School Boys Research Articles

Awareness of pubertal body changes among primary school children aged 10–14 years in Eastern Uganda; challenges and opportunities

BackgroundGlobally, programs that educate young people about pubertal body changes are vital. In some communities, teaching sexual education in schools has been the subject of debate. This is probably why access to sexual and reproductive health information and resources is still a challenge to children aged 10–14 years.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study design among school children aged 10–14 years. Data were collected from 19 focus group discussions (FGDs) in 16 primary schools purposively selected from Eastern Uganda. Data were transcribed, coded and thematically analysed.ResultsWe established that girls in rural schools were aware of their body changes than those from urban schools. Boys in urban schools were knowledgeable of pubertal body changes than those from rural schools. We further found that girls experienced pubertal-related challenges amongst themselves and boys including lack of shavers, pain while shaving, rape, bad boy–girl relationships, unwanted early pregnancies, limited funds to buy pads, menstrual pain, etc. Boys too indicated that they experienced similar challenges and these included lack of shavers, pain during and after shaving, changes in height, raping of girls, bad boy–girl relationships, peer pressure, HIV and other STIs, limited infrastructure, voice changes, bad body odour etc. Girls and boys endeavoured to overcome pubertal-related challenges by utilising advise from teachers, parents and friends.ConclusionBoys and girls who were knowledgeable about puberty body changes possessed opportunities that enable them to cope with pubertal-related challenges.

Effect of yogic practices on physical and physiological variables among adolescent school boys

The purpose of the random group experimental study was to find out the effect of yogic practices on Physical and Physiological variables among Adolescent School Boys. 30 Adolescent Boys were selected from Chennai, between the age group of 14 and 19 years and they were divided into two groups I, and II with 15 subjects each. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences among the Adolescent School Boys on Physical and Physiological variables. Preliminary test was taken for two Groups on Physical and Physiological variables before the start of the training program. Group I subjects were given Yogic practices for 45 minutes, 6 days a week for a total period of eight weeks. Group II (Control Group) were in active rest. After the experimental period, the two groups were retested again on the same selected dependent variable. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The test of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence.

Evaluating the impact of hand washing education on the knowledge and practice of third-grade students in Tehran

Background and Aim: Proper hand washing can prevent the spread of disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hand washing education program on knowledge and practices of student aged 8-9 years. Methods: The present study is an experimental non-randomized clinical trial with a control group. One girl school and one boy school were selected as the experimental group and one boy school and one girl school were selected as the control group. Random sampling was performed and 38 people were included in the experimental group and 38 people were included in the control group. To collect data in both groups, a general questionnaire, a knowledge questionnaire, and a checklist for hand washing practice were used. The educational program for 9-year-old children was held in 3 sessions of 20-25 minutes and in groups of 3-5 people, for 3 consecutive days. Three weeks after the education, the knowledge questionnaire was completed by the students and the practice checklist was completed in collaboration with the health instructor.

Intra-household Gender Disparity in Private Tuition: Evidence from West Bengal

The article focuses on intra-household gender disparity in private tuition in West Bengal. By employing Engel curve framework and hurdle model with household-level data from NSS 71st Round (2014–2015), the article establishes that there is significant gender bias in favour of girls for the age group 15–20 years. This is contrary to the general perception of gender bias against girls. It has also been found that at the same age group, there is a significant difference in enrolment of girls and boys in private schools where boys are mostly enrolled in private schools. This finding suggests that girls are discriminated at the decision of formal schooling, but there is an attempt to compensate for it at a later stage when credentials become important to signal in the labour market or marriage market.

Nature of Physical Growth for 9-11 Years Boys

Human life is considered to be the path of journey that starts with the pre-natal stage and thereafter follows intermediate stages of early childhood, late childhood, pre-adolescence, adolescence, adulthood, and finally ends with death. Generally, the growth and development patterns of human beings are studied in different phases. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the status of physical growth for 9-11 years’ primary school children. A total number of 90 primary school boys volunteered as subjects for the present study; out of them 30 were from class three (9 years), 30 were from class four (10 years) and rest 30 were from class five (11 years). The selected parameters to measure physical growth status were body weight, standing height, arm length, leg length, and sitting height. Results indicated that there was a linear growth from Class-III to Class-V in each of the selected anthropometric parameters and the growth rate is positive for children in different age level.

