Scarce Time Research Articles

Arts marketing framework: The arts organisation as a hub for participation

The proliferation of artistic content, increased mobility of people, ethnic diversification, and increased scarcity of time outside of work against a backdrop of austerity requires an integrated approach to marketing within the arts. This paper proposes a framework for the marketing of arts based on participation, cocreation, and social networks. Additionally, the framework considers the role of self‐construal in the participation of arts.

Meal planning is associated with food variety, diet quality and body weight status in a large sample of French adults

BackgroundMeal planning could be a potential tool to offset time scarcity and therefore encourage home meal preparation, which has been linked with an improved diet quality. However, to date, meal planning has received little attention in the scientific literature. The aim of our cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between meal planning and diet quality, including adherence to nutritional guidelines and food variety, as well as weight status.MethodsMeal planning, i.e. planning ahead the foods that will be eaten for the next few days, was assessed in 40,554 participants of the web-based observational NutriNet-Santé study. Dietary measurements included intakes of energy, nutrients, food groups, and adherence to the French nutritional guidelines (mPNNS-GS) estimated through repeated 24-h dietary records. A food variety score was also calculated using Food Frequency Questionnaire. Weight and height were self-reported. Association between meal planning and dietary intakes were assessed using ANCOVAs, while associations with quartiles of mPNNS-GS scores, quartiles of food variety score and weight status categories (overweight, obesity) were evaluated using logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 57% of the participants declared to plan meals at least occasionally. Meal planners were more likely to have a higher mPNNS-GS (OR quartile 4 vs. 1 = 1.13, 95% CI: [1.07–1.20]), higher overall food variety (OR quartile 4 vs. 1 = 1.25, 95% CI: [1.18–1.32]). In women, meal planning was associated with lower odds of being overweight (OR = 0.92 [0.87–0.98]) and obese (OR = 0.79 [0.73–0.86]). In men, the association was significant for obesity only (OR = 0.81 [0.69–0.94]).ConclusionsMeal planning was associated with a healthier diet and less obesity. Although no causality can be inferred from the reported associations, these data suggest that meal planning could potentially be relevant for obesity prevention.

Reframing the ordinary: Imagining time as scarce increases well-being

We explored a counterintuitive approach to increasing happiness: Imagining time as scarce. Participants were randomly assigned to try to live this month (LTM) like it was their last in their current city (time scarcity intervention; n = 69) or to keep track of their daily activities (neutral control; n = 70). Each group reported their activities and their psychological need satisfaction (connectedness, competence, and autonomy) weekly for 4 weeks. At baseline, post-intervention, and 2-week follow-up, participants reported their well-being – a composite of life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions. Participants in the LTM condition increased in well-being over time compared to the control group. Furthermore, mediation analyses indicated that these differences in well-being were explained by greater connectedness, competence, and autonomy. Thus, imagining time as scarce prompted people to seize the moment and extract greater well-being from their lives.

Subjective temporal well-being: Defining, measuring, and applying a new concept

Time scarcity has become part and parcel of our modern predicament, with individuals' temporal experiences emerging as a central factor for their wellbeing. Despite the widespread experience of time-related problems, however, no comprehensive method to measure the subjective temporal dimensions of this experience have been generally accepted. This article seeks to take a step in addressing this gap by introducing a new concept called Temporal Well-being. In the first part of the article, the new concept is defined in its two fundamental dimensions, anchoring it to the experience of a level of perceived time pressure and a level of satisfaction with how one's time is spent. Next, the concept is subjected to an empirical examination using a data-set consisting of 1,000 Swedish respondents. The concept is related to other, existing measures of well-being, and the particular characteristics of individuals found in the present research to have especially high and low temporal well-being are mapped. The concept of Subjective Temporal Well-being is proposed to provide a comprehensible and tangible angle for the study of key dimensions of people's everyday lives, which in some cases can be more suitable than the notion of overall well-being. Finally, the implications of the new concept are explored in terms of its possible applications in statistical surveys and its usefulness for academic research.

The Effect of Childhood Family Size on Fertility in Adulthood: New Evidence From IV Estimation.

Although fertility is positively correlated across generations, the causal effect of children's experience with larger sibships on their own fertility in adulthood is poorly understood. With the sex composition of the two firstborn children as an instrumental variable, we estimate the effect of sibship size on adult fertility using high-quality data from Norwegian administrative registers. Our study sample is all firstborns or second-borns during the 1960s in Norwegian families with at least two children (approximately 110,000 men and 104,000 women). An additional sibling has a positive effect on male fertility, mainly causing them to have three children themselves, but has a negative effect on female fertility at the same margin. Investigation into mediators reveals that mothers of girls shift relatively less time from market to family work when an additional child is born. We speculate that this scarcity in parents' time makes girls aware of the strains of life in large families, leading them to limit their own number of children in adulthood.

