Schizothorax Labiatus Research Articles

Morphological study of fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae in Panjkora river, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The study evaluates the morphometric parameters of freshwater fish from the Cyprinidae family in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan at the Panjkora River. The ten species of the family Cyprinidae (Barilius pakistanicus, Barilius vagra, Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Tor putitora, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Schizothorax esocinus, and Schizothorax labiatus) were identified from a total of 50 fish specimens collected from the study area. Seven morphometric parameters (Total length, fork length, standard length, head length, body depth, eye diameter, and snout length) were statistically analyzed using Excel and SPSS software. Ten species were categorized into four subfamilies within the family Cyprinidae. The two species belonging to the subfamily Cyprininae, three species to the subfamily Danioninae, two species to the subfamily Labeoninae, and three species to the subfamily Barbinae. This study serves as a baseline for future taxonomic studies on ichthyofauna.

Comparative mitochondrial genomics analysis of selected species of Schizothoracinae sub family to explore the differences at mitochondrial DNA level

Comparative mitochondrial genomics analysis of selected species of Schizothoracinae sub family to explore the differences at mitochondrial DNA level

Towards a comprehensive understanding of the muscle proteome in Schizothorax labiatus: Insights from seasonal variations, metabolic responses, and reproductive signatures in the River Jhelum

Towards a comprehensive understanding of the muscle proteome in Schizothorax labiatus: Insights from seasonal variations, metabolic responses, and reproductive signatures in the River Jhelum

LC–MS/MS based characterisation and differential expression of proteins in Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus using LFQ technique

Molecular characterization of fish muscle proteins are nowadays considered as a key component to understand the role of specific proteins involved in various physiological and metabolic processes including their up and down regulation in the organisms. Coldwater fish specimens including snow trouts hold different types of proteins which help them to survive in highly diversified temperatures fluctuating from 0 to 20 °C. So, in current study, the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using label free quantification technique has been used to investigate the muscle proteome profile of Schizothorax labiatus. For proteomic study, two weight groups of S. labiatus were taken from river Sindh. The proteomic analysis of group 1 revealed that a total of 235 proteins in male and 238 in female fish were recorded. However, when male and female S. labiatus were compared with each other on the basis of spectral count and abundance of peptides by ProteinLynx Global Server software, a total of 14 down-regulated and 22 up-regulated proteins were noted in this group. The highly down-regulated ones included homeodomain protein HoxA2b, retinol-binding protein 4, MHC class II beta chain and proopiomelanocortin while as the highly expressed up-regulated proteins comprised of gonadotropin I beta subunit, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, manganese superoxide dismutase, recombinase-activating protein 2, glycosyltransferase, chymotrypsin and cytochrome b. On the other hand, the proteomic characterisation of group 2 of S. labiatus revealed that a total of 227 proteins in male and 194 in female fish were recorded. When male and female S. labiatus were compared with each other by label free quantification, a total of 20 down-regulated and 18 up-regulated proteins were recorded. The down-regulated protein expression of group 2 comprised hepatic lipase, allograft inflammatory factor-1, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 and myostatin 1 while the highly expressed up-regulated proteins included glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 2, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 5, cholecystokinin, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 3 and cytochrome b. Significant (P < 0.05) difference in the expression of down-regulated and up-regulated proteins was also noted between the two sexes of S. labiatus in each group. According to MS analysis, the proteins primarily concerned with the growth, skeletal muscle development and metabolism were down-regulated in river Sindh, which indicates that growth of fish during the season of collection i.e., winter was slow owing to less food availability, gonad development and low metabolic activity. While, the proteins related to immune response of fish were also noted to be down-regulated thereby signifying that the ecosystem has less pollution loads, microbial, pathogenic and anthropogenic activities. It was also found that the proteins involved in glycogen metabolism, reproductive and metabolic processes, particularly lipid metabolism were up-regulated in S. labiatus. The significant expression of these proteins may be connected to pre-spawning, gonad development and use of stored food as source of energy. The information generated in this study can be applied to future research aimed at enhancing food traceability, food safety, risk management and authenticity analysis.

