Science In Modern Society Research Articles

Racionalidad, ciencia, sociedad y acción humana. Los límites del conocimiento y la racionalidad científica

This text analyzes the role of rationality and science in modern society and its limits on human action. Karl Marx argues that rationality, both in scientific knowledge and practice, is a key element to social change and progress, highlighting the relation between knowledge and power. Max Weber characterizes modernity in terms of rationalization which, although it fosters an optimal social action, it limits freedom and individual creativity due to bureaucratization. Weber also discriminates technical rationalization of subjective rationalization, pointing at the limits of scientific rationalization. Meanwhile, Norbert Elias considers civilization as the result of human interactions and not as a product of pure rationality. He maintains that science must point at what is possible, leaving the responsibility of decisions in the hands of the individual. He also warns against the illusion that social sciences can exempt the individual from his or her responsibility. This analysis provides a critical comprehension on how rationality and science influence social development and individual autonomy.

The Place of Russian Science in Modern Society

The article examines the place of science in modern society and its role as a source of true innovations, an activator of the scientific and innovative process, as well as its significance for society as a whole and its social development. The possibilities of domestic science to activate the innovation process in Russia, increase the efficiency of social production and the level of well-being of the population, as well as in the development of other aspects of social development of society are considered. It is concluded that the position of science in modern Russian society does not allow it to meet the tasks of increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the national economy and improving the well-being of society, taking into account its security

Наука як невід’ємний атрибут цивілізаційного розвитку

The review is devoted to the analysis of Volodymyr Melnyk’s new monograph “Civilizational Inquiries and the Phenomenon of Science”, devoted to the place of science in modern society. The place of a modern university in the development of science is defined.

Development of intelligent system of global bibliographic search

The paper presents scientifically grounded principles of formation and algorithms of a global bibliographic retrieval system based on modern intelligent technologies (intelligent linguistic analysis of texts and database management) and Internet search methods. Within the framework of theoretical bibliography, for the first time taking into account the specifics of modern intelligent software, a new algorithm of an integrated automated system for global bibliographic retrieval as well as search for specialized publications to publish research papers was developed. The developed methods include the formation of a normalized database of keywords based on the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) categories and the automatic assignment of keywords from this normalized database to research papers by an intelligent system for linguistic analysis of texts. The proposed use of keywords as data labels in the form of UDC categories, covering all branches of knowledge, makes it possible to precisely label and describe research papers and scientific publications (journals, proceedings of scientific conferences) to the fullest extent possible. The search for research papers by the proposed bibliographic retrieval system as well as the search for specialized publications to publish those research papers is carried out automatically by normalized keywords assigned to research papers and scientific journals based on intelligent linguistic analysis of the content of those research papers. The study makes a social contribution and shows how it is important to create and utilize best practices, processes and strategies of bibliographic retrieval, which are essential in the development of science in modern society. Besides, in social terms, the search for bibliographic information is one of the methods to solve the problem of finding a relation between personal and public knowledge. The implementation of the study results in accordance with the presented algorithms consists in designing a special global public Internet search resource.

КОНСТИТУЦИОННО-ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ СВОБОДЫ НАУЧНОГО ТВОРЧЕСТВА В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БЕЛАРУСЬ

The constitutional and legal regulation of scientific creativity freedom in the Republic of Belarus is considered. It is noted that in recent years due to the active development of scientific-technical and innovative activity the role of science in modern society has increased greatly. The conclusions are drawn that guarantees of realization of scientific creativity freedom require clearly ordered legal regulation, corresponding to the norms of the Basic Law.

