Scarce Resources Research Articles

Ethical implications related to processing of personal data and artificial intelligence in humanitarian crises: a scoping review

BackgroundHumanitarian organizations are rapidly expanding their use of data in the pursuit of operational gains in effectiveness and efficiency. Ethical risks, particularly from artificial intelligence (AI) data processing, are increasingly recognized yet inadequately addressed by current humanitarian data protection guidelines. This study reports on a scoping review that maps the range of ethical issues that have been raised in the academic literature regarding data processing of people affected by humanitarian crises.MethodsWe systematically searched databases to identify peer-reviewed studies published since 2010. Data and findings were standardized, grouping ethical issues into the value categories of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The study protocol followed Arksey and O’Malley’s approach and PRISMA reporting guidelines.ResultsWe identified 16,200 unique records and retained 218 relevant studies. Nearly one in three (n = 66) discussed technologies related to AI. Seventeen studies included an author from a lower-middle income country while four included an author from a low-income country. We identified 22 ethical issues which were then grouped along the four ethical value categories of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Slightly over half of included studies (n = 113) identified ethical issues based on real-world examples. The most-cited ethical issue (n = 134) was a concern for privacy in cases where personal or sensitive data might be inadvertently shared with third parties. Aside from AI, the technologies most frequently discussed in these studies included social media, crowdsourcing, and mapping tools.ConclusionsStudies highlight significant concerns that data processing in humanitarian contexts can cause additional harm, may not provide direct benefits, may limit affected populations’ autonomy, and can lead to the unfair distribution of scarce resources. The increase in AI tool deployment for humanitarian assistance amplifies these concerns. Urgent development of specific, comprehensive guidelines, training, and auditing methods is required to address these ethical challenges. Moreover, empirical research from low and middle-income countries, disproportionally affected by humanitarian crises, is vital to ensure inclusive and diverse perspectives. This research should focus on the ethical implications of both emerging AI systems, as well as established humanitarian data management practices.Trial registrationNot applicable.

Intergovernmental cooperation and conflict resolution in the federal system of Ethiopia: The case of Oromia and Somali regional states

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the main reasons of conflict between Oromia and Somali regional states in 2017–2018 and examine the effectiveness of the institutions and forums of intergovernmental conflict resolution and peacebuilding processes. The study followed case study design and qualitative research approach. Key informant and in‐depth interviews as well as focus group discussions were employed. This study found out different reasons for the conflict between the two regional states, including lack of a clear inter‐regional boundary, territorial claims and counter claims, competition over scarce resources and control of trade routes, and a lack of effective implementation of the outcome of the 2004 referendum. Those who were normally supposed to prevent or resolve conflict were rather implicated in it. Different measures, including joint peace conferences, referendum, and bilateral peace and development agreements, were taken to address the conflict; but, the underlying causes of conflict are barely addressed and the present smooth relation between the regional states is unsustainable.

Redox‐Mediated Lithium Recovery From Spent LiFePO4 Stabilizes Ferricyanide Catholyte for Durable Zinc‐Ferricyanide Flow Batteries

AbstractThe scarcity of lithium resources and the increasing volume of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) exacerbate the imbalance between lithium supply and demand. The development of efficient recovery strategies of valuable lithium ion (Li+) from spent LIBs and their subsequent utilization presents both significant opportunities and challenges. Here, we propose an innovative approach for Li+ recovery from spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries (LFPs) and its subsequent utilization in alkaline zinc‐ferricyanide flow batteries (AZFFBs). Utilizing a redox‐mediated reaction, we achieve exceptional Li+ recovery efficiency from spent LFPs. Furthermore, the recovered Li+ in solution leads to the elevated ionic strength in the electrolyte, enhancing the concentration of [Fe(CN)6]4− to a remarkable level of 1.74 M. Utilizing the above catholyte, an AZFFB cell demonstrates the cycling life extending to 11 000 cycles with a degradation rate as low as 0.00019% per cycle and 0.09% per day at a current density of 120 mA cm−2. This study introduces a straightforward and efficient protocol that eliminates additional intermediate processes, achieving effective Li+ recovery from spent LFPs and subsequent utilization in flow batteries. The resulting AZFFB exhibits high energy density and long lifespan, positioning it as a promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage solutions.

