Schools In Jeddah Research Articles

تطبيق استراتيجيات التعلم النشط في بيئة تعليمية معدلة في الصفوف الأولية بالمدارس الابتدائية الحكومية بمدينة جدة

The study aimed to find out the degree to which female teachers apply the active learning strategy in primary grades in governmental primary schools for girls. Approach to the study: The researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach, and a cluster random sample was selected from the study population, and the study sample consisted of (137) schools out of (254) governmental primary schools in Jeddah, and all teachers of the first and second primary grades were taken in the schools of the study sample, and to achieve the study objectives The researcher prepared a questionnaire tool and its validity and reliability were calculated. The results of the study were analyzed by calculating the frequencies and percentages, through which the degree of application of the parameters to the active learning strategies was known. The results of the study showed that the primary grades teachers apply active learning strategies to a high degree despite the density of learners in the educational environment, and the results also showed that the teachers use the cooperative learning strategy to a high degree. In light of the results of the study, it was found that the majority of teachers in primary grades apply active learning strategies, but they use inappropriate strategies in terms of: the number of learners, and the size of the learning environment. Therefore, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the intensification of training courses for teachers by competent trainers specialized in learning strategies. Active; To enable them to choose an active learning strategy appropriate to the number of learners and the nature of the educational environment.

Screening and Allotting Completely Edentulous Patients using Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index in a Dental School, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: To formulate an ideal treatment plan for edentulous patients, data collected from various diagnostic aids need to be structured and classified according to their treatment needs. The lack of structured diagnostic findings for edentulous patients has always been a barrier to effective care for patients. To address these issues, the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) established the Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) based on specific criteria. Aim: To screen and allot completely edentulous patients to students using PDI in a dental school, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 completely edentulous patients who visited the outpatient clinic of a dental school in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The edentulous patients based on PDI were classified into four classes (Class I–IV) according to the diagnostic findings based on the complexities. The parameters studied were: mandibular bone height measured on a panoramic radiograph, residual ridge morphology of the maxillary arch, muscle attachments in the mandibular arch, and maxillomandibular relationship. Statistical analyses were performed using counts and percentages. Results: In the overall classification of PDI maximum 52 (42.6%) patients were classified as Class IV. Among the different criteria of PDI, 48 (39.4%) patients exhibited Class III mandibular bone height of 11-15 mm, whereas 40 (32.8%) patients exhibited Class IV mandibular bone height of 10 mm or less. In the maxillary residual ridge morphology, 62 patients (50.8%) were classified as Class I. A large number of patients 84 (70%) had Type A mandibular muscle attachment criteria and were classified as Class I or II. In the maxillomandibular relationship, the maximum number of patients 74 (60.7%) was of Class I. Conclusion: The majority of patients in the study were categorised as Class IV (severely compromised). Edentulous patients must be classified according to PDI during the initial screening phase so that less complex cases (Class I and II) can be allotted to undergraduate students and more complex cases (Class IV) can be handled by prosthodontists or can be referred to specialist centers so that costly and time-consuming remake of complete dentures can be avoided.

Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Oropharyngeal Cancer and Acceptability of the HPV Vaccine among Dental Students.

Objectives:To assess knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV), vaccination, and HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and to evaluate HPV vaccine acceptability among a sample of undergraduate dental students. Methods:All third- and fourth-year dental students enrolled in any of the dental schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. In total, 500 students completed a self-administered questionnaire on HPV, HPV vaccines, and HPV-related OPC knowledge. HPV, HPV vaccine and HPV-related OPC knowledge scores were calculated. Associations of participants characteristics with the knowledge scores and with willingness to take the HPV vaccine were assessed. Results:Of the participants, 62% had heard of HPV infections, and 57% of HPV vaccines. Average knowledge scores were low: HPV knowledge score 3.8±4.5 out of 16, HPV vaccination knowledge score 0.9±1.6 out of 7, OPC knowledge score 0.9±1.2 out of 5. Clinical-year students had better knowledge and were more willing to take the HPV vaccine than were preclinical-year students, as were those vaccinated for hepatitis B versus those not vaccinated for hepatitis B. Students with higher HPV knowledge scores were more willing to take the HPV vaccine (66%) than were those with lower scores (43%) (p=0.018). Only 4% of males and 12% of females reported taking the HPV vaccine. Of those who refused it, 51% cited lack of knowledge as the primary reason. Conclusions:Knowledge about HPV, its vaccine, and HPV-related OPC is low among this sample of Saudi undergraduate dental students. Improving knowledge among them may increase their awareness, which could affect the care provided to patients.

