Self-Concept Scale Research Articles

Effects of achievement differences for internal/external frame of reference model investigations: A test of robustness of findings over diverse student samples.

Achievement in math and achievement in verbal school subjects are more strongly correlated than the respective academic self-concepts. The internal/external frame of reference model (I/E model; Marsh, 1986, Am. Educ. Res. J., 23, 129) explains this finding by social and dimensional comparison processes. We investigated a key assumption of the model that dimensional comparisons mainly depend on the difference in achievement between subjects. We compared correlations between subject-specific self-concepts of groups of elementary and secondary school students with or without achievement differences in the respective subjects. The main goals were (1) to show that effects of dimensional comparisons depend to a large degree on the existence of achievement differences between subjects, (2) to demonstrate the generalizability of findings over different grade levels and self-concept scales, and (3) to test a rarely used correlation comparison approach (CCA) for the investigation of I/E model assumptions. We analysed eight German elementary and secondary school student samples (grades 3-8) from three independent studies (Ns 326-878). Correlations between math and German self-concepts of students with identical grades in the respective subjects were compared with the correlation of self-concepts of students having different grades using Fisher's Z test for independent samples. In all samples, correlations between math self-concept and German self-concept were higher for students having identical grades than for students having different grades. Differences in median correlations had small effect sizes for elementary school students and moderate effect sizes for secondary school students. Findings generalized over grades and indicated a developmental aspect in self-concept formation. The CCA complements investigations within I/E-research.

Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Younger Children (P-PSC-C): A Feasibility Study

Children’s self-perception of motor skills and physical fitness is said to be an important mediator between skills and physical fitness on the one hand and physical activity on the other hand. An age-appropriate self-perception scale is needed to understand the development and the differentiation of the physical self-concept of children and its components. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to develop a pictorial scale of physical fitness for pre-school children (3–6 years old), and (2) to describe the face validity and feasibility of the scale. The study sample included 27 kindergarten children. In order to determine the psychometric properties, validity was assessed by administrating the Pictorial Scale for Physical Self-Concept in Kindergarten Children (P-PSC-C) compared with children’s fundamental movement skill competency (Test of Gross Motor Development [TGMD]-3; six locomotor and seven object-control skills), height, weight, and demographics. The face validity was favorable. Expectable negatively skewed response distributions were found in all items. Medium correlations with related constructs and with sport enjoyment were found. The results indicate that the new scale is usable for kindergarten children. Future validation studies are needed so that the new scale can contribute to the research about physical self-concept development in kindergarten children.

Courtesy stigma and self-concept in partners of individuals with a physical disability

The article analyzes the relationship between (perceived and affiliate) courtesy stigma and self-concept among spouses of individuals with physical disabilities. The sample consisted of 85 spouses of individuals with physical disabilities. The data was collected using the Courtesy Stigma Questionnaire by Stanisława Byra and Monika Parchomiuk and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale by William H. Fitts. The respondents reported significantly higher results for perceived stigma compared to affiliate stigma. Courtesy stigma manifestations are similar in the cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects. The study found significant relationships between the dimensions of courtesy stigma and self-concept aspects. The highest contribution in accounting for the specific aspects of self-concept (e.g. moral self, personal self, social self) is presented by the affective component of courtesy stigma. Statistically significant, although minor, contribution is also presented by the behavioral component, especially for the physical self, self-criticism and identity scales. The cognitive component of courtesy stigma was found not to account for the self-concept of the spouses in any way.

Metacognitive reading strategies in learning disability: Relations between usage level, academic self-efficacy and self-concept

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the usage levels of metacognitive reading strategies by students diagnosed with specific learning disability (SLD), academic self-efficacy and the concept of self, in comparison to their typically developing (TD) peers. The data to be used in the study were collected using the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory, the Academic Self-efficacy Scale, the Piers-Harris Children’s Self-concept Scale and the Demographics Information Form. The study was conducted among a total of 119 students in the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grades in Izmir Province, including 59 students diagnosed with SLD and 60 TD students. Considering the results of the study, in comparison to TD students, students diagnosed with SLD were significantly inadequate in terms of the usage levels of metacognitive reading strategies, levels of academic self-efficacy, and the intelligence/school subdimensions of the concept of self.