Redox-Mediated Lithium Recovery From Spent LiFePO4 Stabilizes Ferricyanide Catholyte for Durable Zinc-Ferricyanide Flow Batteries.

The scarcity of lithium resources and the increasing volume of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exacerbate the imbalance between lithium supply and demand. The development of efficient recovery strategies of valuable lithium ion (Li+) from spent LIBs and their subsequent utilization presents both significant opportunities and challenges. Here, we propose an innovative approach for Li+ recovery from spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries (LFPs) and its subsequent utilization in alkaline zinc-ferricyanide flow batteries (AZFFBs). Utilizing a redox-mediated reaction, we achieve exceptional Li+ recovery efficiency from spent LFPs. Furthermore, the recovered Li+ in solution leads to the elevated ionic strength in the electrolyte, enhancing the concentration of [Fe(CN)6]4- to a remarkable level of 1.74M. Utilizing the above catholyte, an AZFFB cell demonstrates the cycling life extending to 11000 cycles with a degradation rate as low as 0.00019% per cycle and 0.09% per day at a current density of 120mA cm-2. This study introduces a straightforward and efficient protocol that eliminates additional intermediate processes, achieving effective Li+ recovery from spent LFPs and subsequent utilization in flow batteries. The resulting AZFFB exhibits high energy density and long lifespan, positioning it as a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage solutions.

Sustainable water resource management under changing climate in north interior Karnataka: Insights from CROPWAT modelling on soybean

The increasing scarcity of water resources, exacerbated by both natural factors such as increasing erraticity of rainfall over space and time, and human-induced mismanagement practices, poses a significant global challenge. This study focuses on the North Interior Karnataka (NIK) region, characterized by a semi-arid ecosystem, where water resources are under pressure due to a growing demand for food and changing climates. Soybean is an important oilseed crop in NIK and it faces challenges related to climatic variability, thus requires quantifying crop water demand and its management in coming years. CROPWAT model was used to estimate soybean crop water requirement in response to changing climates. Weather data was analysed, including rainfall and temperature, from recent past three decades (1991-2020) and projected climates of coming three decades (2021-2050) across 12 districts of NIK. The model simulated outputs revealed an increasing trend in reference evapotranspiration under projected climates, driven by rising temperatures. Spatial distribution maps across NIK illustrated impact on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and irrigation requirements (IR), with variations among districts. Further, this study examined the effects of delayed sowing on ETc, revealing a decreased pattern over 60 years. Effective rainfall also influenced irrigation requirements, showing an increase in most districts under projected climates. This work underscored the urgency of efficient use of water. The CROPWAT model proved effective in estimating soybean water requirements, providing valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices in the face of changing climates and water challenges.

Bolstering agreement with scarce resource allocation policy using education: a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe COVID- 19 pandemic prompted rapid development of scarce resource allocation policies (SRAP) in case demand for critical health services eclipsed capacity. We sought to test whether a brief, educational video could improve alignment of participant values and preferences with the tenets of the University of California Health’s SRAP in a post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted during the pandemic.MethodsAn RCT of an educational video intervention embedded in a longitudinal web-based survey conducted from May to December 2020, analyzed in August 2024. The “explainer” video intervention was approximately 6 min long and provided an overview of the mechanics and ethical principles underpinning the UC Health SRAP, subtitled in six languages. California residents were randomized to view the intervention or not, stratified by age, sex, education, racial identity, and self-reported health care worker status. Non-California residents were assigned to the control group. 1,971 adult participants were enrolled at baseline, and 939 completed follow-up. 770 participants with matched baseline and follow-up responses were analyzed. Self-reported survey assessments of values regarding components of SRAP were scored as the percentage of agreement with the UC Health SRAP as written. Participants responded to items at baseline and follow-up (approximately 10 weeks after baseline), with randomization occurring between administrations.ResultsAfter the intervention, overall agreement improved by a substantial margin of 5.2% (from 3.8% to 6.6%, P <.001) for the intervention group compared to the control group. Significant changes in agreement with SRAP logistics and health factors were also observed in the intervention group relative to the control, while no significant changes were noted for social factors. Differential intervention effects were observed for certain demographic subgroups.ConclusionsA brief educational video effectively explains the complex ethical principles and mechanisms of the SRAP, as well as how to improve the alignment of participant values with the foundational principles of UC Health SRAP. This directly informs practice by providing a framework for educating individuals about the use of these policies during future situations that require crisis standards of care, which can, in turn, enhance agreement and buy-in from affected parties.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT04373135 (registered 4 May 2020).