Anthropometric, Familial- and Lifestyle-Related Characteristics of School Children Skipping Breakfast in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Breakfast is a vital meal that provides children with important nutrients and energy. This study examined the anthropometric, familial- and lifestyle-related characteristics of school children skipping breakfast. A total of 1149 children (boys: 45.5%), 6 to 12 years old (mean and SD: 9.3 ± 1.7 years), were randomly selected from elementary schools in Jeddah. Weight and height were measured. Breakfast eating frequency, socio-demographics, and lifestyle behaviors were assessed using a specifically designed self-report questionnaire reported by the parents. Nearly 80% of the children skipped daily breakfast at home with no significant age or gender differences. The most common reasons for skipping breakfast at home included not feeling hungry and waking up late for school. Fried egg sandwiches and breakfast cereals were most frequently consumed for breakfast. Strong parental support for breakfast as the main daily meal was significantly associated with daily breakfast intake. Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, gender, and socio-demographics, revealed that paternal education (aOR = 1.212, 95% CI = 1.020–1.440, p = 0.029), maternal education (aOR = 1.212, 95% CI = 1.003–1.464, p=0.046), insufficient sleep (aOR = 0.735, 95% CI = 0.567–0.951, p = 0.019), and BMI <25 kg/m2 (aOR = 1.333, 95% CI = 1.015–1.752, p = 0.039) were significantly associated with breakfast intake. The findings have implications for children’s health and school performance. Concerted effort is required to promote breakfast consumption among Saudi children.

جودة الحياة الأسرية وعلاقتها بالدافعية للإنجاز لدى عيّنة من طلاب وطالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة جدة

تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى الکشف عن العلاقة بين جودة الحياة الأسرية والدافعية للإنجاز لدى طلاب وطالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة جدة، والکشف عن تأثير متغيرات الدراسة الديموغرافية (الجنس- التخصص الدراسي- حجم الأسرة- مستوى تعليم الوالدين- مصدر دخل الأسرة) في کل من جودة الحياة الأسرية والدافعية للإنجاز، وتسعى کذلک إلى التعرف على إمکانية التنبؤ بدافعية الإنجاز من خلال أبعاد جودة الحياة الأسرية لطلاب وطالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة جدة، وبلغت عينة الدراسة الکلية (764) طالبا وطالبة من المرحلة الثانوية بمدارس مدينة جدة، واستخدمت الباحثة کأدوات للدراسة الحالية: مقياس جودة الحياة الأسرية من إعداد (عبد الوهاب وشند، 2010م)، ومقياس الدافعية للإنجاز، بالإضافة إلى استمارة للبيانات الأولية وکلاهما من إعداد (الباحثة). وجاءت النتائج کالتالي: توجد علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائيا بين جودة الحياة الأسرية (الدرجة الکلية- الأبعاد) والدافعية للإنجاز لدى طلاب وطالبات المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة جدة، کما توجد فروق في جودة الحياة الأسرية لصالح الذکور والتخصص الدراسي العلمي وفئة حجم الأسرة (أکثر من5 أفراد)، ولصالح فئة مستوى تعليم (جامعي فما فوق) للأب ومستوى تعليم (ثانوية عامة) للأم ولصالح فئة مصدر دخل الأسرة (راتب شهري)، کما أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق في الدافعية للإنجاز لصالح فئة مستوى تعليم (جامعي فما فوق) للأب، ولصالح فئة مصدر دخل الأسرة لصالح (راتب شهري). بينما لا توجد فروق في الدافعية للإنجاز وفقا لمتغير الجنس وحجم الأسرة, کما أمکن صياغة معادلات للتنبؤ بدرجة دافعية الإنجاز لدى طلاب وطالبات المرحلة الثانوية من خلال (الدرجة الکلية ودرجة بعد المقدرة المادية/ السلامة الصحية) لجودة الحياة الأسرية. کما قدمت الباحثة عدة توصيات منها: تفعيل برامج الثقافة الأسرية وتصميم برامج إرشادية على أيدي متخصصين تهدف إلى تنمية الدافعية للإنجاز لدى الفئات العمرية المختلفة وفي مختلف المراحل الدراسية. Abstract The present study aims to revealing the relationship between the quality of family life and achievement motivation among high school students, and to show the impact of the demographic variables of the study (Sex- Specialization – Family size- Parents’ level of education- source of family income) in both the quality of family life and the achievement motivation, as well as seeking to identify the predictability of motivation achievement through the dimensions of family life quality for students in secondary schools in Jeddah. The totalsample size for this study reached (764) students from secondary schools in the city of Jeddah, for the current study the researcher used the following tools: the quality of family life scale prepared by (AbdelWahaband Chand, 2010), and the measure of achievement motivation, In addition to the preliminary information form, both prepared by (the researcher). Testing results were as follows: there is a statistically significant correlation between the quality of family life (total score-dimensions) and achievement motivation among secondary school studentsin Jeddah, differences exist in the quality of family lifein favor of males, specialization, family size (more than 5members), and in favor of level ofuniversityeducationand higher (the father) and level of high school education (the mother). Also, forsource of family income (monthly income). On the other hand, there are no differences in theachievement motivationaccording to sex and family size. It was possible to formulate equations to predict the degree of achievement motivation amonghigh school students through (the total score and the financial well-being dimension / health) of the quality of family life. The researcher also offered several recommendations and suggestions including: activation of family culture programs anddesigningcounseling programs at the hands of specialists aimed at the development of achievement motivation among different age groups and in various stages of education.