Status and influencing factors of professional self-concept of nurses

Objective To investigate the status of professional self-concept of nurses and its influencing factors of Clinical registered nursing major in Guangdong. In order to provide the basic theory of improving the level of professional self-concept of nurses. Methods A total of 280 nurses were investigated from different levels and deployment of hospitals by convenient sampling method and with Nursing Professional Self-concept Scale (PSCNI).With variance analysis, two-sample t test and multiple stepwise regression analysis to analyze the influence of professional self-concept of nurses by demographic questions. Results The score of professional self-concept of nurses was (85.79±9.23) points, the project average score was (2.86±0.31) points which were positive. Dimension score of flexibility was the highest which was (3.23±0.44) points. Dimension score of communication skills was the lowest which was (2.62±0.38)points. Age、years of work, marital status, job title, whether hold executive duties、the choice of career, job satisfaction (t/F=1.29, 1.53, -3.13, 1.88, 3.68, 3.59, 1.68, P<0.01)all had a significant impact on professional self-concept of nurses. And age, the choice of career and job satisfaction (t=4.385, -2.889, -2.268, P=0.000, 0.004, 0.024)were three main related factors of the score of professional self-concept. Conclusions The professional self-concept of nurses was positive, but it is also unbalanced. Nursing managers should be concentrate on increasing the level of professional self-concept of young and involuntary nurses, and also according to the characteristics of hospitals and departments to improve the job satisfaction of nurses to achieve the purpose of improving the professional self-concept of nurses themselves. Key words: Nurses; Professional self-concept; Related factor

التواصل الاجتماعي ومفهوم الذات لدى الأطفال المعاقين ذهنياً المدمجين وغير المدمجين دکتور / الســـيد سعـــد الخمـــيسي أستاذة/ فاطمة عبد الجبار الکوهجي

ملخص البحث: هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى الکشف عن أهم مظاهر التواصل الاجتماعي ومفهوم الذات، وعن إمکانية التنبؤ بالتواصل الاجتماعي من خلال أبعاد مفهوم الذات لدى کل من الأطفال المعاقين ذهنيا المدمجين وغير المدمجين بمملکة البحرين. وقد تکونت عينة الدراسة من (70) تلميذا وتلميذة من التلاميذ المعاقين ذهنيا إعاقة بسيطة مقسمين إلى مجموعتين، الأولى : مکونة من (31) تلميذ وتلميذة من غير المدمجين بمدارس الدمج وهم الملتحقين بمعهد الأمل للتربية الفکرية ، تراوحت أعمارهم من (6) : (12) سنة بمتوسط (8.84) وانحراف معياري (1.77). والمجموعة الثانية من الملتحقين بفصول الدمج بثمان مدارس ابتدائية، وبلغ عددهم (39) تلميذ وتلميذة، تراوحت أعمارهم بين (6) :(12) سنة بمتوسط (9.44) وانحراف معياري (1.60). ، وقد استخدمت الدراسة کل من مقياس التواصل الاجتماعي ومقياس مفهوم الذات للأطفال المعاقين ذهنيا، وهما من إعداد الباحثان. وقد أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنه على الرغم من اشتراک کلا المجموعتين في مظاهر التواصل الاجتماعي ، إلا أن الأطفال المدموجين کانوا أکثر تميزا في عدة مظاهر للتواصل الاجتماعي عن أقرانهم غير المدموجين، کما کان مفهوم الذات کان أکثر إيجابية لدى الأطفال المدموجين. کما أشارت النتائج أيضا إلى أن بعد مفهوم الذات الاجتماعي هو الذي يمکن التنبؤ من خلاله بالتواصل الاجتماعي لدى الأشخاص المعاقين ذهنيا سواء المدمجين أو غير المدمجين. الکلمات الدالة: الإعاقة الذهنية – الدمج- التواصل الاجتماعي – مفهوم الذات. Abstract: The present study aimed to identify the most aspects of social communication and self-concept, and the predictability of social communication through the dimensions of the self-concept for mainstreamed and non- mainstreamed intellectually disabled children in kingdom of Bahrain. The study sample consisted of (70) male and female students with mild intellectual disability, divided into two groups: the first group consisted of (31) non- mainstreamed students which were enrolled at the Institute of Hope Intellectual education, aged from (6): (12) year M (8.84) and SD (1.77). The second group consisted of (39) of mainstreamed students which were enrolled at eight elementary schools, aged between (6: 12) year M (9.44) SD (1.60). The scales of social communication and self-concept has been used, and were designed by the researchers. The results indicated that although both groups were participated in the manifestations of social communication, the mainstreamed children were more unique in several aspects of social communication and had a positive self-concept more than non- mainstreamed peers. The results also indicated that can predict by social communication through social self-concept subscale in people with intellectual disability, whether mainstreamed or non- mainstreamed. Keywords: intellectual disability- mainstreaming- social communication- self concept.