Industrial water consumption efficiency and driving factors based on the super-efficient SBM and Tobit approach

Water scarcity in arid regions is a significant factor constraining industrial development globally. Xinjiang, which has a huge potential for economic development, is constrained for its local industry development owing to the scarcity of water resources. Enhancing the efficiency of industrial water consumption is thus crucial to alleviate the conflict between water resource constrain and economic development. This study investigated the industrial water consumption efficiency in the economic zone of the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (EZNSTM) of Xinjiang from 2001 to 2020. The super-efficient SBM and Tobit model were used to identify the key drivers of regional industrial water consumption efficiency. Factors including economic development, government influence, industrial structure, and urbanization levels were found to affect the overall industrial water consumption efficiency. On the contrary, being open to the outside world and natural resource endowment did not significantly impact the water consumption efficiency. This paper identified the disparities in industrial water use and consumption efficiency across different regions of the EZNSTM and elucidated the primary factors influencing industrial water consumption efficiency in the area, which provided a critical foundation for coordinating future economic development and water resource utilization.

Assessment of Climatic Variables for the Mahi River Basin in Western India

One of the major problems that humanity is currently facing is climate change, whose effects can be seen everywhere in the world. Climate change is a result of both natural and manmade factors. These alterations have been more pronounced since the start of the industrial revolution, which resulted in significant emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, obstructing the outflow of longwave radiation and causing an increase in global warming. An attempt has been made to investigate the variability in rainfall, mean temperature, potential evapotranspiration and aridity index in the context of climate change based on the historical as well as the future dynamically downscaled climate datasets of precipitation and temperature for Mahi basin in western India which presently falls in a semi-arid climate located in the water scarce region of the country. The analysis has been performed for three distinct time periods i.e. baseline period (1961-90); present period (1991-2005); and future time periods, 2006-40. The analysis suggests that the rainfall is projected to decrease, the mean temperature is projected to increase. It is clear that the climate change impacts are already visible in the baseline and present time periods and the increases in the future, decrease in rainfall may lead to drier conditions in the basin. Optimal use of the available water resources along with the conservation of the scarce water resources may be a strategy that may go a long way in addressing the projected future water shortages in the basin.

Integrated management of water resources in the Mina watershed (North West of Algeria)

ABSTRACT AsAlgeria has experienced a significant reduction of water reserves, especially in the western catchment, it is necessary to find an effective way to manage this important resource. Integrated water management (IWM) has gained considerable importance worldwide as it has proven to be very effective in addressing water resource scarcity. This research, conducted in the Mina watershed, aims to identify the current and future water demands of the population by 2040, as well as the needs of the agricultural and industrial sectors using the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model. Water supplies in all administrative divisions of the Mina watershed were estimated at 120 M·m3 in 2010. Five different scenarios are the subject of this WEAP analysis: population and territory expansion, recycling and reuse of treated wastewater, water shortages, and impact of reservoir storage capacity. According to the reference scenario, the water demand is expected to increase by 140 M·m3. The scenario taking into account population growth and land expansion predicts an increase of 180 M·m3. Wastewater recycling and reduced irrigation may mitigate the water deficit to 120 M·m3 and 110 M·m3, respectively. Surface water exploitation compensates for the scarcities with 12.34 M·m3.

Addressing language education challenges in Kazakhstan for sustainable development

This article addresses the significant challenges in language education in Kazakhstan and explores their implications for sustainable development. By examining the current state of language education, identifying key obstacles and proposing strategic solutions, this study aims to enhance language teaching practices. Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted quantitative surveys with 119 language teachers and qualitative interviews with twenty-seven stakeholders, including policymakers, curriculum developers and language education experts. The research identifies key challenges: curriculum inflexibility, resource scarcity, inadequate teacher training and low student engagement. Recommendations include curriculum reform, improved resource allocation, teacher professional development, institutional policies and collaboration with external experts. The research results reveal the need for a comprehensive approach to improve language education in Kazakhstan, contributing to the country’s sustainable development goals. The research findings provide vital insights for policymakers and stakeholders to deliberate on effective state programmes toward a more sustainable and inclusive education system. These programmes can assist educators in addressing challenges and acquiring essential content knowledge, pedagogical expertise and technological competence. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/ .