Prevalence, frequency, intensity, and location of cigarette use among adolescents in China from 2013–14 to 2019: Findings from two repeated cross-sectional studies

SummaryBackgroundThe burden of disease caused by tobacco use is a grave public health concern in China. Preventing smoking initiation among adolescents will lower the prevalence of adult tobacco use later. Surveillance of tobacco use among adolescents helps set priorities in developing tobacco control policies. We aim to ascertain the prevalence and differences of cigarette use across sex, grade, and region among middle and high school students in 2019 and associated changes from 2013-14 to 2019 among middle school students.MethodsUsing a multistage stratified cluster-randomized sampling design with national and provincial representativeness, we conducted two school-based cross-sectional surveys in 2013–14 and in 2019. A total of 155 117 middle school students in grades 7–9 in 2013-14 and 288 192 middle and high school students in grades 7–12 in 2019 were interviewed. Self-reported experimental and current (past 30-day) cigarette use among middle school and high school students; frequent use (≥20 days in the past 30 days) and intensity (>20 cigarettes per day) of smoking among current cigarette users; and location of smoking among current cigarette users were investigated. All estimates were weighted based on the complex sampling design.FindingsThe 2013-14 survey (overall response rate: 98.1%) included 155 117 middle school students (47.1% girl). The 2019 survey (overall response rate: 98.7%) included 147 270 middle school students (46.5% girl), 106 432 academic high school students (50.8% girl) and 34 490 vocational high school students (43.8% girl). In 2019, the prevalence rate of experimental and current cigarette use was 12.9% and 3.9% for middle school students, 21.6% and 5.6% for academic high school students, and 30.3% and 14.7% for vocational high school students, respectively, with large sex and regional differences. The prevalences of smoking on 20 or more days and daily cigarette use in the past 30 days were higher in vocational high school (5.9%, 4.1%) than in academic high school (1.8%, 1.2%) and middle school (0.7%, 0.5%), and higher among boys than girls. The proportions of current cigarette users smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day in the past 30 days for girls were higher than for boys in academic high school. Students usually smoke at school and at home. Boys were more likely to use cigarettes in an internet cafe, while girls often smoked at social venues. From 2013-14 to 2019, the prevalences of experimental and current cigarette use declined by 5.0% and 2.0% (percentage points), respectively, among middle school students but increased by 1.4% and 0.5% (percentage points) among rural girls. Among current cigarette users in middle school students, the proportions of heavy cigarette use (>20 cigarettes per day) have increased by 1.8 percentage points, mainly among boys, by 2.2% (percentage points).InterpretationFrom 2013–14 to 2019, the prevalences of experimental and current cigarette use among middle school students decreased overall but increased among rural girls, while the intensity of cigarette use rose among boys. Cigarette use among Chinese adolescents differs across sex and regions, with higher rates among boys, in rural areas, and in the Western region (low socioeconomic status). Smoking is much more prevalent in vocational high schools than the other settings. Effective targeted tobacco control interventions among adolescents are urgently needed in China.FundingDr. Zhuo Chen is supported by National Natural Science Foundation (Grant#: 72174098) through the University of Nottingham Ningbo China.

Prevalence of smoking and its related factors among Iranian adolescents

ABSTRACT Background Given that adolescence is important in community health, and planning, preventing and treating the smoking-caused health problems need to estimate the precise statistics on the prevalence of smoking and consider the effective factors among adolescents, the present study aimed to determine the frequency of and effective factors on smoking among adolescents. Methods The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted during 2019 among 363 secondary high school boy students in Sanandaj, Iran. Sample was selected by cluster sampling method and data were collected by using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were entered in SPSS 23 and analyzed by using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results Based on the results, the prevalence of smoking among the students under study was 19% (n = 69). The results related to logistic regression test indicated age and educational grade, as well as the educational level of father and grade point average (GPA) of previous semester as the factors affecting smoking (P < .05). Conclusion Due to the greater smoking prevalence among students with more age, higher educational grade, and less GPA in the previous semester, as well as having mother with lower educational level, paying more attention to the above-mentioned students is suggested in designing the smoking prevention educational programs.