Spirituality for Wellbeing of Bereaved Children in Residential Care: Insights for Spiritually Sensitive Child-Centred Social Work Across Country Contexts

This experimental study examines the effect of spiritual intervention programmes. Data include pre and post-tests from 1689 bereaved children in residential homes across 13 countries. Post-treatment scores of bereaved children were higher on outcome measures of psychological wellbeing, self-concept, health, happiness, resilience and academic performance. Post-treatment scores on measures such as depression and discrepancy between perceived and preferred self were markedly lower. Children from South Asian and African countries, boys and Christians scored higher on the self-concept scale, health questionnaire and resilience scale, and lower on the depression and discrepancy measures vis-a-vis their counterparts from European countries, US and Canada, girls and non-Christians. Children who underwent the customized spiritual intervention programme vis-a-vis open-ended sessions on centering and meditation and those who regularly self-practiced, were more likely report higher scores on the wellbeing measure. The results suggest that spiritual intervention programmes work for institutionalized bereaved children and further propose that they should be customized and focused, incorporate diversity, emphasize on positive thinking, futuristic attitude and self-practice.

فعالية برنامج تدريبى لتنمية مهارات إدارة الذات وأثره على مفهوم الذات الأکاديمى لدى المضطربين انفعاليا من تلاميذ المرحلة الإعدادية

هدفت الدراسة إلى الکشف عن فعالية برنامج لتنمية مهارات إدارة الذات وأثره على مفهوم الذات الأکاديمى لدى المضطربين انفعاليا من تلاميذ المرحلة الإعدادية، وتکونت عينة الدراسة من (30) تلميذة من ذوى الاضطرابات الانفعالية، مقسمة إلى مجموعة تجريبية وتتضمن (15) تلميذة، ومجموعة ضابطة (15) تلميذة. واستخدمت الباحثة الأدوات التالية: مقياس الاضطرابات الانفعالية، مقياس إدارة الذات، مقياس مفهوم الذات الأکاديمى، برنامج تدريبى لتنمية مهارات إدارة الذات. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية: 1. وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطى رتب درجات المجموعة التجريبية فى القياسين القبلى والبعدى على مقياس إدارة الذات لصالح القياس البعدى. 2. وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطى رتب درجات المجموعة التجريبية ورتب درجات المجموعة الضابطة فى القياس البعدى على مقياس إدارة الذات لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. 3. وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطى رتب درجات المجموعة التجريبية فى القياسيين القبلى والبعدى على مقياس مفهوم الذات الأکاديمى لصالح القياس البعدى. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of training program for developing self-management skills and its impact on academic self-concept of preparatory stage pupils with emotional disorders. The sample of current study consisted of (30) female pupils with emotional disorders in the second grade of preparatory school, divided into two groups: an experimental group which included (15) female pupils, and control group which included (15) female pupils. The study included the following instruments: emotional disorder scale, self-management scale, academic self-concept scale and a training program for developing self-management skills. The results of this study revealed that: 1- There were significant differences between the mean scores of pre and post measurements for experimental group on self-management scale for post measurements. 2- There were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in the post measurement on the self-management scale for the experimental group. 3- There were significant differences between the mean scores of pre and post measurements for experimental group on academic self-concept scale for post measurements.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KONSEP DIRI DENGAN KECENDERUNGAN GAYA HIDUP HEDONISME PADA MAHASISWI PSIKOLOGI UST YOGYAKARTA

