Scheme For Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Energy-Efficient Mobile Sink-Based Intelligent Data Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become an indistinguishable part of any Internet of Things (IoT) based system. In an IoT-based system, WSN monitors different physical objects and forwards the collected data to the base station or gateway node for further processing. Existing routing protocols designed for WSNs are not suitable for IoT-based systems. An intelligent and high-performance routing protocol is essential for real-time data analysis and decision-making. Therefore, this paper proposes a mobile sink-based intelligent data routing scheme for WSNs. Initially, Particle Swarm Optimization is used for optimal cluster formation. After cluster formation, the optimal number of rendezvous points are selected, and a data-gathering tour is planned for the mobile sink. Furthermore, a mobile sink-based intelligent data gathering scheme is proposed to collect the data from the cluster heads. Extensive simulations and mathematical analysis are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The simulation results are compared with state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of stability period, network lifetime, throughput, average energy consumption, fairness index, data transmission latency, and message overhead.

Protecting Location Privacy in IoT Wireless Sensor Networks through Addresses Anonymity

Location privacy is very important for event-triggered type of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) applications such as tracking and monitoring of wild animals. Most of the security schemes for WSNs are designed to provide protection for content privacy. Contextual privacy such as node identity anonymity has received much less attention. The adversary can fully explore such contextual information to disclose the location of critical components such as source nodes or base station. Most existing schemes provide location privacy at network layer. As no measures are taken to provide node identity anonymity at data link layer, the adversary can launch traffic analysis attacks to jeopardize location privacy. In this paper, a scheme named HASHA is proposed to defend against traffic analysis attacks through hashed one-time addresses. Hashed results of payload are used to create dynamic one-time MAC addresses between the communication pairs. Because of inevitable wireless frame errors, it is impossible for adversaries to track dynamic addresses. Therefore, HASHA can provide strong node identity anonymity, which makes traffic analysis attacks much more difficult and provides better location privacy. Simulations and analysis results show that HASHA can provide better location privacy with limited communication overheads, which is particularly suitable for resource-limited WSNs.

A Trust Aware Authentication Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks Optimized by Salp Swarm Optimization and Deep Belief Networks

Presently, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSN) offers a broad research field for enabling advanced networked services. It remains popular due to its applicability in various real time areas such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, factory configuration, and many more. While the benefits of WSNs are many, security is still a major concern due to the intrinsic prevalence of wireless links in the network. In order to achieve security and reliable communication, an optimized authentication scheme becomes necessary. Therefore, this research work introduces a novel salp swarm optimization with deep belief network based trust aware authentication (SSDBN-TAA) scheme for WSN. Primarily, the SSDBN-TAA technique undergoes a weighted clustering scheme to partition the network into a collection of clusters. Additionally, a trust factor is collectively derived between the nodes that exist in the network, and the nodes exceeding the threshold trust value are considered as valid. An SSDBN model is utilized for dynamically selecting the threshold trust value, and the hyperparameters of the DBN model are optimally adjusted using the salp swarm algorithm (SSA). The design of SSA is efficient and thereby enhances the authentication performance. To explore the enhanced outcomes of the SSDBN-TAA technique, we conduct extensive comparative experiments to ensure the enhanced outcomes of the SSDBN-TAA system dominate the present state of art approaches.

An Improved 2-Factor Authentication Scheme for WSN Based on ECC

The Internet of Things (IoT) stands as one of the emerging technologies because of its novel innovations and solutions for countless domains. As one of the enabling components for IoT, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is utilized for various real-world appliances to collect valuable raw sensed data. Here, valuable data from the sensor nodes are suitable to access with the help of a gateway node through the registered user. However, due to the resource constraints of sensor nodes and the exposed nature of the wireless frequency, security has turned out to a considerable task in WSN. Authentication is a primary security facility that can ensure the legitimacy of data access in WSN. There are numerous 2-factor verification protocols in related work based on a smartcard, public-key, and password. However, most of them have trouble reconciling proficiency and security necessities; hence, it is still challenging to implement a 2-factor authentication scheme to satisfy security topographies while preserving suitable proficiency. We designed an enhanced 2-factor verification scheme based on ECC and biometric information in this work. Our proposed scheme accomplishes distinct security features and protocol-designed logic verified with the AVISPA tool. Simulation results demonstrate that the projected scheme is robust, energy-efficient, and well-suited to WSN environments.