정직한 중개인(honest broker)으로서 과학 자문

Politics or policy-making(administration) system tends to transfer decision-making functions to science in modern societies with increasing uncertain complexity. This tendency confines scientific discussion in extreme polarisation, which is tightly coupled to political win-lose. As science is more tightly coupled to politics and policy, the degree of freedom for each system is lowered, narrowing the room where policy alternatives are discussed and compromised. Under this analysis, the research proposes the honest broker model as an appropriate role model for scientific advisors in a modern society where uncertainty and value conflicts are growing. Scientific advisors do not prepare a single policy answer but rather present a variety of feasible scenarios and multiple policy alternatives within the scope of uncertainty. For scientific advisory to function as an honest intermediary, certain normative principles such as accountability separation between policy-making and scientific advisory system, transparency, diversity and openness should be established first. Finally, this paper attempts to apply the theoretical discussions to an institutional reformation of the current National Clinical Committee for Infectious Diseases. In this regard, the most urgent issue in the future is to institutionalize the science advice process. Such institutional settings enhance the influence of scientific advisory on policy while preventing the situation in which scientists are accused of political or legal responsibility for policy failure.

Образы науки в обществе знания

The author tries to reconstruct some features of the formation of the image of science in modern society. The modern society (follow-ing the German sociologist Nico Stehr) is un-derstood primarily as a knowledge society. The main thesis of the article is that the im-age of science emerges within the framework of sociological and socio-epistemological stud-ies of science and only then is perceived by society as generally significant. The specificity of this image determines the main features of a knowledge society, where political legitima-cy bases on expertise, social conflicts result from the struggle for the right to determine universal human needs, the possession of knowledge becomes a factor of inequality, and a person is considered as a bearer of re-sponsibility for the societal risks of the deci-sions he or she makes. Well-being in a knowledge society is associated with the de-velopment of science, but attitudes towards scientific knowledge are becoming increasing-ly contradictory. The author believes that the erosion of authority of science has also been facilitated by philosophical studies of science. Refusal of the classical image of scientific ra-tionality, criticism of expertise as a form of appropriation of political power, and expo-sure of scientific consensus as a “fabricated consensus” contribute to the strengthening of distrust in science. In conclusion, the author raises the question about the need to change the direction of epistemological research of science in the context of negative trends in relation to scientific knowledge.

COVID: Orthodoxy or Conspiracy: Can the Center Hold?

The conversation1 between Walach and Bobrow about The Real Anthony Fauci. Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., deserves to be continued. It raises quite general issues about the role of science in modern society and the influence of politics. The two questions posed by Walach are a useful framework for discussion: Is it true that we were faced with a “pandemic”? Can we really trust our institutions? A large factor in the contemporary dilemmas about COVID is that disagreeing groups offer their various dogmatic answers that are seemingly influenced more by guesswork and political attitudes than by facts of the matter. The reality is that currently available data are not sufficiently complete or reliable to answer the first question. As Walach points out, the magnitude of the infection fatality rate (IFR) is a critical issue, and currently available data are inadequate, in particular as to the variation of IFR with age and a detailed comparison of those numbers with the corresponding numbers for other respiratory infections. Another important needed comparison with other infections is the overall excess mortality, where reliable data are again not yet available; that latter comparison is quite crucial in order to avoid distracting arguing about the basis for reporting COVID deaths, which varies by geographic region within countries as well as between countries and over time.

Functioning of Architectural Terms in Fiction (based on the novel <i>The Fountainhead</i> by A. Rand)

The article deals with the functioning of architectural terms in non-professional discourse (based on A. Rand's novel 'The Fountainhead'). The topicality of the research is determined by the growing interest in terminology in general and in art terminology in particular. This interest reflects the increased role of science in modern society. The study of the functioning of architectural terms is the least explored field. Special attention is paid by the authors to non-professional discourse within the framework of which architectural terms perform important functions which, however, have not been studied in detail. The functioning of terms in a work of fiction is a complex process which does not only add the professional touch to the plot of the novel, but which also supplements it with different connotations. The methods of the research include the following: contextual analysis of the functions of architectural terms in the novel, terminological selection, componential analysis based on the analysis of definitions. The functioning of terms in the text of a work of art has demonstrated that, on the one hand, terms share certain functions with words of the general language, and on the other, their main role – the nominative function – turns into the function of figurative thinking and figurative expression, which are the integral functions of fiction. The research has shown that architectural terms in 'The Fountainhead' are characterized by the following parameters: the expansion of the initial meaning of the term, inclusion of the author's meanings in the semantics of the term, the creation of the effect of professional presence, the reflection of the inner world of the characters and the creation of their psychological portraits.