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the relationship between self-concept and lifestyle trends hedonism student of Psychology, University of SarjanawiyataTamansiswaYogyakart. The hypothesis of this study is that there are ties between the negative self-concept and lifestyle of hedonism on a college student.The subjects were female students of UST Psychology Yogyakarta, 18-22 years old, female, amounting to 87 people. Measuring instrument used was a self-concept scale and the scale of the lifestyle of hedonism. Analysis of data using Product Moment correlation with SPSS statistics program version 17.0 for Windows.Based on the analysis Product Moment correlation coefficient between the variables of self-concept and lifestyle trends hedonism is -0.382 with a significance level of P = 0.000 (p &lt;0.05). This shows that the hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between self-concept and lifestyle of hedonism in coed acceptable. This means that the lower the self-concept, the higher the tendency of hedonistic lifestyle, otherwise the higher the self-concept, the lower the tendency of hedonism lifestyle.Keywords: Adolescent Self-Concept, Lifestyle Trends Hedonism.

The relationship of self-concept, internet addiction and life satisfaction in rural adolescents

Objective To analyze the relationship of self-consciousness, internet addiction and life satisfaction in rural adolescents. Methods 443 rural adolescents were investigated with Children's Self-concept Scale, Adolescent Life Satisfaction Scale (ALSS) and Secondary School Students Internet Addiction Diagnostic Scale (IADDS). Results ①The differences between left-behind and non-left-behind rural adolescents were significant in self-concept ((51.28±12.86) vs (55.01±11.58)), ALSS((27.68±7.38) vs (31.25±4.36)) and IADDS((4.87±3.38) vs (3.22±2.39))(t=-3.121, P<0.05; t=-6.384, P<0.05; t=5.968, P<0.05). The differences between boys and girls were significant in self-concept ((52.28±12.44) vs (55.35±11.66)), ALSS((29.36±6.36) vs (30.71±5.16)) and IADDS((29.36±6.36) vs (30.71±5.16))(t=-2.680, P<0.05; t=-2.424, P<0.05; t=5.146, P<0.05). The differences between only child and non-only child were significant in ALSS((29.04±6.77) vs (30.56±5.18)) and IADDS((4.44±3.08) vs (3.05±2.45))(t=-2.659, P<0.05; t=2.818, P<0.05). The differences of different academic performance were significant in self-concept, ALSS and IADDS(F=-4.788, P<0.05; F=9.127, P<0.05; F=17.387, P<0.05). ②There was a significant negative correlation between self-consciousness and internet addiction(r=-0.337, P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between self-consciousness and life satisfaction(r=0.660, P<0.01), and there was a significant negative correlation between life satisfaction and internet addiction. (r=-0.484, P<0.01). ③Life satisfaction was the mediator variable between self-consciousness and internet addiction, and the mediating effect accounted for 90.8% of the total effect. Conclusion Self-awareness influence internet addiction through life satisfaction. Key words: Self-consciousness; Internet addiction; Life satisfaction

An Analysis of Self-Concept in Students With Compensatory Education Needs for Developing a Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducational Program

Education should encourage cognitive and emotional development in students with special educational needs, embracing how each student sees themselves. As such, mindfulness is a learning experience that entails significant emotional well-being, learning, and physical and mental health benefits for those who engage in this practice. The study analyzed perceptions of self-concept in students with compensatory education needs at primary school level (n = 26); this descriptive–correlational study was conducted by means of the “Multidimensional Self-Concept scale.” The respondents reported positive levels of self-concept in peer relations, physical appearance and physical ability, and academic self-concept in mathematics. Furthermore, correlations between the different factors of the scale were observed, thus favoring the subsequent design and implementation of a mindfulness intervention.