A Secure Authentication Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on DAC and Intel SGX

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely implemented in military, intelligent medical, intelligent transportation, space exploration, and other fields. However, the authentication and communication of WSNs are carried out in the harsh external environment via a public channel, which is more vulnerable to various attacks than the traditional networks. Authentication is the key technology of security measures, but a common authentication scheme is not suitable for WSNs due to limitations of memory, computing, and energy consumption. Therefore, designing a secure and efficient authentication scheme is essential in WSNs. In recent years, several studies proved that the dynamic authentication credential (DAC) is efficient for enhancing the security of the authentication scheme. This article designs a secure authentication scheme for WSNs based on DAC and Intel software guard extensions (SGX). Compared with other DAC authentication schemes, our scheme provides the confirmation action of DAC rotation, which can effectively prevent the asynchronous update problem caused by packet loss. In order to resist the privileged user attack and the authentication table leakage attack, we choose the SGX, which can protect the data in use, as the trusted execution environment in the gateway node, and we adopt SGX to store the master key for protecting the authentication table. Finally, the security of our authentication scheme is verified by BAN logic, the simulation tool AVISPA, and informal security analysis. Through the consumption overhead analysis, the NS3 simulation result, and detailed comparison with other recent schemes, we conclude that our scheme is practical and achieves better security with less overhead.

Role of Digital Watermarking in Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract: WSN has been exhilarated in many application areas such as military, medical, environment, etc. Due to the rapid increase in applications, it causes proportionality to security threats. Mostly, nodes used, are independent of human reach and dependent on their limited resources, the major challenges can be framed as energy consumption and resource reliability. Introduction: Due to the limitation of resources in the sensor nodes, the traditionally intensive security mechanism is not feasible for WSNs. This limitation brought the concept of Digital watermarking in existence. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and role of watermarking in wireless sensor networks. Watermarking is an effective way to provide security, integrity, data aggregation and robustness in WSN. Mehtod: Digital watermarking is essential in WSN since it provides security in various forms such as confidentiality, service availability and data freshness. We have briefly discussed the various security requirements in the wireless sensor networks. Several issues and challenges, as well as the various threats of WMSN, is also considered. The related work, suggests that lots of research work are required to improve the security and authentication issues of WMSN by digital watermarking. This survey contribution will be helpful for researcher to accomplish effective watermarking scheme for WSN. Result: WSN is the collection of sensors that are spread in the environment. They measure and monitor physical conditions like temperature, sound, pressure, humidity, etc. and organize the collected data at the main location. The base station then forwards the data to end-users who analyze and make strategic decisions. Nowadays the modern network is bi-directional i.e. we can control the activity of the sensor. The central stations, unlike another sensor network, have infinite power, plenty of memory, powerful processors and a high bandwidth link. Whereas sensors are small in size, have fewer computation abilities, transfer wirelessly and are power-driven by small batteries Conclusion: Watermarking is an effective way to provide security, integrity, data aggregation and robustness in WSN. Digital watermarking is essential in WSN since it provides security in various forms such as confidentiality, data integrity, service availability and data freshness. In this paper, we have briefly discussed the various security requirements in the wireless sensor networks. We have also discussed work done by several authors in WSN with watermarking techniques Discussion: Wireless network faces more challenges as compared to wired network. In WSN, maximum amount of data and information can be stealed and effortlessly accessed during transmission. The nodes in a wireless sensor network (WSN) are resources constrained. Due to which WSNs have certain challenges i.e. processing power, storage and computational capacity and high bandwidth demand. Security schemes are not easy to design since the network tends to be large and ad-hoc. The analysis for privacy and security have been explored by some authors like J. Zhu et al. In recent years, a cryptography-based security designs have been proposed for WSNs. Cryptography is the process of concealing the information into the cipher text by encrypting it.

A Modified Hierarchical Multiple Key Agreement Scheme for WSN

Nowadays, sensor networks are one of the hottest scientific issues. A lot of research has been done to improve their efficiency. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are applied as an important and efficient technology in many industries such as military operations, security systems, intelligent transportation systems, medics, agriculture, and many others. Key agreement is a challenging point in the security of these networks. Sensor nodes connect to each other using cryptography techniques, however, use of the classic key management techniques such as key distribution center is inefficient because of resource-constrained nature of the sensor nodes. This paper proposes a hierarchical multiple key agreement scheme. In the proposed scheme, two nodes can produce multiple session keys, just with only one run of the key agreement protocol by two nodes in the hierarchical system. As well as its efficiency, this new scheme is based on identity and non-interactive protocol. Being zero-knowledge proof is another advantage of the scheme.