Assessment of ichthyofaunal diversity of family Cyprinidae in River Panjkora Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The study explores the Ichthyofaunal diversity of freshwater Cyprinidae fish in the Panjkora River of Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 911 fish samples were collected from 5 different sites along the river and identified using standard identification keys. Out of the 911 fish samples, 204 were related to family Cyprinidae, having 4 sub families, i.e Cyprininae representing 3 species i.e Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinus watsoni, Danioninae representing 6 species i.e Barilius modestus, Barilius vagra, Barilius pakistanicus, Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Rasbora daniconius, Labeoninae representing 5 species i.e Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Gara gotyla, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, and Barbinae representing 6 species i.e Puntius ticto, Puntius sophore, Puntius chonchonius, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus and Schizothorax plagiostomus. This study adds 6 new species i.e Amblypharangodon mola, Salmophasia punjabensis, Labeo rohita, Labeo diplocheilus, Puntius chonchonius and Rasbora daniconius for the 1st time which are not reported earlier. EXCEL 2019 and XLSTAT were used for principal components analysis to study richness and correlation of fish diversity. Eigenvalues obtained from Sheringal to Zulam are 3.72, 0.511, 0.37, 0.29 and 0.09 respectively. The higher eigenvalue of Sheringal site shows higher diversity. Water quality study shows that the mean values of water temperature was 16.8°C, pH 7.08, total hardness134.6 mg/L, alkalinity 89.3 mg/L, Nitrate 5.93 mg/L, Chlorine 0.87 mg/L, Nitrite0.02 mg/L and Copper 0.04 mg/L, Iron 0.07 mg/L, Lead 0.002 mg/L. The physicochemical parameters of river Panjkora during the study time remained within the permissible limits as prescribed by the WHO (2005). Gut analysis revealed the presence of algae, nymphs insect's larvae, macroinvertebrates and protozoans.

The role of sex, season and reproduction status on blood parameters in snow trout (Schizothorax labiatus) from River Jhelum, Kashmir, India.

The current investigation was carried out with an aim to evaluate disparity in haematological and serum biochemical parameters of healthy male and female Schizothorax labiatus with respect to its four reproductive phases, i.e. preparatory (autumn), pre-spawning (winter), spawning (spring) and spent (summer). The study indicated that significant (p < 0.05) alterations were seen in gonadosomatic index (GSI) of S. labiatus with maximum value for both sexes noted in spring while minimum value in autumn. Contrary to this, the highest value of hepatosomatic index (HSI) for both sexes was noted in the autumn season and the lowest value in spring. The haemoglobin (Hb) content, red blood corpuscle (RBC) and white blood corpuscle (WBC) counts and haematocrit amount of S. labiatus also revealed significant (p < 0.05) variations with peak values noted in summer while least values were recorded during winter. It was also observed that male fishes comprised significantly (p < 0.05) maximum level of all these parameters amongst all seasons of the year, except WBC count. Erythrocyte indices specifically mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) exhibited insignificant (p > 0.05) alterations between the sexes. The lowest levels (p < 0.05) of serum glucose, cholesterol and urea were recorded in the pre-spawning period, i.e. winter, while as the highest values (p < 0.05) were seen in the summer because of the cessation of reproductive activities and greater availability of food. Similar trend was also noted in the amount of total protein, albumin and globulin of the fish, although insignificant (p > 0.05) variation was observed between sexes.

Impact of three anticoagulants and their storage time on hematological parameters of snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus, habiting in river Sindh of Indian Himalayan region

Impact of three anticoagulants and their storage time on hematological parameters of snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus, habiting in river Sindh of Indian Himalayan region

Traditional Food and Medicine: Ethno-Traditional Usage of Fish Fauna across the Valley of Kashmir: A Western Himalayan Region