Effect of collaboration care model on diseases attitude and self-efficacy of patients with chronic hepatitis B

Objective To investigate the effect of collaborative care model on diseases attitude and self-efficacy of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods Ninety-six cases of patients with chronic hepatitis B were selected. Forty-seven cases who were hospitalized from June 2015 to December 2015 were seemed as the control group, while 49 cases who were hospitalized from January 2016 to June 2016 were seemed as the collaboration group. Patients in control group were accepted routine care measures for chronic hepatitis B. Patients in collaboration group were accepted collaboration care measure on the basis of routine care, including patient assessment and collaboration care program development, health knowledge for patients and their families guiding and basic skills training, and psychological guidance intervention. Respectively, at admitting to hospital and after intervention 4 weeks, the diseases attitude of patients with chronic hepatitis B diseases, self-care ability and self-efficacy were assessed. Results There were no significant differences in attitude score, self-care ability score, self-efficacy score before intervention between two groups (P > 0.05). They were improved after intervention compared with before intervention, the difference was statistically significant (t = 3.197 -25.376, P < 0.01 or 0.05). The attitude in the face, avoid and give up score respectively in collaborative nursing group after intervention were(28.2±5.3), (9.8±4.2), (5.1±1.7) points, and (23.4±4.1), (14.1±3.8), (8.2±1.9) points in control group, the difference was statistically significant (t = 4.393, 4.220, 9.285, P < 0.01). The health knowledge of self-care ability, self-care skill, since the sense of responsibility, self-concept scale in collaborative nursing group after intervention were (48.2±3.4), (39.5±4.0), (33.1±5.5), (29.1±3.7) points, and (39.4±4.2), (30.2±3.5), (24.7±4.8), (25.2±3.5) points in control group, the difference was statistically significant (t = 5.137-11.286, P < 0.01). The self-efficacy in each entry score and total score in collaborative nursing group were (3.4±0.7), (31.5±4.6) points and (2.8±0.4), (20.7±5.1) points in control group, the difference were statistically significant (t = 5.288, 14.579, P < 0.01). Conclusions Collaborative care model could help chronic hepatitis B patients to establish correct disease attitude, improve self-care ability and enhance self-efficacy. Key words: Hepatitis B, chronic; Collaborative care; Disease attitude; Self-efficacy

The influence of epilepsy on children's perception of self-concept.

The diagnosis of epilepsy can lead to changes in the patient's perception due to factors such as learning and behavioral problems, lack of academic motivation, and low self-esteem. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the knowledge of self-concept in children with epilepsy and those with typical development and verify whether gender and age influence this perception. Eighty children of both sexes, aged between 8 and 14years, participated in this study. The children were divided into two groups: the epilepsy group, which consisted of 40 children diagnosed with epilepsy, and the control group, which consisted of 40 children with typical development and comparable to group 1 according to sex and age. The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, translated and adapted for the Brazilian population, was used as the evaluation instrument. In total, there were 23 boys and 17 girls in each group, with a mean age of 10.7years. There were significant differences in the overall score (p=0.000) and the subareas "behavior" (p=0.006), "intellectual and academic status" (p=0.001), and "popularity" (p=0.004). The group of children with epilepsy had a lower average score in self-concept. Children with epilepsy were observed to perceive themselves as clumsy, without many friends, with low academic performance and problems at school, and to experiencing feelings of unhappiness. These findings suggest that, in addition to the treatment of the clinical manifestations of epilepsy, it is extremely important to provide treatment focused on improving the self-concept of school-aged children with this condition.

Pelatihan Berpikir Positif Terhadap Konsep Diri Remaja yang Tinggal Di Panti Asuhan

Self-concept is an individual view about their self based on a variety of experiences during their life. This topic is interesting to be examined in orphanage context, because adolescents have various experiences in their life before and during their stay in the orphanage. Aim of this study was to understand the role of positive thinking training on adolescents’ self-concept who lived in an orphanage. This research was quasi-experimenta lwith nonrandomized pre-test post-test control group design model. Measuring instruments used self-concept scale. Subjects of this study were 30 adolescents who live in Al-Hidayah Batu orphanage, and were in the age range 13-17 years and have low and medium selfconcept score category. Subject selection technique used purposive sampling. However, for subject’s classification on experimental and control group used random sampling method. Analysis used Independent Sample t-Test, and p= 0,003 (p<0,05). The conclusion was positive thinking training could improve self concept of adolescents who lived in orphanages. Keywords: positive thingking training, self concept, orphanage, adol