Cooperative Scheme ToA‐RSSI and Variable Anchor Positions for Sensors Localization in 2D Environments

To rich good accuracy in the 2D area for wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes, a localization method has to be selected. The objective of this paper is first to select which localization technique is required (Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)) or (Time of Arrival (ToA)) against anchors placement in a 2D area. Depending on whether the anchor nodes are spaced or not and inspired by the idea of using the RSSI method for small distances and the ToA method for greater distances, we will show which method should be used for the positioning process which mainly guarantees a minimal localization error. Second, a two‐dimensional localization scheme for WSN which is called Combined Advantages of ToA‐RSSI (CA ToA‐RSSI), hereafter, ranging methods, is designed in this work, to make the accuracy better during the positioning process. Results provided through MATLAB simulations show that our new technique improves considerably the positioning accuracy compared with the traditional RSSI and ToA ranging method. The proposed scheme can be run under Line of Sight and (LOS) and Nonline of Sight (NLOS) conditions taking into account a difference in the measurement error.

An Optimal Scheme for WSN Based on Compressed Sensing

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the renowned ad hoc network technology that has vast varieties of applications such as in computer networks, bio-medical engineering, agriculture, industry and many more. It has been used in the internet-of-things (IoTs) applications. A method for data collecting utilizing hybrid compressive sensing (CS) is developed in order to reduce the quantity of data transmission in the clustered sensor network and balance the network load. Candidate cluster head nodes are chosen first from each temporary cluster that is closest to the cluster centroid of the nodes, and then the cluster heads are selected in order based on the distance between the determined cluster head node and the undetermined candidate cluster head node. Then, each ordinary node joins the cluster that is nearest to it. The greedy CS is used to compress data transmission for nodes whose data transmission volume is greater than the threshold in a data transmission tree with the Sink node as the root node and linking all cluster head nodes. The simulation results demonstrate that when the compression ratio is set to ten, the data transfer volume is reduced by a factor of ten. When compared to clustering and SPT without CS, it is reduced by 75% and 65%, respectively. When compared to SPT with Hybrid CS and Clustering with hybrid CS, it is reduced by 35% and 20%, respectively. Clustering and SPT without CS are compared in terms of node data transfer volume standard deviation. SPT with Hybrid CS and clustering with Hybrid CS were both reduced by 62% and 80%, respectively. When compared to SPT with hybrid CS and clustering with hybrid CS, the latter two were reduced by 41% and 19%, respectively.

An AODV Based Multifactor Authentication Scheme for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a type of wireless network that is fast getting a lot of attention in scientific and industrial applications, and it is a network of decentralized autonomous standalone sensor devices. However, WSN is easily prone to malicious attacks as anyone can access the server through the node without a proper security authentication. In this paper, we proposed a secure AODV based multi-factor authentication scheme for WSN to mitigate physical attack, offline guessing attack and replay attack. Our proposed scheme is preferred to keep the scheme lightweight while providing enough security that requires smart card, user identity, password, and OTP. Our proposed scheme has relatively lower computational cost with a total of 10Th than the other compared schemes except for Adil et al.’s scheme. However, we have around 8288 bits of authentication overhead due to the nature of packet and the addition of factors. Hence, our scheme is outperformed from computational cost perspective, but the scheme is slightly higher on authentication overhead perspective. In the future, multiple device authentication, implementation of biometric feature can be added to improve the scheme.

A Secure and Privacy-Preserving Three-Factor Anonymous Authentication Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things

The Internet of things is playing more and more important role in smart healthcare, smart grids, and smart transportation, and using wireless sensor network (WSN), we can easily obtain and transmit information. However, the data security and users’ privacy are the biggest challenges for WSN because sensor nodes have low computing power and low storage capacity and are easy to be captured, and wireless networks are vulnerable. In 2021, Shuai et al. proposed a lightweight three-factor anonymous authentication scheme for WSN. However, we found that their protocol is vulnerable to stolen-verifier attack, modification of messages’ attack, and no perfect forward secrecy. Then, a new three-factor anonymous authentication scheme using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is proposed. Through informal and formal security analyses, our scheme can resist various known attacks and maintains low computational complexity.