The Role of Student Counseling in Developing Role Model Perception for Female Students in Jeddah Province Education Schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: دور الإرشاد الطلابي في تنمية التصور عن مفهوم القدوة لدى طالبات التعليم العام بمحافظة جدة في المملكة العربية السعودية

This study aimed to identify the role of student counseling in developing role model perception for female students in Jeddah Province education schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and their concept of role model, and whether there were statistically significant differences about the role of student counseling in the development role model concept among students according to variables as education grade, education type and specialization. The number of participants in the study was (202) girl's students in both secondary and high school in Jeddah. The researcher prepared measures of role model according to the ideal role model that was prepared by Ghanim (2001), and the measure of the role of student counseling in the development of perception of role model. The results of the present study showed a positive relationship between the role of student counseling and the development of the concept of role model among the students. There were also statistically significant differences in the role of student counseling in development of perception about the role model among general education students according to grade of education (third preparatory versus third secondary grade), Meanwhile, there were insignificance difference according to type of education (governmental- civil) and variable specialization (scientific- literary).

Describing the effect of a first aid training program on the first aid knowledge and attitudes of female secondary school students in Jeddah – Saudi Arabia

Objectives: to explore the effect of a first aid training program on knowledge and practice of female secondary school students in Jeddah- Saudi Arabia. Sample the study was applied at one Secondary female School in Jeddah and the data were collected from 100 Saudi female students who attended the first aid training programmed. Method: to achieve the target of this article,the researcher applied pre-post quasi-experimental approach. Data entry and statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0 statistical software package. Data were presented using descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages for quantitative variables and means and standard deviations for variables. Findings: The study shows that First-aid training is essential to develop female secondary school with first aid skills and to extend their input to health emergency situations. On the other hand, students should have sufficient practice and knowledge in first aid to be able to manage injuries and illness that commonly take place at the school sitting. Novelty: By Introducing, acquainting and sustaining the lifesaving skills and first aid practices among female students increase the students’ confidence in responding to any contingency. Conclusions: It is agreed that nurses at schools could play a key role in the provision of lifesaving skills and basic emergency training for the students; this might be very important addition for investigating the effectiveness of future health education programs at females Saudi schools. Keywords: first aid; female secondary school; Saudi Arabia