Leveling up the Performance of EFL Students by Using Personal Response Approach

Reader Response Approach is one of these modern approaches which emphasizes on the creative role of the reader, so the current study sheds light on a fresh look at the reader response theory to enhance students’ performance through meaningful interactions with literature. It is an approach of teaching that gives the students opportunity to learn English , and helps them to learn and practice in class and solve their problem personally. Personal -Response approach is one of the literary criticism approachs in which the readers can involve their personal opinions, feelings, and background knowledge to create meanings of the text. Moreover, PRA helps the students’ reading comprehension by giving response o f what they read. The present study aims at: Investigating the impact of using personal response approach on developing the leveling of students' performance in EFL recognition and production and finding out the effectiveness of the personal response approach in improving efl students’ performance in learning English language. The hypothesis of the current study states that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean performance scores of the experimental groups’ recognition and production levels in the posttest. To achieve the aim and confirm its hypothesis the experimental design which is Non- Randomized Experimental Group Pretest- Posttest Design is used. The sample of the current study consists of (60) students who have been chosen from fifth scientific stage at Ibn -Al-Muaatum secondary school for boys in Tikrit. (30) students have been chosen to be the experimental group, and (30) students have been chosen to be control group. Both groups have been equalized in such variables of educational level of parents, testees age, English grades achievement in fourth stage, and the pre-test of both groups. To analyze the obtained data, different statistical means have been used T-test, weighted mean and percentile mean to measure the students’ performance.

Impact of school closure due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on body mass index in Japanese children: Retrospective longitudinal study.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the governments of many countries responded to high levels of infection with lockdowns. As a result, some children were reported to experience weight gain. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of school closures on body mass index (BMI) in Japanese children. This was a retrospective study of students enrolled in the participating schools (6- to 11-year-old elementary school students and 12- to 14-year-old junior high school students) between 2015 and 2020. Using school health check-up data, annual changes in the BMI standard deviation score (ΔBMI-SDS) were calculated. We compared ΔBMI-SDS in 2019-2020 with the corresponding control years. 19 565 children with complete data were included in the analysis. Median ΔBMI-SDS in 2019-2020 were 0.24-0.35 in elementary school boys, 0.10-0.13 in junior high school boys, -0.02 to 0.15 in elementary school girls and -0.14 to -0.10 in junior high school girls. In comparison with every control year, ΔBMI-SDS in 2019-2020 were significantly higher in elementary school boys (control years: -0.07 to 0.14) and junior high school boys (control years: -0.04 to 0.06), and significantly lower in junior high school girls (control years: -0.06 to 0.09). BMI-SDS increased significantly in elementary and junior high school boys, but decreased significantly in junior high school girls. The pandemic appears to have had an impact on Japanese children that was different from other countries.

Application of Kohonen Neural Network in Sports Cluster

People’s physical fitness is directly linked to the national physique of a country. It is an important analysis indicator of the country’s comprehensive national strength and economic level. Moreover, students’ physical and mental health is in a stage of rapid development. Their physical health is not only directly related to their study and life at this stage but it will also have a profound impact on the physical level, health status, and work ability of adults. Starting from the cluster analysis of sports, this article explores the communication effects of sports, communication strategies, and the relationship between sports and the development of users’ healthy habits by defining concepts and types and combining quantitative and qualitative analysis. Study the relationship and then analyze whether sports applications bring people the effect of promoting healthy behavior. This article retrieved documents about the application of Kohonen neural network in sports cluster analysis in domestic literature databases such as Weipu, Wanfang data, and CNKI. A total of 144 documents were retrieved from the database, and the retrieved documents were collected for sports activities. The study of class analysis can avoid human subjective factors and obtain clustering results quickly and objectively, thus providing an ideal clustering method for comprehensive evaluation of sports. The experiment proves the cluster analysis of the impact of sports on people’s physical fitness, the heterogeneity test results are 0% (boys) and 3% (girls), it is believed that there is no statistical heterogeneity in the physical fitness of middle school boys in each study, and P &lt; 0.001 , indicating that the influence of sports on people’s physical fitness is significantly different between the experimental group and the control group. This shows that the application of Kohonen neural network clustering analysis method has great practical value for comprehensively evaluating people’s physical functions and physical fitness. It is an objective, reasonable, effective, and rapid quantitative evaluation method.