Science for everyone?

The objective of this research is to analyze what is the role of science in modern societies, based on the reflection on how science plays a vital role in the economic system that both globalization and the modernization process currently configured. To do this, some socioeconomic and educational indicators on the context in which science develops in Latin America and what are the social consequences that it has brought are analyzed. To do this, we rescued the findings from different scientific fields, they have been made about this issue and focus to our context. Thus, it seeks to contribute to the debate about the role of science in situations like ours and the links to be established between the scientific, economic and social spheres. It also seeks to contribute to the reflection on the role of research and its impact on the classroom and in its immediate context.

Historical stages in the formation of the scientific knowledge system in a theoretical and methodological context

Current tendencies question the role of science in modern society, force returning to the processes of formation of the scientific paradigm. The latter was complex and nonlinear, and the formation of scientific principles of cognition was their natural result. Throughout human history, the knowledge about the objective world has been acquired and used in various, historically necessary forms – both in the methodology of cognition and in the method of systematisation, which was determined by the level of their accumulation. The accumulation of knowledge took place in different ways: in the process of direct practical activity, on the basis of supposedly “foreign” contemplation and as a result of conscious influence on an object of study (experiment) with their different “specific weight” at different historical stages. As for the systematisation, the need for which was determined by systemic nature of an object of knowledge and the social nature of knowledge, throughout the history of mankind its forms differed considerably, but, in the end, were reduced to three main ones.

Novel Reflections on the Autonomy and Responsibility of Science.

This paper explores how cultural understandings of the autonomy and responsibility of science in modern society are manifested in two contemporary science novels about research misconduct in biomedical research. In doing so, it looks at several facets of the societal impact of and on public and private biomedical research, especially with respect to changing authority relations and their epistemic and institutional consequences. The analysis focuses on the multi-layered ways in which social and epistemic interests are treated in Allegra Goodman’s Intuition and Jennifer Rohn’s The Honest Look. Goodman’s novel demonstrates how, intensified by the economization of science, internal cultural and institutional aspects of the scientific field enable social configurations that, among others, encourage scientific malpractice and lead to the delay of research projects epistemically and socially worth pursuing. In contrast, Rohn’s novel exemplifies the corrosion of the ideal scientific ethos by profit-driven practices in private-sector biomedical sciences. The concluding discussion juxtaposes these findings with pertinent contemporary phenomena in modern science systems to provide a more substantial understanding of the interpenetration between science and other social spheres.

РОЛЬ И МЕСТО НАУКИ В ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ И СОЦИАЛЬНО- ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ РАЗВИТИИ СТРАН С РАЗНЫМ НАУЧНЫМ ПОТЕНЦИАЛОМ

This article examines the role of science in modern society. The main research methods were generalization, systematization and economic and statistical method. The statistical base of the study was the data of the statistics Committee of the Ministry of national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2010 to 2018 years. Based on the analysis of research by domestic and foreign authors, it was determined that science and education are the most important factors and priorities for the development of modern society, especially in developed countries. Based on a comparative analysis of R&D financing and assessment of the scientific potential of Kazakhstan, the crisis state of science in Kazakhstan's society is shown. It was revealed that the main causes of the crisis are insufficient funding, the loss of a large number of qualified technical personnel and the lack of necessary interaction between science and production. The results of the study may be of interest to government authorities in the field of science.

Correlation of national and international in modern Russian science

The article examines the issues that determine the ratio of national and international elements in modern Russian science. The need for this study is caused by the role of science in modern society and the culture of the entire nation. Russian scientific culture is currently experiencing a certain crisis, globalization, informatization and alienation from its roots adversely affect its development and functioning. It is necessary to study the process of such influence in order to prevent the loss of the identity of the national scientific culture.