Teachers’ Knowledge and Opinions toward Integrating Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mainstream Primary School in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Teachers’ Knowledge and Opinions toward Integrating Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mainstream Primary School in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Effectiveness of Participation in a Blog for Extra-curricular activities for Developing Students’ Critical thinking skills: A Case of Secondary School Students: فاعلية المشاركة في مدونة إلكترونية للأنشطة غير الصفية في تنمية مهارات التفكير الناقد لدى طالبات الصف الثالث الثانوي بمدينة جدة

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of participation in a blog for extra-curricular activities for developing the critical thinking skills of third secondary students in Jeddah. The sample consisted of (100) students from several schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia randomly selected and divided into (50) experimental group, (50) control group. The study used the Semi-experimental method and conducted the Watson and Glaser test for critical thinking. The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences (0.05) among the experimental group (individual and cooperative) For the officer in the brother Bar dimensional test critical thinking skills for the benefit of the experimental group because of its effect for the use of a typical blog (single, cooperative).

Saudi Teachers’ Perceptions of In‐Service Education and Training Addressing Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractWorldwide, 3.0–7.0 percent of school‐aged children meet criteria for a diagnosis of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In Saudi Arabia, ADHD appears to be more prevalent than the worldwide average, with estimates of 12.6–16.7 percent. Unfortunately, there is a relative dearth of research addressing ADHD and related training programs in Saudi Arabia. We investigated perceptions of teachers in Saudi elementary schools regarding current In‐Service Education and Training (INSET) programs addressing students diagnosed with ADHD. We interviewed 40 teachers (15 women and 25 men) from public elementary schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The findings highlight the need to develop INSET programs specifically addressing best practices for managing and educating students diagnosed with ADHD.

Comparative Study of the Development of Android-Based Flipped Classroom Model between Jeddah and Indonesia

The development of information communication and technology has brought a new paradigm of education globally and particularly in Indonesia. Face to face learning has some limitations in terms of understanding, space, and time. The general concept of the flipped classroom method is that the students learn the materials at home and do the reinforcement in the classroom as well as learn the materials they yet to understand. The teacher dominates the learning process verbalism and stressful due to the overload materials in time limitation. This leads to teachers’ unawareness of the student's understanding. Therefore, in Industry 4.0, the learning process internet-based become the primary alternative to overcome the gap. Android-based flipped classroom model is one of the chosen solutions in this research to develop the online teaching media and learning materials. The research aimed to compare the effect of the Android-based flipped classroom model against the students' achievement in one of the schools in Jeddah and Indonesia. Research and Development (R&amp;D) adapted from Dick and Carey used in this research. The development of an Android-based flipped classroom model effectively implemented in Indonesia but did not effectively implement in Jeddah. The results showed that the students' achievement for Indonesian students was significantly higher than of Jeddah students. However, both students and teachers in both schools showed a positive response to the Android-based flipped classroom model.

الاتزان الانفعالي وعلاقته بأسلوب قضاء وقت الفراغ لدى الطلاب الجانحين وغير الجانحين في مدينة جدة