Alignment of time-resolved data from high throughput experiments.

To better understand the dynamics of the underlying processes in cells, it is necessary to take measurements over a time course. Modern high-throughput technologies are often used for this purpose to measure the behavior of cell products like metabolites, peptides, proteins, [Formula: see text]RNA or mRNA at different points in time. Compared to classical time series, the number of time points is usually very limited and the measurements are taken at irregular time intervals. The main reasons for this are the costs of the experiments and the fact that the dynamic behavior usually shows a strong reaction and fast changes shortly after a stimulus and then slowly converges to a certain stable state. Another reason might simply be missing values. It is common to repeat the experiments and to have replicates in order to carry out a more reliable analysis. The ideal assumptions that the initial stimulus really started exactly at the same time for all replicates and that the replicates are perfectly synchronized are seldom satisfied. Therefore, there is a need to first adjust or align the time-resolved data before further analysis is carried out. Dynamic time warping (DTW) is considered as one of the common alignment techniques for time series data with equidistant time points. In this paper, we modified the DTW algorithm so that it can align sequences with measurements at different, non-equidistant time points with large gaps in between. This type of data is usually known as time-resolved data characterized by irregular time intervals between measurements as well as non-identical time points for different replicates. This new algorithm can be easily used to align time-resolved data from high-throughput experiments and to come across existing problems such as time scarcity and existing noise in the measurements. We propose a modified method of DTW to adapt requirements imposed by time-resolved data by use of monotone cubic interpolation splines. Our presented approach provides a nonlinear alignment of two sequences that neither need to have equi-distant time points nor measurements at identical time points. The proposed method is evaluated with artificial as well as real data. The software is available as an R package tra (Time-Resolved data Alignment) which is freely available at: http://public.ostfalia.de/klawonn/tra.zip .

Your money or your time? How both types of scarcity matter to physical activity and healthy eating

RationaleLack of time is one of the most common reasons people give for not exercising or eating healthy food, yet few studies explicitly test its relationship with health behaviours. ObjectiveConceptualising time as a social determinant we estimate how scarcity — of income or time — generate barriers to health behaviours. MethodsUsing longitudinal, nationally-representative survey data on Australians aged 25–54 years, our design addresses endogeneity and reverse causation by considering how new episodes of scarcity are related to changes in healthy eating and physical activity. Regression models estimated how scarcity of income (low income or feeling poor) or time (heavy time commitments or feeling rushed for time) predicted change over two consecutive years. ResultsWe find that both income and time scarcity reduce physical activity and, in some cases, lead people to consume less fruit and vegetables, eat out more and eat more discretionary calories (food high in salt, sugar or fat). Further, income and time scarcity operate independently to constrain healthy choices, although for more than one in ten people they synergistically increase risk. ConclusionBecause income and time scarcity are patterned by socio-economic status and gender, our results underline the need to address both if public health interventions are to be more effective and fair.

What Nurses Do During Time Scarcity-and Why.

Time scarcity is a common occurrence in the nurse work environment that stimulates a decision-making process, known as clinical prioritization or implicit rationing. In implicit rationing, nurses must decide what care they will complete and what they will leave unfinished. Five mechanisms that influence this process are supported in the literature. The effects of these influential mechanisms leave patients vulnerable to unmet educational, psychological, care coordination and discharge planning needs. Potential areas for intervention by nurse leaders include redesigning care delivery models to reduce time scarcity, adding balancing measures to performance monitoring systems to promote patient-centered care, and creating work cultures that support the values of nursing.

Work-family conflict, lack of time for personal care and leisure, and job strain in migraine: Results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Work-family conflict and time scarcity may affect health. We investigated the association between these issues and migraine, taking into account job strain. Baseline data from ELSA-Brasil (6,183 women; 5,664 men) included four indicators of work-family conflict: time- and strain-based interference of work with family (TB-WFC, SB-WFC), interference of family with work (FWC) and lack of time for personal care and leisure (LOT). Migraine was classified according to International Headache Society criteria. Among women, definite migraine was associated with SB-WFC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.55), FWC (OR = 1.32; 1.00-1.75), and LOT (OR = 1.30; 1.08-1.58). Probable migraine was associated with SB-WFC (OR = 1.17; 1.00-1.36). High psychological job demands and low social support interacted with LOT in association with definite migraine. Among men, probable migraine was associated with LOT (OR = 1.34; 1.09-1.64), and there were interactions between job strain and WFC for probable migraine. Balancing the demands of professional and domestic spheres could be highly relevant in the management of migraines. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:987-1000, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