Effects on Cognitive Development Among Adolescent School Children by the Practice of Trataka Kriya

The Tratak kriya is considered to be the best way to increase concentration and calming the mind. In view of this a study was conducted among adolescent school children, both boys and girls, studying at a local Aided school in Hyderabad, Telangana state, India. To assess the role of Trataka kriya (a visual concentration yogic procedure) on cognitive performances with the emphasis on concentration and academic performances. A random sample of 34 students 19 boys and 15 girls pursuing 8th and 9th secondary education were selected for the study and were explained the study protocol. They were taught the Trataka kriya and asked to continue to practice every day for 3 months (90 days). The subjects were assessed for letter cancelation test on day one, after 30 days and after 90 days of continue practice. The results has shown a non-significant improvement in letter cancellation score i.e., after 30 (t=-234 p &amp; lt; 0.008) days of practice and improved significantly after 90days of practice (t=-5.661, p&lt;0.0001) and between 30 to 90 days of practice. (t=-5.774, p&lt;0.0001). The changes are much higher in boys, compared to girls. Apart from the improvement in letter cancellation tests, all the subjects had got a better percentage of marks in their academic exams at the end of the study.

Caldwell's Educational Service on ‘Karisal Mann’ (Black Soil)

The Gurukul system of education was only available in a few places in ancient India. Christian missionaries transformed this condition, establishing the current educational system and bringing education to all people, regardless of caste, creed, colour, or social rank. Robert Caldwell, in particular, made significant contribution in providing education to the poor in South India throughout the nineteenth century. In Idayangudi, Tirunelveli, he undertook various reformatory activities in the areas of gospel, Tamil language, society, medicine, and education. Robert Caldwell was born in Antrim, Ireland, in 1814. He went to Glasgow University to study. He was an expert in English, Tamil, and Religious Texts, as well as art. He was fluent in Tamil, English, Greek, Telugu, and Sanskrit, among other languages. In 1841, he went to Tirunelveli's Idayangudi in South India as a missionary under the London Missionary Society. He revitalised the boy's school which was begun by Rev. Iranius. In 1842, Caldwell also founded the Girl's School. These schools taught subjects like Tamil, English, Geography, and History. He founded Anglo Vernacular Schools to teach English and Tamil letters to youngsters who did not know English. He established schools in places like Tharuvai, Ramanathapuram, Samugarengapuram, Kulasegaran Pattinam, Azhvar Thirunagari, Tuticorin, Arumangalam, Thenthiruperai, and Thatanpadam. Caldwell stayed in Idayangudi for more than 50 years, bringing about significant changes for the illiterate. Caldwell's legacy lives on in the hearts of the people and has fused with the Chernozem soil, as evidenced by educational institutions and researchers who have benefited from them.

Imposing Compulsory Rugby Union on Schoolchildren: An Analysis of English State-Funded Secondary Schools.

ObjectiveTo establish the extent to which Rugby Union was a compulsory physical education activity in state-funded secondary schools in England and to understand the views of Subject Leaders for Physical Education with respect to injury risk.MethodA cross-sectional research study using data obtained under the Freedom of Information Act (2000) from 288 state-funded secondary schools.ResultsRugby Union was delivered in 81% (n = 234 of 288) of state-funded secondary school physical education curricula, including 83% (n = 229 of 275) of state-funded secondary school boys' and 54% (n = 151 of 282) of girls' physical education curricular. Rugby Union was compulsory in 91% (n = 208 of 229) of state-funded secondary schools that delivered it as part of the boys' physical education curriculum and 54% (n = 82 of 151) of state-funded secondary schools that delivered contact Rugby Union as part of the girls' physical education curriculum. Subject Leaders for Physical Education also perceived Rugby Union to have the highest risk of harm of the activities they delivered in their school physical education curriculum.ConclusionNotwithstanding discussions of appropriate measures (i.e., mandatory concussion training, Rugby Union specific qualifications and CPD) to reduce injury risk, it is recommended that Rugby Union should not be a compulsory activity given that it has a perceived high risk of injury and is an unnecessary risk for children in physical education.

Effect of the strategy of directing thinking during reading (D-R-T-A) on the achievement of literary fifth grade students in the subject of literature and texts

The current research aims to identify the effect of the strategy of directing thinking during reading (D-R-T-A) on the achievement of fifth-grade literary students in literature and texts. The experimental group who study literature and texts using the strategy of directing thinking (D-R-T-A) and the average scores of the students of the control group who study the same subject in the usual way. The researchers adopted the experimental design with partial control, consisting of an experimental group and a control group with a post-achievement test, and the research community consisted of secondary and preparatory schools for boys affiliated to the Directorate of Education of Babel / the Center, and by random drawing, the researchers chose a secondary school (Ibn Sina) located in the center of the governorate. Babylon to conduct the experiment, and the school included two divisions for the fifth literary, and division (B) was chosen randomly to represent the experimental group, while Division (A) represented the control group, and the research sample amounted to (60) students, with (30) students for each group.