هدفت الدراسة إلى :التعرف على العلاقة بين الاتزان الانفعالي وأسلوب قضاء وقت الفراغ لدى الجانحين وغير الجانحين من طلاب المرحلة الثانوية في مدينة جدة, واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي المقارن، وقام الباحث بتصميم استبانة لتحقيق أهداف الدراسة ، وتکونت الأداة من جزئيين: مقياس الاتزان الانفعالي و استمارة بيانات حول أسلوب قضاء وقت الفراغ (من إعداد الباحث)، حيث تم استخدام معامل ارتباط بيرسون، لحساب صدق الأداة، ومعامل کرونباخ – ألفا لحساب ثبات الأداة. والتکرارات والنسب المئوية للتعرف على الخصائص الديموغرافية للعينة. واختبار ت. للکشف عن مستوى دلالة الفروق الإحصائية لمتوسطات استجابات أفراد عينة الدراسة .واختبار تحليل الانحدار البسيط . وقد توصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من النتائج کان من أبرزها: وجود علاقة ارتباطية ضعيفة دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى معنوي0,01 بين الاتزان الانفعالي وأسلوب قضاء وقت الفراغ لدى الطلاب الجانحين في المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة جدة , کما أن هناک علاقة ارتباطية متوسطة دالة إحصائيا بين الاتزان الانفعالي وأسلوب قضاء وقت الفراغ لدى الطلاب غير الجانحين في المرحلة الثانوية بمدينة جدة , حيث يمکن التنبؤ بأسلوب قضاء وقت الفراغ من خلال حالة الاتزان الانفعالي . وفي ضوء هذه النتائج تم تقديم مجموعة من التوصيات ومن أهمها: العمل على رفع الاتزان الانفعالي لدى الطلاب الجانحين لما له من أثر کبير في أسلوب قضاء وقت الفراغ من خلال برامج ارشادية مقننة، و تکليف الطلاب بأنشطة علمية ومشارکتهم بالفعاليات في المدرسة والأنشطة المختلفة لتنمية ذاتهم وتکوين اتجاه إيجابي لديهم. Abstract The study aimed to identify the relationship between emotional equilibrium and the method of spending free time among delinquents and non-delinquents in high school in Jeddah city. The study followed the comparative descriptive approach. The researcher designed a questionnaires to achieve the goals of the study. The methods consisted of two parts: the emotional equilibrium scale and data form centered on leisure time. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to calculate instrument validity, and Cronbach-alpha coefficient was used to calculate instrument reliability. Duplication and percentages to identify the demographic characteristics of the sample. T test to reveal about the level of significance of the statistical differences for the mean of the responses of the study sample individuals and simple regression analysis test. The study reached a set of results, the most prominent of which were a weak correlation relationship statistically significant at a level of 0,01 between emotional equilibrium and the style of spending free time among delinquent students in high school in Jeddah. There is an intermediate correlational relationship statistically significant between emotional equilibrium and a method spending free time for non-delinquent students in high school in Jeddah where the style of spending free time can be predicted through a state of emotional poise. In light of these results, a set of recommendations were presented, the most important of which are raising the emotional balance among delinquent students because of its great impact on the style of spending free time through inductive program, assigning students to scientific activities and encouraging them to participate in various school activities to develop themselves and to gain them positive tendency.

Intestinal parasitic infection among middle school boy students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Intestinal parasitic infection with protozoan and helminthic parasites are among the major health affairs especially in tropical and subtropical regions like Saudi Arabia. Globally, billions including school students are infected and millions suffer from symptoms and complications, while others are asymptomatic. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate infections of middle school boys in Jeddah with intestinal parasites and the risk factors involved. Materials and Methods: Stool samples were collected from 265 boys from two middle schools in Jeddah. The samples were examined physically then by different techniques including: direct smears, sedimentation technique, two permanent staining methods and a rapid immuno-chromatographic assay. Information about each student and his family was collected in a questionnaire form related to lifestyle and socio-demographic data. Results: 46 students (17.35%) were infected with intestinal parasites including seven protozoa; mainly Blastocystis spp.Giardia lamblia, Endameba histolytica/dispar, and three helminth parasites including Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Conclusion: Several factors were associated with the intestinal parasitic infections, including age, proper washing of hands and cutting fingernails. There is a need for regular health education programs for students and their parents to increase awareness about intestinal parasites

PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN A SAMPLE OF PRIMARY STAGE PUPILS IN JEDDAH: الأمن النفسي وعلاقته بالسلوك العدواني لدى عينة من تلميذات المرحلة الابتدائية مدينة جدة

This study aims to investigate the relationship between psychological security and aggressive behavior inside the primary schools for girls in Jeddah. The study dealt with sample of different age groups of primary school children fifth and sixth grade. The sample of the study consisted of 200 from fifth grade and 100 students from sixth grade specifically selected from the student living with their parents as well as randomly selected from different schools in Jeddah. Their ages are between (11- 12) years old. The researcher used the Psychological Security Scale prepared by Mikhimar (2003) and Aggressive Behavior Scale prepared by Amal bada (1991). Method used the study based on descriptive- correlational research design to study the type of relationship between psychological security and aggressive behavior. Results showed the following: • It was found that the strongest inverse association between psychological security scale and aggressive behavior scale across all two- student samples if when one increases the other decreases or as one decreases the other increases. • There was no significant relationship between needs for psychological security and levels of study. The results showed that، the students from fifth grade and sixth grade have the same need for psychological security. • Researcher has found no link between students’ study levels and aggressive behavior scale. Both the students from fifth grade and sixth grade have the same of aggressive behavior scale.