An Overview of Machine Learning-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks

Machine learning (ML) technology has shown its unique advantages in many fields and has excellent performance in many applications, such as image recognition, speech recognition, recommendation systems, and natural language processing. Recently, the applicability of ML in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has attracted much attention. As resources are limited in WSNs, identifying how to improve resource utilization and achieve power-efficient load balancing is becoming a critical issue in WSNs. Traditional green routing algorithms aim to achieve this by reducing energy consumption and prolonging network lifetime through optimized routing schemes in WSNs. However, there are usually problems such as poor flexibility, a single consideration factor, and a reliance on accurate mathematical models. ML techniques can quickly adapt to environmental changes and integrate multiple factors for routing decisions, which provides new ideas for intelligent energy-efficient routing algorithms in WSNs. In this paper, we survey and propose a theoretical hypothetic model formulation of ML as an effective method for creating a power-efficient green routing model that can overcome the limitations of traditional green routing methods. In addition, the study also provides an overview of past, present, and future progress in green routing schemes in WSNs. The contents of this paper will appeal to a wide range of audiences interested in ML-based WSNs.

An Efficient and Secure Session Key Management Scheme in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a particular network built from small sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have unique features. That is, it can sense and process data in WSN. WSN has tremendous applications in many fields. Despite the significance of WSN, this kind of network faced several issues. The biggest problems rising in WSN are energy consumption and security. Robust security development is needed to cope with WSN applications. For security purposes in WSN, cryptography techniques are very favorable. However, WSN has resource limitations, which is the main problem in applying any security scheme. Hence, if we are using the cryptography scheme in WSN, we must first guarantee that it must be energy-efficient. Thus, we proposed a secure hybrid session key management scheme for WSN. In this scheme, the major steps of public key cryptography are minimized, and much of the operations are based on symmetric key cryptography. This strategy extensively reduces the energy consumption of WSN and ensures optimum security. The proposed scheme is implemented, and their analysis is performed using different parameters with benchmark schemes. We concluded that the proposed scheme is energy-efficient and outperforms the available benchmark schemes. Furthermore, it provides an effective platform for secure key agreements and management in the WSN environment.

A secure and privacy-preserving authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks in smart city

Smart city can improve the efficiency of managing assets and resources, optimize urban services and improve the quality of citizens’ life. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can solve many problems in smart city, such as smart transportation, smart healthcare and smart energy. However, security and privacy are the biggest challenges for WSN. Recently, Banerjee et al. proposed a security-enhanced authentication and key agreement scheme for WSN, but their scheme cannot resist offline password guessing attack, impersonation attack, and does not achieve session key secrecy, identity unlinkability, and perfect forward secrecy. In order to fix these flaws, a secure and privacy-preserving authentication protocol for WSN in smart city is proposed. We prove the security of the proposed protocol by using applied pi calculus-based formal verification tool ProVerif and show that it has high computational efficiency by comparison with some related schemes.

Multifunctional and Multidimensional Secure Data Aggregation Scheme in WSNs

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), data aggregation (DA) has become one of the most practical techniques to reduce processing delay and improve energy efficiency. To support intelligent applications, sensor nodes need to report heterogeneous and diverse data, which induce the demand for multidimensional DA and multifunctional data analysis. To solve the current security problems and functional requirements, we propose a multifunctional and multidimensional secure DA scheme to strike the balance between data availability and privacy. First, we design a Chinese remainder theorem conversion method with the counter to encode multidimensional data into large integers, which can be operated by linear homomorphic encryption schemes. Then, we introduce a multifunctional data analysis method supporting diversified aggregation functions, including linear, polynomial, and continuous functions. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and resistance against false data injection attacks. The experimental results show that the supported max dimension of one ciphertext in our scheme is at least twice that of existing schemes. Thus, in scenarios with high dimensions, our scheme is superior to the existing schemes in terms of computation and communication costs.

Analysis of QoS Parameters using Prediction Algorithms on CSO-based Energy-Efficient Reliable Sectoring Scheme in WSN

The maintaining of the Quality of Service(QoS) parameter in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is becoming a challenging task. The limitations are like achieving QoS parameters in a distributed network, constraints in sensing parameters, natural disasters, and battery life of sensor nodes need to overcome. Here in this paper few of the QoS parameters are analysed to increase the lifetime of sensor networks by partitioning a network into various sectors. A novel optimized sectoring scheme is proposed for optimal election of sector head (SH) for a given network. A Cat Swarm Optimization based Energy-Efficient Reliable sectoring Scheme with prediction algorithms (P-CSO-EERSS) is also proposed in this paper. The use of prediction algorithms is for early detection of node lifetime to improve the overall lifespan of a network. Along with this QoS parameters such as packet delivery ratio and energy consumption are analysed and compared with existing clustering algorithms. According to implementation results, it has been shown that the prediction based CSO-EERSS algorithm returns better QoS parameters as compare to existing cluster schemes.