Obraz siebie i małżeństwa u współmałżonków osób z niepełnosprawnością ruchową. Perspektywa stygmatyzacji przeniesionej

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza wyników badań własnych, dotyczących znaczenia stygmatyzacji przeniesionej dla obrazu siebie oraz satysfakcji małżeńskiej partnerów osób z niepełnosprawnością ruchową. Uwzględniając globalny poziom stygmatyzacji przeniesionej, postrzeganej oraz odczuwanej, przeanalizowano jego znaczenie dla wybranych własności obrazu siebie pełnosprawnych współmałżonków oraz doświadczanej przez nich satysfakcji ze związku w zakresie poszczególnych jej aspektów oraz wskaźnika globalnego. W badaniach wzięło udział 85 osób pełnosprawnych. Materiał zebrano za pomocą Kwestionariusza Stygmatyzacji Przeniesionej własnego autorstwa, Skali Samooceny Fittsa oraz Kwestionariusza Dobranego Małżeństwa Plopy. Ustalono, że poziom stygmatyzacji przeniesionej w obu jej wymiarach różnicuje istotnie własności obrazu siebie badanych oraz ich satysfakcję małżeńską. Osoby o wysokim poziomie stygmatyzacji ujawniły relatywnie najwyższy poziom samokrytycyzmu i identyfikacji z własnym Ja, ale również najwyższe wartościowanie poszczególnych sfer Ja. Najkorzystniejszy obraz związku małżeńskiego, ze stosunkowo najwyższym poczuciem intymności oraz podobieństwa, a przy tym najniższym rozczarowaniem, odnotowano u osób mających niski poziom stygmatyzacji w obu jej wymiarach.

Self-concept mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and abstinence motivation as well as self-efficacy among drug addicts

ObjectiveChildhood maltreatment is widely accepted as a risk factor for drug addiction from adolescence to adulthood. However, the influence of childhood maltreatment on drug treatment related variables, such as drug abstinence motivation and self-concept, as well as self-efficacy, remains unclear. This study aims at exploring whether self-concept mediates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and abstinence motivation, as well as self-efficacy, among drug addicts. MethodsThis study involves 816 (550 males, 226 females, mean age=34.59, range=16–58 years) drug addicts from compulsory detoxification units. Participants completed questionnaires, including the childhood trauma questionnaire 28 - item short form (CTQ - SF), Tennessee self-concept scale (TSCS), general self-efficacy scale (GSES), and drug abstinence motivation questionnaire (DAMQ). ResultsThe structural equation model (SEM) analysis, including total and specific forms of maltreatment scores, showed that childhood maltreatment was negatively associated with self-concept, self-efficacy, and abstinence motivation. Self-concept was positively associated with self-efficacy and abstinence motivation. Conversely, significant association between self-efficacy and abstinence motivation did not exist. An indirect analysis showed that self-concept mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and self-efficacy. Critically, self-concept arbitrated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and abstinence motivation. The indirect effect of self-concept between childhood maltreatment and abstinence motivation still existed when the total scores of maltreatment were replaced by the scores of specific forms of maltreatment. ConclusionsThese results demonstrated that self-concept is a critical factor in understanding the relationship between childhood maltreatment and abstinence motivation, as well as self-efficacy, among drug addicts. Improving the sense of self-worth may be an effective intervention therapy among drug addicts with childhood maltreatment history.

The effect of educational therapy on self-esteem and problem behaviors in children with specific learning disability

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of educational therapy on the level of self-esteem and problem behaviors in children diagnosed with specific learning disability (SLD). Methods: A total of 150 children between 9-11 years of age were included in the study. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and SLD test battery was administered to all children who were diagnosed with SLD. Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 6-18) and Teacher’s Report Form were also used. The scales were administered again to children in the educational therapy group when the therapy was completed and to children in the control group after three months. Results: The level of self-esteem in children with a diagnosis of SLD was found to be lower than the normal developing children. Scores related to behavioral problems in CBCL 6-18 and TRF 6-18 were found higher in children with a diagnosis of SLD than the normal developing children. In the evaluations performed after the therapy, a significant difference was found in the SLD test battery scores of the children who were diagnosed with SLD and were administered educational therapy compared to the SLD test battery scores of those on the waiting list. In the evaluations performed after the educational therapy, an increase in the level of self-esteem and a decrease in problem behavior scores were found in the group that were diagnosed with SLD and received educational therapy. Discussion: Educational therapy was found to increase the level of self-esteem and to decrease behavioral problems and symptoms of SLD in children. However, other psychosocial factors are thought to play a role in children’s better detection themselves except improvement signs of SLD with education. More specific studies are needed on the impact of these factors.