The Effectiveness of Digital Storytelling in Developing Some English Language Communication Skills for Second Graders at Middle Schools in Jeddah: فاعلية رواية القصة الرقمية في تنمية بعض مهارات التواصل اللغوي في اللغة الإنجليزية لدى طالبات الصف الثاني المتوسط في مدينة جدة

The study aimed to measure the effectiveness of digital storytelling in providing second intermediate school students in Jeddah with communication skills in English language. The researcher used the quasi- experimental approach. A digital storytelling was designed and prepared in addition to the list of communication skills in English language. An achievement test was prepared، along with a performance test with an assessment card. The research sample consisted of (50) student from second intermediate school in Jeddah. They were randomly divided into two groups: the controlled group consisted of (25) students studying the educational content by digital storytelling، and the second one، the experimental group consisted of (25) students studying the educational content by traditional way. The research reached the following findings: There are statistically significant differences at (a=0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group using the digital storytelling and the average scores of the controlled one using the traditional way in the post- measurement of the achievement test along with the performance test and the assessment card in the listening skills in favor of the experimental group. There are statistically significant differences at (a=0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group using the digital storytelling and the average scores of the controlled one using the traditional way in the post- measurement of the achievement test along with the performance test and the assessment card in the speaking skills in favor of the experimental group. There are statistically significant differences at (a=0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group using the digital storytelling and the average scores of the controlled one using the traditional way in the post- measurement of the achievement test along with the performance test and the assessment card in the communication skills in favor of the experimental group. In light of such findings، the researcher recommends the following: Using the digital storytelling in providing both teachers and students with language skills, Training the teacher on how to produce digital storytelling and use them in the educational process to keep pace with the technological developments of this age.

English

This study aims to explore the relationships between school climate constructs and teachers’ organizational silence (OS) and to analyze how school climate predicts teachers’ OS. The study population comprised all teachers (2,237) working in private primary schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The sample consisted of 329 responses, which represented 14.7% of the original population. Structural equation modeling for path analysis between the main constructs (teacher behavior, principal behavior) and teachers’ organizational silence revealed the influence of principal behavior on teachers’ silence was significant. However, the influence of teachers’ behavior on teachers’ silence was found to be non-significant. The relationships between teachers’ OS and four school climate constructs (supportive principal behavior, directive principal behavior, collegial teacher behavior, intimate teacher behavior) were negative, while the relationships between teachers’ organizational silence and two school climate scales (restrictive principal behavior, disengaged teacher behavior) were positive. It is recommended that top educational management officials develop relevant policy procedures, such as legislating necessary regulations to protect whistle-blowers in the school environment. Given the increased popularity of the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire for Elementary Schools (OCDQ-RE) in measuring school typology, we encourage the use of this questionnaire to predict other teachers’ behaviors in the school environment. Key words: School climate, Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire for Elementary Schools (OCDQ-RE), organizational silence, teachers’ silence.

Saudi EFL Learners’ Preferences of the Corrective Feedback on Written Assignment

The aim of the current study is to investigate the Saudi English as a foreign language (EFL) learners&amp;rsquo; preferences for corrective feedback on written assignments. This mixed-method study used a closed-ended Likert scale questionnaire that was adopted and adapted to suit the participants under investigation. Additionally, an open-ended question was used to gain more insight. Both instruments were completed by 114 Saudi female EFL learners whose ages ranged from 12 to 13 years old and who were studying in the seventh grade at a private school in Jeddah. The instruments were given to the learners after 6 weeks of implementing three different types of feedback on written assignments. The quantitative part of the study was descriptively analysed using SPSS to find the learners&amp;rsquo; preferences in corrective feedback, and a one-way ANOVA was used to find the differences between learners&amp;rsquo; preferences among groups. The qualitative part of the study was thematically categorised and manually analysed using Excel. The findings revealed that the learners&amp;rsquo; preferences did not vary according to the type of corrective feedback. However, the vast majority of learners preferred having constructive feedback on how to correct their mistakes. Additionally, learners preferred the use of electronic devices to receive corrective feedback. This study suggests that teachers consider learners&amp;rsquo; preferences on corrective feedback so that they can incorporate these into their teaching plans.