People have traditionally relied on fish to supply their major food and healthcare needs all across the world. However, there has been little focus on the traditional dietary, cultural identity, and integrity of traditional food systems in many rural Himalayan populations. The current study looks into the use of fish in traditional food and foraging practices, as well as its role in local traditional medicine and cultural practices. Semi-structured interviews and group discussions were used to collect data in the years 2020–2021. The data were analyzed using various statistical indices such as the fidelity level (FL), rank order priority (ROP), and relative popularity level (RPL). The data were then classified through a heat map, and ordination techniques were used to refine them even further. The current study identified 20 fish species of five families, with Cyprinidae (70%) as the dominant family. Three unique traditional fish preservation techniques were documented, namely: (1) smoking, (2) sun drying, and (3) pickling. The smoked fish are locally called fari, sun-dried fish are known as hugaad, and pickled fish are gaad anchaar. As a result of rapid modernization, fish has become a symbol of social class in the valley. In total, 17 diseases were identified, with joint pain being treated by the greatest number of species (N = 10). Flesh (43%) was the most commonly used part to treat various diseases. The mode of application of various fishbody parts for treating a variety of diseases was most commonly peroral (65%), followed by topical (35%). Schizopyge niger demonstrated the highest level of fidelity (82%) for joint pain. Schizopygeniger, Schizothorax curvifrons, Catla catla, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax labiatus, and Schizothorax plagiostomus were the most popular (relative popularity level = 1.0). The rank order priority of six species was above 55 (Schizothorax plagiostomus (59.18), Labeo dyocheilus (61.99) Schizothorax labiatus (64.28), Schizothorax esocinus (68.36), Schizothorax curvifrons (73.19), and Schizopyge niger (82)). Two principal groups of six ethno-zoological categories (medicine, food, black magic, poultry, agricultural, and recreational) were identified using cluster analysis. Fish are also important as a source of livelihood and are closely associated with a local ethnic group known as Hanji/Haanz, who have extensive knowledge of ecology of the local fish species. Our research will contribute to filling a knowledge gap in the Kashmir Himalayan region, with policy implications for the protection and preservation of high-quality traditional knowledge for future generations. The findings of this documentation study can be used as an ethnopharmacological foundation for selecting fish in future pharmaceutical research.

Reproductive pattern and maturity phases of indigenous Kunar snowtrout Schizothorax labiatus inhabiting Vishav Stream in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Reproductive pattern and maturity phases of indigenous Kunar snowtrout Schizothorax labiatus inhabiting Vishav Stream in Kashmir Himalaya, India

Comparative study of length-weight relationships and biological indices of Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus, inhabiting two lotic water bodies in the Kashmir Valley

Abstract The length-weight relationship (LWR) plays an important role in fishery management as it can be used to estimate the average weight of a specific length group. The results of the current study revealed that the mean values of regression coefficient b for both sexes of Schizothorax labiatus (McClelland) in the Jhelum River indicated positive allometric growth, while in the Sindh River, the b value for males indicated positive allometric growth and for females negative allometric growth. The value of coefficient of determination r2 for both sexes of S. labiatus was equal to or greater than 0.90 in both water bodies, except for females in the Sindh River. Higher significant (P &lt; 0.05) average values of Fulton’s condition factor (K) and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) for both sexes of S. labiatus were noted in the Jhelum River than in the Sindh River. In contrast, higher significant (P &lt; 0.05) values of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) were recorded in the Sindh River. The data generated during the current study provide basic information for researchers and fish biologists for the conservation and sustainable management of this commercially important food fish species in the Kashmir Valley.

Temporal Variations in Length-Weight Relationship, Condition Factor and Biological Indices of Snow Trout, Schizothorax labiatus Thriving in River Sindh of Indian Himalayan Region

Temporal Variations in Length-Weight Relationship, Condition Factor and Biological Indices of Snow Trout, Schizothorax labiatus Thriving in River Sindh of Indian Himalayan Region

Morphometric and meristic characters of snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus, inhabiting the Jhelum River and its tributaries

Abstract Schizothorax labiatus (McClelland) is considered to be one of the most economically important fish species among Schizothorax spp. A total of twenty-four morphometric and five meristic characters were examined; 18 of the morphometric characters as percentages of total length and four characters as percentages of head length were studied. It was found that the characters of standard length, fork length, pre pelvic length, pre anal length, and pre dorsal length had the highest correlations with total length, whereas dorsal fin height followed by caudal fin height had the lowest correlations. In percentages of head length post orbital length had the highest correlation whereas snout length had the lowest correlation. Overall, the results revealed that all the morphometric characters exhibited linear relationships and depicted significantly (P &lt; 0.05) high degree of correlation, while the meristic characters counted were constant in all sizes of S. labiatus, indicating that they were independent of body size. The study provided basic information that will be useful for fish biologists and researchers in the future management and conservation of this fish species.