The constructivist learning environment and its impact on enhancing the efficiency of blended learning: An analytical study of the opinions of a sample of students of Najaf vocational preparatory school for boys in Najaf Governorate

The constructivist learning environment and its impact on enhancing the efficiency of blended learning: An analytical study of the opinions of a sample of students of Najaf vocational preparatory school for boys in Najaf Governorate

PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SCHOOL DROP OUT AMONG MASAI BOYS IN MARGINALISED COMMUNITIES

Education is a significant tool for empowering people socially and economically. It is capable of improving the livelihoods of people around the world. A high rate of school dropouts therefore has the capacity to reduces the pool and diversity of qualified workforce that contributes to national. Building. A study was therefore conducted on psychosocial factors that influence boys dropout rates among primary school boys in Illodokilani Zone of Kajiado County, Kenya. This paper is a presents the findings of school dropout rates among boys in selected primary schools within Illodokilani Zone of Kajiado County, the psychosocial factors that influence boys dropout in the selected primary schools and the relationship between the psychosocial factors and the drop-out rates among boys in the selected schools. A sample of 354 was employed, it comprised 90 class seven boys, 60 drop out boys 54 teachers and 150 guardians. The participants were obtained by through random sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling in case of drop-out boys and their parents. Mixed research design, interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussion were used to gather data while descriptive methods and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Class 7 recorded the highest rate of dropout (30.8) and psychosocial factors explained 80.8% of boys drop out from school. Schools should provide psychosocial support services. Boys peer group empowerment and Adult Education is needed for parents.

INTERACTION OF SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH NATURE AS A SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM

In clause the guestion on interaction of the school boys with a nature rises as racially pedagogical problem.

Shakespeare's Canon

This essay is concerned with how Shakespeare himself might have thought about a canon. What for him were the books that, to use A. S. Byatt’s phrase, “every writer had to know in order to know who they are”? One part of that question is easy: the books that every grammar school boy had beaten into him: Livy, Virgil, Ovid, Horace and so on. But how does a writer of his time, and, for that matter, of his calibre, negotiate their legacy?

The Effectiveness of Empathy and Problem-Solving Skills Training on Social Self-efficacy and Mental Security of High School Boys

Background: Teaching empathy and problem-solving skills is effective in improving students’ selfefficacy and quality of social life. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of empathy and problem-solving skills training on social self-efficacy and psychological security of Assaluyeh second high school boys. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study on all male high school students in Assaluyeh in the academic year of 2019-2020, of whom 45 were purposefully selected and assigned to two experimental groups and controls group. One experimental group received empathy training and the other group received problem-solving training in eight 90-minute sessions. To collect data, the social self-efficacy and Maslow’s psychological security questionnaires were used. Analysis of covariance was done using SPSS-24 software. Results: Empathy and problem-solving training was effective on social self-efficacy and psychological security of high school boys (P&lt;0.001). Also, no significant difference was found between the effectiveness of empathy skills training and problem-solving training on social self-efficacy and psychological security (P&lt;0.746). Conclusion: Empathy and problem-solving training increased social self-efficacy as well as psychological security in high school boys.

An Exploratory Case Study of the Types of Resources Black Boys Use to Support Their Mental Health.

Black adolescent boys experience mental health challenges because of their exposure to a greater frequency and severity of psychosocial stressors. This study used a sample of Black boys at a high school in southeastern Michigan as a case study to understand the types of resources Black boys might use to support their mental health. After conducting a rigorous analysis of the study data using a rapid and an accelerated data reduction technique, four themes helped us answer the question: What kinds of mental health support resources are Black boys using? Four themes emerged from our analysis: online resources, community and trusted individuals, self-reliance, and additional needs. This case study is a springboard for further work to tailor a mental health education and support intervention, such as the YBMen Project, for Black boys and for building additional support amid the multiple crises occurring that impact their mental health and safety. Findings have implications for future research, practice, and policy to improve the mental health of Black boys in high school.