the same time, studying and promoting family upbringing and traditions from a historical perspective remains consistently relevant. A better understanding of current social developments regarding family upbringing greatly depends on studying the historical-pedagogical heritage of family upbringing. By examining this rich heritage and moral asset, we can determine the developmental directions and prospects for raising children within the family. As a social institution, the family encompasses, within a broad historical perspective, the types of families, their composition, lifestyles, and the general socio-economic conditions of existence. One of the characteristic features of the family is its adaptation, modernization, and development in line with the demands of the era, evolving as a product of the social system

Review on Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacovigilance: Opportunities and Challenges

Due to the clever gathering and reporting of individual case safety reports, as well as the increased awareness and involvement of patients and healthcare professionals, the number of suspected adverse event reports in the PV database has grown exponentially. The PV case processing cycle starts with data collection, data entry, initial checking completeness and validity, coding, medical assessment for causality expectedness, severity, and seriousness, subsequently submitting report, quality checking followed by data storage and maintenance. Artificial intelligence (AI) in health care has been very impressive in specialties that rely heavily on the interpretation of medical images. The focus should be a collaborative approach of technical expertise (people) combined with intelligent technology (processes) to augment human talent that meets the objective of the PV system and benefit all stakeholders. AI technology should enhance human intelligence rather than substitute human experts. This review describes the benefits and the outstanding scientific, technological, and policy issues, and the maturity of AI tools for full automation in the context to the Indian health-care system

A Chalcogenide-Derived NiFe2O4 as Highly Efficient and Stable Anode for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis.

Developing low-cost, highly active, and durable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes is one of the critical scientific issues for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEM-WE). Herein, we report a vacancy-rich and alkali-stable NiFe2O4-type electrode (named as NiFeOx-350-Ov), derived from the chemical-vapor deposited precursor NiFeSexSy-350, as an efficient and robust anode material. The obtained electrode affords current densities of 100 and 500 mA cm-2 at overpotentials of 245 and 270 mV, respectively, and displays excellent long-term durability sustaining 1.0 A cm-2 at least for 1000 h. When coupled with Ni4Mo/MoO2/NF as a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst, the resulting platinum-group metal (PGM)-free single-cell AEM-WE exhibits a cell voltage of 1.71 V at the current density of 1000 mA cm-2 at 80 °C and long-term durability during a current-cycling test between 0.5 A cm-2 and 1.0 A cm-2 over 150 h at 60 °C. This work highlights a unique reconstruction strategy for preparing highly active and durable OER catalysts used in PGM-free AEM-WE.

Ethical issues in implementation science: perspectives from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop

Ethical issues arise in the context of implementation science that may differ from those encountered in other research settings. This report, developed out of a workshop convened by the Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science within the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, identifies six key themes that are important to the assessment of ethical dimensions of implementation science. First, addressing ethical challenges in implementation science does not require new ethical principles, commitments, or regulations. However, it does require understanding of the specific contexts arising in implementation research related to both study design and the intervention being implemented. Second, implementation research involves many different types of people in research, including patients, clinicians, administrators, the social networks of any of these, and the general population. These individuals play different roles that may entail different ethical considerations, obligations, and vulnerabilities. Third, the appropriateness of and need for informed consent in implementation research is connected to the role of the subject/participant, the nature of the intervention, and the design of the study. Even where traditional “full” consent processes are unnecessary or inappropriate, communication and engagement are critical. Similarly, even when research is exempt and informed consent unnecessary, Data Safety and Monitoring Board oversight of implementation studies may be advisable to ensure quality, address unexpected consequences, and identify overwhelming evidence of benefit. Fourth, implementation science is often explicitly designed to encourage specific behaviors and discourage others. There is a need for clarity regarding when efforts at behavioral change enhance or threaten autonomy and how to protect participants whose autonomy is threatened. Fifth, there is significant overlap between implementation science and quality improvement, and the ideal regulatory oversight structure for implementation science remains unclear. It is critical to encourage learning and growth while assuring appropriate protections. Sixth, implementation research takes place across a range of social and cultural contexts. Engagement and collaboration with stakeholders in designing and executing implementation trials and studies- especially when vulnerabilities exist- is essential. Attention to these themes will help ensure that implementation science fulfills its goal of advancing the practice of health care within a sound ethical framework.