The influence of sex and season on some hematological and biochemical parameters of snow trout Schizothorax labiatus in the Indian Himalayan Region

Snow trout Schizothorax labiatus constitute a significant part of the diet of large human population of colder regions of the Indian Himalayan subcontinent, and are also important for local livelihoods there. In the present study, the hematological and serum biochemical parameters of S. labiatus were examined with respect to sex and season. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, red blood cell (RBC) count and hematocrit (Hct) were higher in males than females in each season, while white blood cell (WBC) count were notably higher in females. A significant difference (P 0.05) between erythrocyte indices with respect to sex and season. Serum biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol and urea) differed significantly (P 0.05) were observed in biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin and globulin) with respect to sex, although the highest values of all serum biochemical parameters were reported during the summer and the lowest values during the winter. The data reported here on the influence of sex and season on hematological and biochemical parameters of S. labiatus inhabiting the Sindh River could provide a reliable basis for the future monitoring of the health status of this fish.

Morphometric Attributes and their Controlling Elements in Himalayan Snow Trout,Schizothorax labiatus inhabiting Vishav Stream of South Kashmir,India

The morphometric analysis was carried out in indigenous cyprinid food fish, Schizothorax labiatus (a species of snow trout) collected from Vishav stream, a perennial cold water stream of Kashmir valley, India, wherein various morphometric characters viz., Total Length (TL), Standard Length (SL), Fork Length (FL), Pre-dorsal Length (PDL), Pre-pectoral Length (PPL), Pre-pelvic Length (PPeL), Pre-anal Length (PAL), Anal Fin Length (AL), Head Length (HL), Height of Dorsal Fin (HOD), Snout Length (SnL), Body Depth (BD), Eye Diameter (ED), Inter Orbital Length (IOL), Caudal Fin Length (CL) and Caudal Depth (CD) of 104 fish specimens were measured, correlated and analysed. The morphometric data was calculated in the percentage of total length except SnL, ED and IOL which were calculated in the percentage of HL. The result revealed that the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.770 to 0.995 in proportion to TL and 0.706 to 0.859 in proportion to HL which indicates that all the morphometric characters are highly correlated. All the correlations were significant at the level of p<0.01. During the investigation, the results revealed that in the % of TL, 8 characters were found to be genetically controlled 4 characters as intermediate and none character as environmentally controlled one. In the % of HL, 1 character was found to be included in intermediate character, 2 characters in environmentally controlled characters and none in purely genetically controlled one. As revealed by the regression analysis of different morphometric characters in proportion to TL, the maximum growth was obtained for FL (b = 0.9664) and the minimum growth was obtained for AL (b = 0.0655) and in proportion to HL, the maximum growth was obtained for IOL (b = 0.4689) and the minimum growth was obtained for ED (b = 0.0852).

Reproductive and breeding biology of Schizothorax labiatus, a snow trout found in River Jhelum, Kashmir

Reproductive and breeding biology of Schizothorax labiatus, a snow trout found in River Jhelum, Kashmir

Hematological and serum biochemical parameters of five freshwater snow trout fish species from river Jhelum of Kashmir Himalaya, India

Fish blood is a pathophysiological indicator of the whole body function and is thus considered as an important tool in diagnosing the structural and functional status of fish. However, the blood parameters vary between species to species and it mainly depends upon the favorable environmental conditions where the species live. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the hematological and serum biochemical indices of five Schizothorax species: Schizothorax labiatus, S. plagiostomus, S. esocinus, S. curvifrons and S. niger in order to establish the resemblances and variations between these Schizothorax species which are inhabiting in river Jhelum. The hematological profile including hemoglobin (Hb), total red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (Hct), white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and erythrocyte indices: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was analyzed from each Schizothorax sp. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in blood parameters among five Schizothorax spp. The results showed lowest values of hematological parameters in S. niger with respect to other species, while the highest values of hematological parameters were recorded in S. plagiostomus. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in serum biochemical levels of glucose, protein, cholesterol and urea were also noted in Schizothorax spp. The differences found in the hematological profile and serum biochemical composition in these fishes can be attributed to the individual feeding behavior, tolerance and environmentally adjustable capability of the fish. However, further study is required to correlate the present study with some other parameters such as the nutrient status of the river Jhelum where these fishes live.