온라인 여행상품의 메시지 프레이밍과 희소성 메시지 및 가격할인 메시지 구성이 구매의도에 미치는 영향

This study examined the effect of message combination among message framing and different levels of scarcity and price discount rates of online travel products on purchase intention. In order to empirically examine the effect of message composition, an experiment was conducted on college students in June, 2015(n=178). To achieve the purpose of the study, a total number of 44 different message combinations were designed for an airfare to Honolulu and used as stimuli during the experiment. The results indicate that positive message framing has a more powerful impact than negative message framing on purchase intention. The purchase intention is stronger when the level of quantity scarcity is less. The Interaction effect between message framing and quantity scarcity was statistically significant. The Price discount message has more impact on purchase intention than a positive framing situation. There was no significant interaction effect between message framing and a time scarcity message. The Practical and theoretical implications of the results are addressed with directions for future study also being suggested.

Dietary intake of working women with children does not appear to be influenced by hours of employment: A secondary analysis of the Australian Health Survey (2011–2013)

Women with children often fulfil multiple roles of running a household, raising a family and working outside the home. Good nutrition during this time is important to optimise their performance and prevent lifestyle diseases. Women also act as nutritional gatekeepers for their family. The dual burden of paid employment and unpaid family work may be associated with time scarcity in mothers which can impact food preparation and therefore nutritional adequacy. The aim of this study was to examine the diet of women who lived with children by comparison of hours worked. MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–12. Subjects were women aged 18–65 years who resided with ≥1 child (<18 years). Women were grouped according to hours of employment: not working; working <25 h a week; and working ≥25 hours a week. Data from two 24-h dietary recalls were used to compare differences between groups in nutrient intake and proportion of energy from discretionary foods. Covariates included were age, education, smoker status, Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), number of persons in household, week or weekend day of the survey and the sequence of recalls. ResultsAnalyses included 1869 women. Dietary intakes varied minimally between groups with intakes of fibre, vitamin C, and calcium lowest in the group not working. Overall diet quality was poor with >30% of energy coming from discretionary foods in all groups. ConclusionsUsual hours of employment per week have a minimal effect on diet quality in women with children. It is likely that different factors specific to each group contribute to the poor dietary intakes and should be further investigated.

Regression Test Suite Execution Time Analysis using Statistical Techniques

After applying techniques such as test design generation using combinatorial approach, test case selection, test suite minimization and prioritization, further reduction in execution time of the test suite is possible. This is necessary when there is scarcity of resources and time to execute the test suites. We investigate the statistical techniques which can be employed for analysis and reduction of test execution time further. The approach can help in extrapolating the execution time of test suite when the regression team wants to augment the test suite. The statistical techniques can aid in choosing the best test setup in terms of operating system, tool and Java virtual machine combination for given test setup. Further, these techniques are not the activities that need to be carried out before every execution of the test suite. Once the best combination is chosen the same can be used unless there is change in one of the layers of test setup. The activities mentioned in the paper can be part of test setup planning and maintenance phase.

Use of Hindi Language in Online Shopping Websites: A Predictor of Consumers’ Satisfaction

India is developing as an international hub of online business. The times of change finally arrived in India. The disposable incomes, technological advances, well-networked communities contributed to new paradigm shift in shopping. The customer is aggressive and ready to explore. The marketer has to understand the complexity of an exponential surge in online shopping. Demographic profile of the online shopper is important, rather critical to understand. Today, all the shopping websites have all the functions in English and when it is found that in India 75% are Hindi spoken, it is difficult for them to understand the key words and all the functions properly. Even most of them are sellers as well as consumers. This study has tried to examine the impact of Hindi usage in websites on customers’ retention with reference to growth in economy and approachable by all the consumers in rural areas. It is, however, critical to see the forest beyond the woods. The interest generated is because there are over 100 million Indian consumers who buy online, but sometimes, they face difficulty in understanding English. Therefore, this study has suggested to Indian online companies to display the translation. There should be an option for changing the languages. Now mostly, government websites have such language options. Convenience, scarcity of time and online comparisons have made Indian consumer buy books, apparels, cellphone, air and hotel bookings, electronic gadgets and music CDs, and many more products and services online. This paper is an attempt to understand the factors that propel online shopping behaviour through the usage of Hindi language in online shopping websites. The fastest growing community of online shoppers has compelled the traditional marketer to rethink. It endeavours to find whether online shopping is the next big idea in the Indian business scene.