Fact-checking in the age of AI: Reducing biases with non-human information sources

This study examines the obstacles to the effectiveness of fact-checking, focusing primarily on the pervasive impact of entrenched biases. Fact-checking efforts often face resistance when linked to mistrusted sources, leading to cognitive dissonance and the rejection of messages in favor of pre-existing beliefs, a phenomenon known as motivated reasoning. This resistance hinders organizations’ ability to correct misconceptions surrounding social issues and entities. The research delves into whether non-human entities such as AI can facilitate less biased information processing due to their perceived impartiality. Applying a moderated mediation model in experimental settings, we found that labeling a source as artificial intelligence is pivotal in evaluating fact-checking. AI labels moderate the impact of partisan biases on the persuasive outcomes of fact-checks, such as message credibility and acceptance, compared to the human source. This study offers valuable insights for enhancing the effectiveness of fact-checking in the context of cognitive and psychological biases by highlighting the critical influence of information sources in reducing polarization in public perceptions of scientific issues.

Objects of State Human Rights Practices

The paper characterizes the object of human rights practices and the object of state human rights practices based on the analysis of scientific views on the categories of the object available in modern philosophical and legal literature. The concept of an object of state human rights practices is proposed and a classification of these objects is developed. The question of the types of objects of state human rights practices is investigated. Separately, such controversial issues in modern legal science and practice as the attitude of the latest complex artificial intelligence systems to the objects of state human rights practices, the hierarchy of objects of state human rights practices, and the recognition of the unborn fetus as an object of state protection of human rights are analyzed. The author makes a conclusion about the possibility of transformation of objects of state human rights practices with the development of human civilization and a fundamental change in approaches to this category at the present stage of development of the Russian state, including in the context of a new system of protection of rights in the context of digitalization. It is proposed to formulate at the legislative level the concept and types of objects of state protection of human rights.

Postdoc Perspectives on Leadership and Matters of Equity and Inclusion in Polar Science

AbstractIn 2023, the first Polar Postdoc Leadership Workshop convened to discuss present and future polar science issues and to develop leadership skills. The workshop discussions fostered a collective commitment to inclusive leadership within the polar science community among all participants. Here, we outline challenges encountered by underrepresented groups in polar sciences, while also noting that progress has been made to improve inclusivity in the field. Further, we highlight the inclusive leadership principles identified by workshop participants to bring to the polar community as we transition into leadership roles. Finally, insights and practical knowledge we gained from the workshop are shared, aiming to inform the community of our commitment to inclusive leadership and encourage the polar community to join us in pursuing action toward our shared vision for a more welcoming polar science future.

Application and prospects of interface engineering in energy storage and conversion of graphdiyne‐based materials

AbstractA new carbon allotrope, graphdiyne (GDY) has great promise for future use. Much interest was piqued when it was initially prepared in 2010. GDY is made up of sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms. It has a one‐atom thick two‐dimensional structure and many interesting and useful qualities, such as strong chemical bonds, super‐large π structures, the ability to change from an alkyne to an alkene, and can be grown on any surface. GDY has become one of the frontier hotspots in chemistry and materials science, with original research achievements in energy conversion and storage, catalysis, intelligent information, life sciences constantly emerging and so on, showing revolutionary performance. In electrochemical cells, the electrode interface content not only accounts for a small proportion in the entire electrode system but it also plays a crucial role, affecting the efficiency, lifespan, power performance, and safety performance of the battery. In view of this, the intrinsic properties of GDY have been thoroughly analyzed, and a new GDY‐based electrochemical interface has been proposed by combining the key problems of electrochemical interfaces in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. This has led to new understanding and insights to address many critical scientific issues. In this review, the structure, characteristics, and applications of GDY in interface engineering are presented. In particular, recent advances in GDY and its aggregates in energy storage and conversion are summarized and discussed.

Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs: FDA Experience, Views, and Operations.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has defined narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drugs as "those drugs where small differences in dose or blood concentration may lead to serious therapeutic failures and/or adverse drug reactions that are life-threatening or result in persistent or significant disability or incapacity." FDA has undertaken efforts to develop NTI assessment criteria and enhance public confidence in generic NTI drugs through public workshops, research, and post-marketing surveillance. In 2015, FDA formed the NTI Drug Working Group to develop a consistent approach to identify NTI drugs and resolve NTI-related scientific and regulatory issues in a transparent and collaborative manner. One key objective of the NTI Drug Working Group is to evaluate potential NTI drugs based on five general characteristics of NTI drugs as highlighted in the case example for theophylline drug products. As of January 5, 2024, there are 33 drug products, with 14 distinct active ingredients, specified as NTI drugs in their respective product-specific guidances (PSGs) for generic drug development. Future collaborative efforts with other agencies to harmonize the terms and definitions for NTI drugs may help enhance clarity and consistency during the drug development and the regulatory review process.

Innovative computational model for optimal deep coal mining under large-scale crustal stress conditions

Understanding and controlling the ground stress in deep coalfield mining is crucial for ensuring mine safety and efficiency. This study aims to address two unresolved scientific issues in ground stress research: the selection of optimal excavation plans and the large-scale rapid acquisition of ground stress data. A novel computational model is proposed for key rock layer control under different crustal stress conditions. The model considers the complexity and uncertainty of ground stress distribution by simplifying the key rock strata into a fixed-fixed beam model and calculating their safety through mechanical methods. Introducing an innovative approach for acquiring large-scale stress fields using GPS data. By inverting large-scale strain fields in the coalfield area, combined with World Stress Map (WSM) and measured data, accurate stress fields are obtained. The proposed optimal excavation plan can be applied to various coalfield locations worldwide, providing a scientific basis for safe and efficient mining operations. Additionally, the innovative use of GPS data in obtaining large-scale stress fields offers a valuable tool for assessing ground stress variation.

Interface dynamics in electroosmotic flow systems with non-Newtonian fluid frontiers

Abstract Microfluidic applications involving liquid manipulation, selective membranes, and energy harvesting strongly em-phasize the importance of the electrokinetic phenomenon, which is widely used at multiple fluid and electrochemi-cal interfaces. However, critical scientific issues that address multifield coupling and multiscale physics have not been well addressed in non-Newtonian fluids. In this paper, electrical field–fluid flow–ion transport coupling is numerically implemented in two mainstream problems, i.e., induced electroconvection phenomena at ion-selective interfaces and induced charge electroosmosis in polarized cylinders. The effects of different non-Newtonian rheo-logical properties, which are absent in Newtonian fluids, on the interfacial dynamics, instability and ion transport are examined. The results reveal that the non-Newtonian rheology significantly modulates the statistical data and interfacial phenomena. Generalized power-law fluids alter velocity and interfacial charge profiles, with shear thin-ning enhancing ion transport to lower overlimiting current thresholds and shear thickening broadening the limiting current region (with hindered ion transport). In Boger-type Oldroyd-B fluids, the addition of polymer decreases the velocity amplitude and increases the interface resistance. At low voltages, polymer viscoelasticity minimally affects the ohmic and limiting regions, but under convection-dominated flow, different rheological parameters, such as the viscosity ratio, Weissenberg number, anisotropic parameter, and electrohydrodynamic coupling con-stants, enable controllable regulation of ion transport behavior across a wide range. Finally, this paper states that modulated electroosmosis by complex charged polymers is the future cutting edge. The relevant results supple-ment the non-Newtonian physics of electrokinetic systems and provide guidance for the design and operation of microfluidic devices.