Adaptive security approach for wireless sensor network using RSA algorithm

A type of distributed and self-regulating network is the wireless sensor network (WSN). The sensor nodes have limited computing capabilities, memory, battery power are needed to ensure a strong security design. In this paper, an adaptive cryptographic scheme for WSN that is operating on routing ad hoc on-demand vector routing (AODV) protocol. The adaptive term refers to the adopted mechanism between heavy and light asymmetric cryptography techniques of RSA. The heavy technique adopts the complete version of RSA algorithm, while the light one considers a reduced complexity version. This is to control the security operation over the included nodes even with low power ratio. In various case studies, the proposed scheme is checked and the result obtained shows the high efficiency of results in terms of protection guarantee.

An automated lightweight encryption scheme for secure and energy-efficient communication in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), security, efficiency, and energy consumption are still major challenges due to its open, large-scale, and resource-constrained nature. The 6LoWPAN protocol and many other lightweight cryptographic methods have been developed to improve the security and efficiency of WSNs with a reasonable amount of energy and resource utilization. However, they still suffer from limitations in terms of flexibility, key management, authentication, and the power resource management processes. This paper addresses these issues by designing FlexCrypt, an automated lightweight cryptographic scheme for WSNs. In the FlexCrypt scheme, a new dynamic clustering technique that supports mobility among the sensor nodes is developed. Moreover, the proposed scheme introduces a flexible lightweight cryptographic method to control the complexity of the encryption by automating the selection of encryption parameters based on the presently available resources of each sensor node to encrypt the data. In addition, a new lightweight key management and authentication method is designed to establish secure communication and the exchange of data and keys among the various WSN nodes. The proposed FlexCrypt scheme was evaluated using the Cooja simulator with Contiki OS. The results prove that the proposed scheme provides a significant improvement in terms of delay and encryption time in addition to power consumption and network lifetime compared to other ciphers that use fixed encryption parameters. It can effectively extend the network lifetime by 86%, 94% and 90% compared to the FlexenTech, AES and TEA ciphers, respectively. The security analysis demonstrates that the FlexCrypt scheme can resist various attacks such as brute-force, eavesdropping, man-in-the-middle and replay attacks.

WSN-SLAP: Secure and Lightweight Mutual Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are widely used to provide users with convenient services such as health-care, and smart home. To provide convenient services, sensor nodes in WSN environments collect and send the sensing data to the gateway. However, it can suffer from serious security issues because susceptible messages are exchanged through an insecure channel. Therefore, secure authentication protocols are necessary to prevent security flaws in WSN. In 2020, Moghadam et al. suggested an efficient authentication and key agreement scheme in WSN. Unfortunately, we discover that Moghadam et al.’s scheme cannot prevent insider and session-specific random number leakage attacks. We also prove that Moghadam et al.’s scheme does not ensure perfect forward secrecy. To prevent security vulnerabilities of Moghadam et al.’s scheme, we propose a secure and lightweight mutual authentication protocol for WSNs (WSN-SLAP). WSN-SLAP has the resistance from various security drawbacks, and provides perfect forward secrecy and mutual authentication. We prove the security of WSN-SLAP by using Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, Real-or-Random (ROR) model, and Automated Verification of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) simulation. In addition, we evaluate the performance of WSN-SLAP compared with existing related protocols. We demonstrate that WSN-SLAP is more secure and suitable than previous protocols for WSN environments.

A lightweight security and privacy-aware routing scheme for energy-constraint multi-hop wireless sensor networks

Unique constraints associated with wireless sensor networks notably, limited resources and physical exposure of sensor nodes have warranted the need for a lightweight and low energy demand security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Most of the existing security schemes demand computational power beyond the computational capacity of WSNs making them unsuitable security schemes for WSNs' routing protocols. In this work, a lightweight security and privacy scheme for WSNs' routing protocol is developed. An elliptic curve cryptography, scalar blinding, symmetric encryption, and modified Diffie Hellman key exchange protocol are adopted to evolve an additive perturbation that ensures data integrity, and an effective authentication that ensure confidentiality during routing. The security analysis shows that the scheme is secured against possible known attacks and performs better than some of the considered state-of-the-art schemes used in WSNs. Both the analytical and experimental results not only show that the proposed scheme requires lower computational power but with increase level of security and speed.