Bloody time revisited: New observations on time in a Papua New Guinea Village

In a 1982 paper I argued that perceptions of time scarcity in Kragur Village, Papua New Guinea, in the mid‐1970s were best understood as a reaction to new forms of authority characteristic of the growth of capitalism and calls for greater time order were grounded largely in its perceived ritual significance. More than forty years later, villagers are much more familiar with Western time, but less likely to perceive time as scarce. As in the 1970s, aspiring leaders still press for greater time order. Millenarian illusions informed advocacy of time order in the 1970s. Although today these illusions are, if not extinct, then dormant, unquestioned assumptions mirroring Western capitalist views of time inspire many of today's advocates. Yet, lacking the authority to impose new forms of time order, they have little effect on the rhythms of village life, and economic incentives to abandon comparative indifference to time remain weak.

Diverse role of women life style, diet and health

Background and Objective: Diverse role of women lead towards negligence of their health and thus, scarcity of time and life style is driving towards unhealthy nutritional practices. Today processed food have an important position in the kitchen, therefore, in the present scenario these practices lead to obesity related diseases. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of obesity and factor related to obesity risk in women of Bhagalpur due to unhealthy nutritional practices. Methodology: This community based study was conducted in the town of Bhagalpur (Bihar) in year 2010, 500 women aged 20 to 59 years old were included in the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire cum interview method. The questionnaire consisted of questions on socio - demographic (age, religion, education level, occupation, monthly income, marital status) gynaecological history, general dietary pattern and nutritional practices. In the present study BMI was used as main indicator of the degree of overweight and obesity among women. Results: The study finds that 40 per cent female was overweight whose BMI was 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m 2 and 25 per cent was obese whose BMI was 30.0 to 34.9 kg/m 2 . Economic condition was positively co- related with the prevalence of over overweight and obesity. Work status of women does not show any clear relationship with overweight and obesity. Studies showed that higher BMI was clearly an important determinant of different disease, such 41 per cent suffering from diabetes, cardio-vascular, hypertension, thyroidism and arthritis. 21 per cent has heart disease and hypertension, 18 per cent heart disease, hypertension, thyroidism and arthritis, 12 per cent diabetes, heart disease and 8 per cent suffering from other diseases.

Europeans’ work and life – out of balance? An empirical test of assumptions from the “acceleration debate”

Advanced modernity is regarded as an era of time obsession and people in modernized societies seem to live harried lives. Leading time sociologists like Hartmut Rosa adopt a modernization–critical stance and ascribe an accelerated pace of life and frequent time scarcity to socioeconomic and technological advancement. According to these protagonists of the “acceleration debate,” time becomes increasingly precious due to severely changed conditions of work and private life. Against this background it can be assumed that many people may suffer from an unsatisfactory work–life balance. This study uses individual-level data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey (fielded in 2010/11) as well as suitable country-level data capturing key features of advanced modernity to empirically test assumptions arising from the “acceleration debate.” Results from multilevel analyses of 23 European countries provide some confirmation of these assumptions. While most macro indicators for 2010 reflecting a certain stage of development are uninfluential, a country's degree of globalization matters, and moreover growth rates of crucial macro indicators signaling paces of development exert an impact on people's work–life balance in the assumed direction: In countries with accelerations in terms of economic development, coverage of households with internet access and numbers of new cars working people show a significantly greater inclination toward an unsatisfactory work–life balance. Aside from results at the country-level individual-level determinants and group-specific differences of work–life balance under different conditions of advanced modernity are presented. This study's two main findings—(1) paces of development matter more than stages of development and (2) assumptions arising from the “acceleration debate” receive some empirical support—are thoroughly reflected on and discussed.

Veilederes beveggrunner for å unnlate å gi ikke-bestått i praksisstudier til tross for at læringsutbyttene ikke er nådd

Background Many professional educations have element of practice in their educations. Any assessment scheme involves large uncertainties, and this will in particular be applicable in practice assessment. Studies show that students who do not meet the goals of a practice period pass anyway. Purpose The purpose of the literature study is to describe what may lie at the core of those supervisors who allow underperforming students to pass in practice. Method A systematic literature search was carried out in March 2013 in the CHINAL, OVID Nursing database, OVID Medline, OVID PsycInfo, ProQuest, Science Direct, Eric, Norart and SweMed+. Results Nine articles and a monograph were included in the study. The reasons for not failing an incompetent student stems from lack of knowledge and confidence, challenges related to documentation, personal attitudes and beliefs, lack of support, the scarcity of time and the fear that the decision would be overturned by the university and the appeal. Conclusion The study shows that the supervisors have lack of competence in the role of their supervisor, both on the knowledge, skills and personal competence. To ensure that underperforming students fail, the need for training and support to the supervisors is essential.