Bibliometric Insights into Terracing Effects on Water Resources Under Climate Change: Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS Applications

With the increasing impacts of global climate change and the continuous expansion of the population, the scarcity of food and water resources, along with the protection of agricultural land, have become significant constraints to sustainable agricultural development. Terraces plays a vital role in controlling water loss and promoting sustainable agriculture, and they have been widely adopted across the globe. Using CiteSpace, this study conducted a bibliometric review of the literature on the application of remote sensing and GISs in terrace studies under global climate change. The dataset included publications from the Web of Science spanning the years 1992 to 2024. Based on a systematical analysis of 508 publications, we investigated major institutions, cross-author collaborations, keyword co-occurrences, and the evolution of the research focus areas regarding the applications of remote sensing and GISs in terrace studies. The results show that the prominent research themes in this domain include remote sensing, erosion, and climate change. China (132, 26%) and the United States (108, 21%) are the top contributors in terms of publication numbers, while European countries and institutions are more active in collaborative efforts. The research emphasis has transitioned from analyzing the environmental characteristics of terraces to a broader consideration of ecological factors and multi-scenario applications. Moreover, analyses of the keyword co-occurrence and temporal trends indicate a rising interest in the application of machine learning, deep learning, and luminescence dating in terrace studies. Moving forward, it is essential to advance the deployment of automated monitoring systems, obtain long-term continuous monitoring data, encourage the adoption of conservation agriculture technology, and strengthen early warning networks for extreme climate events in terrace research. Overall, this study underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and collaborative efforts to address the myriad challenges faced by terraced agriculture in an era of rapid environmental change.

A Review of Land Use and Land Cover in Mainland Southeast Asia over Three Decades (1990–2023)

The intensification of economic globalization and the growing scarcity of global land resources have magnified the complexity of future land use and land cover (LULC) changes. In Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), these transformations are particularly pronounced, yet comprehensive, targeted, and systematic reviews are scant. This research employs bibliometrics and critical literature review methodologies to scrutinize 1956 relevant publications spanning from 1990–2023, revealing key insights into the contributors to land use studies in MSEA, which include not only local researchers from countries like Thailand and Vietnam but also international scholars from the United States, China, Japan, and France. Despite this, the potential for global collaboration has not been fully tapped. This study also notes a significant evolution in data analysis methods, transitioning from reliance on single data sources to employing sophisticated multi-source data fusion, from manual feature extraction to leveraging automated deep learning processes, and from simple temporal change detection to comprehensive time series analysis using tools like Google Earth Engine (GEE). This shift encompasses the progression from small-scale case studies to extensive multi-scale system analyses employing advanced spatial statistical models and integrated technologies. Moreover, the thematic emphasis of research has evolved markedly, transitioning from traditional practices like slash-and-burn agriculture and deforestation logging to the dynamic monitoring of specialized tree species such as rubber plantations and mangroves. Throughout this period, there has been a growing focus on the broad environmental impacts of land cover change, encompassing soil degradation, carbon storage, climate change responses, ecosystem services, and biodiversity. This research not only offers a comprehensive understanding of the LULC research landscape in MSEA but also provides critical scientific references that can inform future policy-making and land management strategies.

Fair Innings: An Empirical Test.

The fair innings principle states that fairness requires allocating life-saving treatments to younger rather than older patients when each would gain the same extension in longevity. It is motivated by the notion that older patients have already benefited from a longer life and so have less claim to scarce treatment resources than younger patients who have not yet lived their "fair innings." The principle can be theoretically justified by a prioritarian social welfare function applied to lifetime wellbeing. We conducted an online survey to test whether there is support for the principle in the general population (in France). We find substantial but not universal support. When choosing to allocate a treatment that would provide the same life extension to an older or a younger patient, about one-half the respondents would allocate the treatment to the younger patient while about one-third are indifferent to which patient is treated and about one-fifth would allocate treatment to the older patient. Holding the life extension to the older patient fixed, decreasing the life extension to the younger patient decreases (increases) the fraction of respondents that would allocate treatment to the younger (older) patient. These results highlight the tension between principles of equal treatment and of giving priority to those who are worse off that confound healthcare policy.