Psychosocial functioning in pediatric patients with pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum

Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum are the most commonly seenanterior chest wall deformities. Recent studies reveal that minimal invasive repair of pectus deformities improves the quality of life. Our aim is to assess the psychosocialfunctioning and sociodemographic characteristics of pediatric patients with pectus deformities and evaluate the differences between patientsoperated on with minimal invasive repair techniques and nonoperated patients. Thirty-two patients with pectus deformities who were operated on 6 months or more before and 31 nonoperated patientsparticipated in the study. The Children's Depression Inventory, Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, Capa Social Phobia Scale for Children and Adolescents, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire - Self-Report Version (SDQ-SR), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children - Trait Versionwere completed by the patients. The SDQ-Parent Report Version (SDQ-PR) was completed by their parents. There were no statistically significant differences between operated and nonoperated patient groups in terms of total scores on the psychiatric rating scales. Prosocial behavior subscale scores in SDQ-SR (P = 0.013) and SDQ-PR (P = 0.019) were lower in the operated group. Prosocial behavior levels were lowerin the operated group. Further exploration of the psychosocial profile of pediatric patients with pectus deformities would better elucidate their needs in the course of their socioemotional development.

Gender Differences in Self-Concept Among a Sample of Students of the United States International University in Africa

Background: Self-concept is a multifaceted belief system where self-evaluation is carried out in relation to one’s environment. Various research studies have found that self-concept has an impact on the psychological, physical and social wellbeing of a person. There is a dearth of studies on the relationship between self-concept and gender among students in private universities in Kenya. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between gender and self-concept among a sample of United States International University-Africa (USIU-A) students. Methods: The study was conducted in a sample of students studying either the psychology of personality or abnormal psychology courses. The sample size (n) for the current study is 57: which is 0.87% of the student population in the USIU-A. The methodology used in this study is the Tennessee Self-concept Scale (TSCS) consisting of 82 statements. The regression analysis of the six dimensions of selfconcept and gender was done using SPSS® (Version 23). Results: The current study found that personal self-concept variables explained 46.8% of the variations of overall self-concept. A regression between overall selfconcept rating and gender revealed that overall self-concept increases by 6.381% as gender changes from female to male. Conclusion: Male participants were found to have a higher overall self-concept than female participants. Among the sexes the highly suggested ways of increasing self-concept were through socialization, reading and self-awareness.

SELF- CONCEPT AND THE IMAGE OF OTHER IN A SAMPLE OF CEMETERIES DWELLING CHILDREN IN CAIRO A FIELD STUDY ON THE CHILDREN IN THE MIDDLE CHILDHOOD AND THE LATE CHILDHOOD

The current study aims at knowing the relationship between the inhabitants of the graveyards and the child's concept of himself as well as his awareness towards the others (social awareness). -The sample of the study included (100) of the children of Cairo divided as follows: (50) of those living in the graveyards and (50) of those living in Mansyhat Nasser. The study then used the descriptive comparative methodology in data collecting; as the researcher used the (self-concept scale) to know the relationship between the self-concept and the residency. -These data were statistically measured and the study ended to the fact that there are differences of statistical significance among the residency and the self-concept dimensions as a whole. There are no statistically significant differences among the kind of child and the dimensions of self-concept and there are no differences of statistical significance between the kind and the inhabitance of the graveyards and the dimensions of self-concept as a whole. There is an extrusive direct relation between the self-concept and the concept or awareness of the other; the more children are self-aware –the more his is socially conscious in the light of the current study and its result and through the remarks of the researcher we recommend the following: 1-The necessity of letting other children expresses their feelings and their opinions. 2-The importance of providing life-needs and the essential leisure time pursuits. 3-The importance of providing suitable home for these children.