Заперечення Голодомору як наукова проблема: методи та перспективи дослідження

The study of the history and methods of Holodomor denial is an important scientific issue. The denial of the Holodomor began already during its implementation and did not stop until the collapse of the USSR. The first to deny the Holodomor were its organizers and perpetrators, the Bolshevik leaders of the USSR. The communist regime of the Soviet Union stubbornly and consistently refused to recognize the fact of the 1932–1933 famine in Ukraine and tried to conceal its catastrophic demographic consequences. To accomplish this task, not only the propaganda apparatus and special services were involved, but also cultural figures, educators, and scholars. Western intellectuals and journalists who belonged to the left or liberal ideas made a significant contribution to the silencing and later denial of the Holodomor. It was only in the late 1980s, under pressure from changes in the domestic political and international situation, that the Communists had to recognize the famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. However, as an official explanation for those events, the authorities immediately offered a version that absolved the Kremlin of responsibility for the multimillion human victims of the Holodomor. At the same time, the Communists continued to deny that the artificial famine was anti-Ukrainian. The denial of the Holodomor did not end with the collapse of the USSR. After Ukraine declared its independence, Russia became the main opponent of the dissemination of information about the Holodomor and the organizer of the campaign to deny its recognition as an act of genocide. In contrast to Ukraine, in Western historiography, the study of the history and theory of genocide denial has long been the focus of research by a number of scholars. In Western countries, research on the denial of the Holocaust, the Armenian genocide, and other cases of mass extermination of civilians began in the 1980s and 1990s. At the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, a consensus was formed that genocide denial is a separate genre of political journalism and pseudo-scientific literature, and thus a separate subject of study. The application of the research findings of Western scholars of twentieth-century genocide denial will provide an opportunity to better understand the policy of Holodomor denial that was used in the past by the USSR and is now used by Russia in its information war against Ukraine. All of this gives reason to believe that the study of the history and theory of Holodomor denial has great scientific prospects. By studying the Holodomor denial, Ukrainian scholars have the opportunity to use the work of their foreign colleagues. This will facilitate the integration of Ukrainian science into the global scientific community. Keywords: Holodomor, genocide, Holodomor denial, genocide denial, propaganda, USSR, Russia.

Towards posthuman climate change education

ABSTRACT Climate change is one of the most critical challenges of our time, requiring significant responses from all aspects of society, including education. The prevailing responses to climate change tend towards treating the crisis as a predominantly scientific and managerial issue that requires technological solutions or behaviour changes. Correspondingly, climate change education (CCE) often focuses on teaching climate science and (predominantly individual) behaviour change. We argue that CCE, as part of a broader environmental and sustainability education (ESE), needs, in addition to a short-term damage limitation response, a simultaneous, longer-term, transformational approach that goes beyond critical humanism and engages with posthumanism. We explore ideas about human continuity with the more-than-human world, and the relationality and materiality of humans. Drawing on recent developments within posthuman pedagogies research, we consider how posthumanism might influence ESE/CCE, focussing on how two sustainability competency frameworks, UNESCO’s key competencies and the EU’s GreenComp, might be posthumanised.

Genetic linkage between parent granite and zoned rare metal pegmatite in the Renli-Chuanziyuan granite-pegmatite system, South China

Elucidating the causal relationship between parent granite and pegmatite and tracing the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and rare metal mineralization are intriguing scientific issues that remain unsolved. The Renli-Chuanziyuan granite-pegmatite field, hosted in and adjacent to the Mufushan batholith, represents a significant rare metal ore district in southern China. The field reveals well-defined regional zonation, encompassing biotite, two-mica, and muscovite monzogranites at the core, which transition outward to microcline (K-pegmatite), microcline-albite (K-Na-pegmatite), albite (Na-pegmatite), and albite-spodumene pegmatites (Na-Li-pegmatite) at the southwestern margin of the Mufushan batholith. The U-Pb ages of the columbite-tantalite (coltan) grains from the Na-Li-pegmatite samples from the Chuanziyuan deposits are 139.1 ± 1.2 Ma and 138.6 ± 1.1 Ma, which are consistent with the ages of the coltan grains from the Renli deposit, indicating contemporaneous mineralization. Chemical analyses of muscovite, garnet, and coltan from various pegmatite zones reveal a gradual increase in the degree of differentiation and volatile components of the Early Cretaceous magmatic system from north to south. Particularly noteworthy is the significant increase in the abundance of Na-Li-pegmatites to the south, signifying the transition from an early melt stage with a minor fluid component to a melt-fluid stage with a substantial volume of unmixed fluid. This evolution led to the enrichment and precipitation of Nb and Ta in the Renli deposit and of Li in the Chuanziyuan deposit, which were facilitated by the separation and exsolution of flux-rich (e.g., F, H2O) fluid. The highly evolved ca. 140 Ma muscovite monzogranite exhibits a well-defined spatial and temporal relationship with rare metal pegmatites, providing strong evidence of genetic associations. Furthermore, the geochemical characteristics of muscovite and garnet from the muscovite monzogranite overlap with those of mineralized pegmatites, further suggesting (together with the simulation study) that the muscovite monzogranite served as the parental granite of the mineralized pegmatites. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the evolution of the granite-pegmatite system, particularly in the context of rare metal exploration, and contribute to a deeper understanding of the ore-forming mechanisms of zoned rare metal pegmatites.