Phylogenetic association of Schizothorax esocinus with other Schizothoracinae fishes based on protein coding genes

Whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for Schizothorax esocinus sequence was found to be 16,591 bp with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 non-coding region. For estimating phylogenetic association of a species, protein coding genes of mitochondrial DNA are considered to be a great value. In this study, we sequenced protein-coding genes of Schizothorax esocinus, based upon which we compared the 23 Schizothoracinae fishes with S esocinus by phylogenetic association. We analyzed that S. esocinus to be closely associated with Schizothorax labiatus, Schizopyge niger, Schizothorax nepalensis with high-bootstrap values. Such empirical data would be important for understanding the phylogenetic relationship of Schizothorax species.

Cyprinid fauna (Cypriniformes) of River Panjkora, district Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

This study was conducted to assess Ichthyodiversity of family Cyprinidae in River Panjkora from January 2012 to December 2015. A total of 671 specimens representing 7 genera and 10 species were collected. Species collected were Barilius pakistanicus, Barilius vagra, Tor putitora, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Garra gotyla, Schizothorax labiatus, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax plagiostmus, Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio. Schizothorax plagiostmus was found to be the most abundant species with a relative density (RD) of 21.01 and relative frequency (RF) of 13.04. It was the only species qualifying the criterion to be ranked as eury species. Schizothorax esocinus was rare in the study area with a RD 0.45 and RF 2.17. Keywords: Cyprinidae; Schizothorax; River Panjkora; Eury species; Relative density; Relative frequency http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.600146

Description of a New Quadrigyrid Acanthocephalan from Kashmir, with Notes on Metal Analysis and Histopathology, and a Key to Species of the Subgenus Acanthosentis from the Indian Subcontinent.

Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) kashmirensis n. sp. is described from recently collected acanthocephalan specimens in the Jhelum River in northern Kashmir that are conspecific with Neoechinorhynchus kashmirensis Fotedar and Dhar, 1977 originally described in a Ph.D. thesis in 1972 from 4 species of cyprinid fishes: Tor tor Hamilton, Bangana diplostoma (Heckel) (syn. Labeo diplostoma Heckel), Labeo rohita Hamilton, and Ptychobarbus sp. Steindachner. The poor unpublished diagnosis was followed by 1 uninformative abstract in a scientific meeting in 1977. The acanthocephalan was later designated as invalid because of the lack of a formal published description and absence of information on deposited type or voucher specimens. Recent collections of specimens of the same species were made from 2 other cyprinid species of cyprinid fishes, Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel and Schizothorax labiatus (McClelland) from the Sandran River, a tributary of the Jhelum River, in southern Kashmir. It is now possible to provide a full description of these specimens and reassign them in the subgenus Acanthosentis Verma and Datta, 1929 based on the finding of circles of vestigial spines at the anterior end of the trunk of male and female specimens. These vestigial spines are barely visible and easy to miss with optical microscopy. The new species is also characterized by having (1) a para-receptacle structure in males and females, (2) unique double Saefftigen's pouches, (3) large round single-nucleated cells in the proboscis, and (4) the lemnisci being either equal or distinctly unequal with no intermediate states. A key to the species of Acanthosentis of the Indian subcontinent is provided. Histopathological sections show extensive damage to the host intestine with subsequent blood loss, cell necrosis, and attempted encapsulation. Results of the energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) study show hollow hooks high in sulfur but with limited calcium ions. Hooks of most acanthocephalans studied with X-ray scans are solid with high calcium and low sulfur ions.

Mitochondrial genome sequence and gene organization of Kunar Snow trout (Schizothorax labiatus) with phylogenetic consideration

Mitochondrial genome sequence and gene organization of Kunar Snow trout (Schizothorax labiatus) with phylogenetic consideration