The narrative of science and irony in «Rick and Morty»: metamodernism vs postmodernism

The article reveals how the ideas of metamodernism influence the phenomena of mass culture. As an example, the animated series "Rick and Morty" is analyzed in detail, where the mechanisms of work of metamodern humor, oscillations, "new sincerity", post-irony are revealed, the narrative of science is analyzed from the standpoint of metamodernism. A distinction is made between the irony of postmodernism and the irony of metamodernism. In the animated series, the swing from irony, parody and pastiche to sincerity and seriousness is carried out when representing the topics of raising children in an incomplete family, suppressing information about the ecological situation, aggressive colonialist policy, cultural trauma, globalism and capitalism, the status of science in modern society.

Қоршаған әлем бейнесінің танымдық келбеті мен қайшылықтары туралы

Without science in modern society, its intellectual and industrial power, the security of the state, is impossible. Science has become an important criterion for the civilization and culture of nations. Scientific and technical development is the main trend of historical progress at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. But the attitude towards science is twofold. The first direction expresses confidence in science. It is recognized as one of the main values ​​of society and the dominant factor in the development of mankind. Proponents of the second direction criticize science for mistakes, see it as the main cause of crisis, environmental and social global problems. They believe that science is limited in its ability to solve the main and acute problems of social development. The roots of both directions have an objective basis. Therefore, today science is perceived in society ambiguously: on the one hand, with trust, hope and optimism, and on the other, with distrust and pessimism. But it is obvious that science cannot do without society in the 21st century. In light of this, the problems discussed and raised within the framework of this work did not arise from scratch and reflect the own views of its authors.

The role of science in modern society

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ПОГЛЯДИ НА ІСТОРИЧНІ ПРОЦЕСИ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ НАУКОВОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ

The article examines the historical development of the processes of knowledge accumulation, which eventually led to the formation of the current scientific paradigm, which is the information basis of modern human life. The article is based on the scientific-critical use of previous achievements in the field of history of science. The scientific novelty of the article is a comprehensive presentation of the historical development of the scientific paradigm as a result of a natural dialectical change of its specific stages with appropriate systematization of knowledge (mythology, philosophy, science), caused by the growth of knowledge and development of research methods. contemplation, experiment with the subsequent formation of a theoretical model). Materials, research in the article allow us to say that current trends in the role of science in modern society are forcing us to return to the processes of formation of the scientific paradigm. The latter were complex and nonlinear, and the formation of scientific principles of cognition was their natural result. Throughout human history, the acquisition and use of knowledge about the objective world has been carried out in various, historically necessary forms - both in the methodology of cognition and in the method of systematization, which was determined by the level of their accumulation. The authors note that the accumulation of knowledge in society took place in the process of direct practical activity, on the basis of alleged "external" contemplation and as a result of conscious influence on the object of study (experiment) with their different "specific weight" at different historical stages. Thus, today the scientific paradigm is a natural result of the historical development of forms of knowledge and its highest achievement, and the reduction of its role objectively leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of social development.

Trajectories of (Non)Belief in the Scientific Community: The Case of Polish and Ukrainian Natural Scientists

The article contributes to the discussion on the secularizing impact of science in modern societies. The starting point of the research is sociological data that shows lower religiosity of scientific communities in comparison to the general population in various countries. This might indicate that science does exert a secularizing force on modern ideologies. The explanatory hypotheses of this phenomenon are, however, ambiguous and predominantly concern Western countries. Based on 100 in-depth interviews with physicists and biologists from Central and Eastern Europe (Poland and Ukraine), it demonstrates the crucial role of cultural and historical context in the formulation of the (un)faith of the scientists. The scientific knowledge and participation in science as a social institution is more complementary than decisive in these processes, moreover, these factors play different roles in biographical trajectories of the Polish and Ukrainian natural scientists.

Reproduction of a scientific knowledge through the eyes of a sociologist. Review of the book by Bruno Latour «Science in action: following scientists and engineers within society»

The article is dedicated to the consideration of the main ideas of B. Latour’s book “Science in Action: Following Scientists and Engineers Through the Society”. The main topics of the book are identified, as well as its conceptual framework is described. According to Latour, science in modern society exists through overlapping networks of interaction, including not only individuals and groups, but also material objects that serve to acquire knowledge. At the same time, the specificity of science lies in the fact that in it a person becomes both an object and a participant in the process of obtaining, reproducing and disseminating knowledge.