Predictors of Premenstrual Syndrome among Female Students at Governmental Secondary Schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: The disorders related to menstruation are the greatest common gynecologic diseases. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) represents a common problem among females from all age groups due to several factors. It can deteriorate their quality of life and social life. Objective: Assessment of the prevalence and predictors of premenstrual syndrome among female students at governmental secondary schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2018. Materials and methods: The governmental female secondary students were the population for this study which included 64926 students. The sample size is calculated using Rao soft calculator. The schools and students were chosen by a multistage probability sampling method. Slight modification and validation by three consultants to construct the questionnaire. Results: Four hundred female students were included with mean age of 16.7 ± 1.16 years old. The prevalence of PMS was 37.0% (95% CI=32.3% - 41.9%). There were more participants in the 3rd year (35.8% versus 24.6%, p=0.00) and more Saudis (55.4% versus 44.4%, p=0.00) in the PMS group. In Saudi Arabia, other studies showed variable prevalence figures compared to those reported in our study. 35.6% of medical students at King Faisal University had a family history of dysmenorrhea as a risk factor of PMS. Conclusion: PMS is prevalent among one-third of secondary school students, Jeddah. Menstrual pain was the most common symptom, passive or active smoking and family history of dysmenorrhea were the predictors of PMS.

Predictors of Premenstrual Syndrome among Female Students at Governmental Secondary Schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: The disorders related to menstruation are the greatest common gynecologic diseases. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) represents a common problem among females from all age groups due to several factors. It can deteriorate their quality of life and social life. Objective: Assessment of the prevalence and predictors of premenstrual syndrome among female students at governmental secondary schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2018. Materials and methods: The governmental female secondary students were the population for this study which included 64926 students. The sample size is calculated using Rao soft calculator. The schools and students were chosen by a multistage probability sampling method. Slight modification and validation by three consultants to construct the questionnaire. Results: Four hundred female students were included with mean age of 16.7 ± 1.16 years old. The prevalence of PMS was 37.0% (95% CI=32.3% - 41.9%). There were more participants in the 3rd year (35.8% versus 24.6%, p=0.00) and more Saudis (55.4% versus 44.4%, p=0.00) in the PMS group. In Saudi Arabia, other studies showed variable prevalence figures compared to those reported in our study. 35.6% of medical students at King Faisal University had a family history of dysmenorrhea as a risk factor of PMS. Conclusion: PMS is prevalent among one-third of secondary school students, Jeddah. Menstrual pain was the most common symptom, passive or active smoking and family history of dysmenorrhea were the predictors of PMS.

Health literacy and attitudes of caregivers of intellectually disabled children towards eye care

Background: The development of visual impairment in young children can negatively impact visual, motor, and cognitive function, and subsequently, affect the child's psychosocial functioning. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the eye care status among children with intellectual disabilities (IDs). Methodology: A questionnaire was designed to explore the attitudes of parents toward eye care for their intellectually disabled children aged 3–17 years and possible barriers to accessing eye care between April 2018 and April 2019. Results: A total of 198 completed questionnaires were analyzed (19.3% response rate). Sixty-four caregivers (32.3%) believed in the importance of eye examinations for children with ID. Although 72 participants (36.4%) believed their children had visual impairment, 95 (47.9%) reported that their children had never received an eye examination in their lifetime. Only 80 caregivers (40%) had sought ophthalmological care for their children within the last 24 months. Having had a previous eye examination was not significantly associated with any sociodemographic factors. Among the caregivers' major reasons for not seeking eye care was the belief that their children did not need an eye check-up (68.9%), followed by prioritizing other medical issues (11.7%), transportation barrier/financial burden (5.8%), and lack of social support (4.9%). Conclusion: The vision care status among students with ID in special needs schools in Jeddah is poor, highlighting the necessity of establishing routine vision screening check-ups coupled with multidisciplinary health assessments.