Book Review: Television and Postfeminist Housekeeping: No Time for Mother, by Elizabeth Nathanson

Television and Postfeminist Housekeeping: No Time for Mother. Elizabeth Nathanson. New York: Routledge, 2013. 205 pp. $ 125 hbk.In Television and Post-feminist Housekeeping, Elizabeth Nathanson, an assistant professor at Muhlenberg College, explores how television depicts, and indeed constructs, contemporary notions of postfeminist femininity. Specifically, Nathanson performs a series of qualitative analyses on several different lifestyle television shows, which range from pedagogical programs like 30 Minute Meals to talk shows like Chew to prime-time television series like Modern Family, to explore how postfeminist femininity is manufactured and promoted by analyzing subject of women's time. That is, author examines how television shows create a sense of time scarcity felt by women in their struggle to manage their professional lives, domestic responsibilities, and leisure time-or, as author calls it, the postfeminist juggling act.Nathanson devotes first chapter to laying a foundation of knowledge of both critical-cultural media studies and feminist scholarship. Here, author defines major concepts she discusses in later chapters such as postfeminism, women's time, and domesticity in media while providing examples from television and previews of later chapters. Her voice is clear and conversational here, which helps make information presented more accessible to those unfamiliar with it. subsequent chapters are divided by following domestic labor categories: cleaning, cooking, child rearing, crafting, and childbirth.Each chapter discusses selected topic by exploring construction of time and how it is uniquely imposed onto women (namely, middle-class, white women) in lifestyle television. author first briefly explores previous research on subject before delving into her argument. For example, author situates her arguments in relation to foundational feminist research, including Simone de Beauvoir's text The Second Sex, Angela McRobbie's work on postfeminism and popular culture, Judith Butler's concept of gender performance, Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of second shift, and Diane Negra's research on consumption, time management, and postfeminism. author also draws upon works of seminal media and cultural theorists like Pierre Bourdieu and his notion of popular aesthetic and Raymond Williams and his concept of flow. While Nathanson does primarily adhere to parameters of chapter, she also relates information back to previous chapters which helps to emphasize and support larger aim of book. Similarly, author connects samples from other popular media like lifestyle magazines and websites to further this aim.The book's interdisciplinary nature is its greatest strength. Nathanson references feminist philosophers, media scholars, social scientists, historians, and cultural theorists to argue and support her thesis. This not only adds depth and complexity to book, but also makes content accessible to readers who might be unfamiliar with or have limited understanding of such material, like undergraduate students. …

Convenient meat and meat products. Societal and technological issues

In past and contemporary foodscapes, meat and meat products have not only been following convenience trends, they have been at the heart of them. Historically, the first substantial demands for meat convenience must have been for the outsourcing of hunting or domestication, as well as slaughtering activities. In its turn, this prompted concerns for shelf-life stabilisation and the development of preservation strategies, such as meat fermentation. Demands for ease of preparation and consumption can be traced back to Antiquity but have gained in importance over the centuries, especially with the emergence of novel socio-cultural expectations and (perceived) time scarcity. Amongst other trends, this has led to the creation of ready meals and meat snacks and the expansion of urban fast food cultures. Additionally, contemporary requirements focus on the reduction of mental investments, via the “convenient” concealment of slaughtering, the optimisation of nutritional qualities, and the instant incorporation of more intangible matters, such as variety, hedonistic qualities, reassurance, and identity. An overview is given of the technological issues related to the creation of meat convenience, in its broadest sense, along with their societal implications.

Negative Relationships Between Self-Efficacy and Performance Can Be Adaptive: The Mediating Role of Resource Allocation

This research speaks to the ongoing debate regarding the role of self-efficacy in self-regulation. Specifically, we argue that both positive and negative relationships between self-efficacy and resource allocation are part of an adaptive process. We present the results of two empirical studies demonstrating that a negative relationship between self-efficacy and resource allocation is not always maladaptive and, in fact, can lead to positive indirect effects on performance. In Study 1, we observed natural fluctuations in self-efficacy as individuals completed a mathematics test, finding that the tendency to reduce resource allocation with high self-efficacy is most clearly observed when time is scarce. In turn, an inverted-U relationship between resource allocation and overall performance under high time scarcity emerged such that moderate levels of resource allocation resulted in the highest levels of performance. Study 2 used an experimental design in which self-efficacy was manipulated. Replicating core findings from Study 1, individuals drew upon self-efficacy to balance resource allocation across competing demands. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of our results.