Diversity of Students and Their Needs: What do Teachers Face in Their Professional Development?

In recent decades, the work of teachers has been carried out in classrooms characterised by a high degree of diversity, necessitating the provision of pedagogical responses that promote the inclusion of students. This article is derived from the research, development and innovation (R+D+I) project 'Intergenerational Professional Development in Education Implications for the Professional Initiation of Teachers (DePrInED) and aims to analyse how teachers at compulsory education recognise, characterise and conceptualise the diversity and needs of students. A mixed methodological approach was employed, with information collected through focus groups and interviews with a total sample of 147 teachers from different educational levels (young, senior and retired). Thematic analysis, combined with a comparative analysis, was employed to analyse the data using ATLAS.ti software. The main categories analysed dealt with students' needs and their own diversity. The study's primary findings suggest that, in comparison to their retired counterparts, both young and veteran teachers make greater reference to the diversity and needs of students, and emphasise the scarcity of resources and support to effectively address the diversity of students in the classroom. Experienced teachers are found to make more frequent references to diversity and students' needs, while retired teachers make these references less often. This finding assumes particular significance in light of the paucity of studies that adopt a generational perspective to analyse how teachers perceive diversity.

Closed-Circuit Reverse Osmosis Performance Evaluation in a High-Recovery-Rate Water Reclamation Pilot Project

Reusing treated effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants is essential for addressing freshwater scarcity, a key objective of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) has shown promise in municipal reuse facilities, the comprehensive assessment of water quality parameters, especially at higher recovery rates, is lacking. In this study, at the San Jacinto Valley Regional Water Reclamation Facility (SJVRWRF), we evaluated the performance of CCRO in treating municipal wastewater tertiary effluent, focusing on high recovery rates. Our analysis of selected chemical parameters across recovery rates ranging from 90% to 95% revealed the effective removal of suspended particles by CCRO. However, variations in removal rates were observed among ions, with chloride removal at 96.3% and nitrate removal at 79.6%, contrasting with fluoride’s complete removal and sulfate’s 99.7% removal rate. Divalent ions like calcium and magnesium exhibited better rejection than monovalent ions such as sodium and potassium. Additionally, the removal efficiency of total dissolved solids (TDSs), alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sodium, and potassium decreased with an increasing recovery rate, while sulfate, calcium, and magnesium removal rates remained stable. These findings enhance our understanding of membrane treatment processes, providing valuable insights for future water reclamation projects to combat freshwater resource scarcity.

DOENÇA DE ALZHEIMER: DIAGNÓSTICO PRECOCE E ACESSO AO TRATAMENTO – REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Introduction. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that affects essential cognitive functions, directly impacting the quality of life of patients and their caregivers. Early diagnosis is crucial to slowing symptom progression and improving disease management. However, challenges such as resource scarcity, lack of awareness, and limitations in public policies hinder access to diagnosis and treatment in Brazil. Objectives. This study aims to review the scientific literature on Alzheimer's disease, focusing on early diagnosis and access to treatment, analyzing the methodologies used for disease identification and the main obstacles faced by patients. Justification. This research is relevant as it contributes to awareness, academic advancement, and scientific analysis of early diagnosis and access to treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Methodology. This is a systematic review conducted according to the PRISMA methodology, using databases such as LILACS and MEDLINE, with articles published between 2020 and 2024.Results and Discussion. The results show that despite advances in biomarkers and neuroimaging techniques, the implementation of early diagnosis still faces barriers, including a lack of infrastructure and insufficient training for healthcare professionals. Additionally, access to treatment remains limited, with public policies failing to meet the growing demand. Conclusion. It is concluded that more effective strategies are needed to facilitate early AD detection and expand therapeutic support, promoting a better quality of life for patients.