Space flight mechanics theoretist and practitioner. On the 100th anniversary of the birth of academician T.M. Eneev

The article presents materials about Academician Timur Magometovich Eneev, an outstanding scientist in the field of space flight mechanics, one of the founders of modern space flight dynamics. His works have made a significant contribution to the achievements of world science. Namely, his contribution to the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, the flight of Yuri Gagarin, to the implementation of flights to the Moon, planets of the Solar system, to the study of small bodies of the Solar system, to the theory of cosmogony, solving problems of genetics is great. The new mathematical methods proposed by T.M. Eneev to solve the problems of space exploration constitute the golden fund of Russian astrodynamics and are successfully used for the implementation of Russian space exploration projects. T.M. Eneev is not only an outstanding scientist, but also a citizen of our Fatherland, who responded to the problems of the formation of science, cosmonautics, cosmogony, biology and other issues of concern to modern society.

Longitudinal studies in administrative science and public health issues: A research approach and public health practices

Longitudinal studies in administrative science and public health issues: A research approach and public health practices

Strengthening Indonesia's health system through community and technological engagements in public health interventions.

The 7th International Symposium on Public Health (ISoPH 2023), was held on October 2-3, 2023, in Surabaya, Indonesia, which brought together a diverse array of public health professionals, researchers, and policymakers from around the globe. The purpose of the symposium was to facilitate the exchange of the latest information and ideas within the realm of public health. The symposium aspired to foster discussions and the exchange of insights regarding scientific issues in the field of public health globally and within the context of Indonesia. Organized by the Faculty of Public Health at Airlangga University in Indonesia, the symposium addressed the urgent need for robust, resilient health systems capable of navigating the complex challenges of the modern era, particularly in the context of the Society 5.0 paradigm1 .

Petrography, Crystallography, and Geochronology of Baddeleyite With Two Morphologies in a Chang'e‐5 Lunar Basalt

AbstractBaddeleyite (ZrO2) is widespread in lunar basalts and frequently used for U‐Pb geochronology of magmatic and impact events. The formation of baddeleyite involves two primary mechanisms: (a) crystallization from late‐stage magma, and (b) decomposition of zircon under high‐temperature (high‐T) conditions. Baddeleyite with distinct formation mechanisms commonly displays different morphologies. In a Chang'e‐5 lunar basalt, we report baddeleyite with two different morphologies, termed “singular type” and “aggregate type.” Petrographic and crystallographic analyses were conducted on both types of baddeleyite to understand their formation conditions and evolution processes. Despite the similarity in the morphology and mineral assemblages between the aggregate type baddeleyite and zircon decomposition products, the petrographic characteristics and the rarity of zircon in lunar basalts tend to suggest that both types of baddeleyite are derived from magma crystallization. Crystallographic relationships observed in both types indicate a phase transformation from the precursor tetragonal‐ZrO2/cubic‐ZrO2 or orthorhombic‐ZrO2 phase. Two potential scenarios are proposed for the formation of these microstructures: (a) direct crystallization of high symmetry ZrO2 from magma, and (b) crystallization of baddeleyite from magma followed by a high‐pressure (high‐P) event causing its phase transition. However, due to unresolved scientific issues in both scenarios, an accurate evolutionary process cannot currently be determined. Therefore, extensive thermodynamic experiments are necessary to enhance our understanding of baddeleyite microstructures as indicators of P‐T processes, providing insights into magmatism and the impact history of planetary bodies.