Evaluating Corruption-Prone Public Procurement Stages for Blockchain Integration Using AHP Approach

Corruption in public procurement remains a challenge to good governance, especially in developing nations. Blockchain technology has been espoused as a new paradigm for achieving sustainable public procurement practices for effective service delivery and, by extension, promoting sustainable development. Given the potential of blockchain technology, its implementation has been slow in developing countries. Additionally, there is an inadequate decision support framework to prioritize corruption-prone stages of the public procurement cycle for strategic blockchain integration at the most critical corruption-prone stages of the public procurement cycle given the scarce resources available in developing countries. Therefore, we employed a matured theory that is the principal-agent theory to identify key agency problems related to public procurement in developing countries. An interview with 25 experts and a thorough review of Ghana’s Auditor General produced seven public procurement cycle stages. Further, a survey was designed for experts and stakeholders to prioritize the identified procurement stages under the agency problems through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Our results revealed that tender evaluation was the most critical stage susceptible to corruption, followed by contract management and procurement planning in the public procurement stages. Additionally, for the relative importance of the criteria, information asymmetry was ranked first, followed by moral hazard, and then adverse selection. This study offers a targeted framework for blockchain deployment in public procurement from an African country perspective. The outcome of this study provides insights for policymakers and procurement practitioners to know the most critical stages of public procurement stages and leverage blockchain technology given the scarcity of resources in developing countries to aid sustainable public procurement. The proposed blockchain framework can enhance service delivery, citizens’ trust, and international donor confidence in partnership and funding for public procurement projects in developing countries.

Motivation of the Faculty in the Politics and Administration Training

People are the precious asset of a public organization given its scarce resources and competiveness of the private sector. Motivated public employees are likely to add values to the services delivery to citizens, private organizations as well as government entities. Faculty in the state-funded provincial schools of politics and administration in Viet Nam are the key actors in training public administration and politics for local officials who play important role in promoting effective local governance and ensuring no one left behind in the neighborhood. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the quality of the training and motivate the faculty members involved in the training. The paper aimed to identify the level of motivation and determinants of motivation of the faculty in the provincial schools of politics and administration in Viet Nam. The research questions to be answered were at what level the work motivation of the faculty in the provincial schools of politics and administration and what factors most affect the creating of work motivation for the faculty. The stakeholder mapping approach allowed to select three groups of people to be surveyed consisting of faculty, school administrators, and provincial public service department officers. The survey took place in 2019 and 2020. The questionnaire respondents totaled 1058. As an additional source of information, fifteen 45-60 minute-long interviews were conducted with ten faculty members and five school administrators. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to measure scale reliability and the T-test and Anova compared groups. Work motivation of the faculty was mainly at the "fair" level; male faculty was more motivated than female and the faculty holding doctor degrees were more motivated. A modest number of the surveyed faculty were highly motivated and very satisfied with their job. The highest influencing factor was the faculty factor or intrinsic motivation. The research had practical implications when providing rationales for identification of solutions to create work motivation for the faculty in the politics and public administration training for local officials whose enhanced capacity is believed to improve public services to the local people, especially in the context of unpredictable changes.

Genre of Music Festivals as a Predictor for Medical Utilization Rate

Genre of Music Festivals as a Predictor for Medical Utilization Rate

Evaluating the effect of climate change and fast population growth on water supply and demand in Jimma town, Ethiopia, using the WEAP modeling tool

ABSTRACT Water is vital for life and various biophysical processes, yet despite covering over 71% of Earth's surface, it remains a scarce resource due to uneven distribution and management challenges. Water scarcity is a growing global issue, and in Jimma town, Ethiopia, the mismatch between water supply and demand is especially severe. This is exacerbated by rapid population growth and urban expansion, which stress the town's already limited water resources. This study assesses the impacts of climate change and land use changes on Jimma's water supply and demand using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model. The research employs a scenario-based approach, considering five scenarios: current conditions, climate change, land use changes, combined impacts, and population growth. Results show that Jimma faces significant water shortages in November, December, January, and February, with additional shortages in April and May. Supply coverage is especially low in February (92%) and fluctuates in August and September due to prioritization of demand. Projections suggest that water demand could rise to 4.5 gigaliters by 2030, with unmet demand reaching 1.6 GL. The combined effects of climate change and land use changes may worsen these shortages, underscoring the urgent need for effective water management to ensure long-term sustainability.