Modification Of Scaffold Research Articles

LemPhos – New P-Chiral Phospholene Core Based Ligand

AbstractSynthesis and modifications of new chiral phospholene-based scaffolds are described. The construction of base molecules was accomplished via McCormack synthesis. Separation of single P-epimers was accomplished with column chromatography on silica gel.

Plant-Based Decellularization: A Novel Approach for Perfusion-Compatible Tissue Engineering Structures.

This study explores the potential of plant-based decellularization in regenerative medicine, a pivotal development in tissue engineering focusing on scaffold development, modification, and vascularization. Plant decellularization involves removing cellular components from plant structures, offering an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional scaffold materials. The use of plant-derived polymers is critical, presenting both benefits and challenges, notably in mechanical properties. Integration of plant vascular networks represents a significant bioengineering breakthrough, aligning with natural design principles. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of development protocols, scaffold fabrication considerations, and illustrative case studies showcasing plant-based decellularization applications. This technique is transformative, offering sustainable scaffold design solutions with readily available plant materials capable of forming perfusable structures. Ongoing research aims to refine protocols, assess long-term implications, and adapt the process for clinical use, indicating a path toward widespread adoption. Plant-based decellularization holds promise for regenerative medicine, bridging biological sciences with engineering through eco-friendly approaches. Future perspectives include protocol optimization, understanding long-term impacts, clinical scalability, addressing mechanical limitations, fostering collaboration, exploring new research areas, and enhancing education. Collectively, these efforts envision a regenerative future where nature and scientific innovation converge to create sustainable solutions, offering hope for generations to come.

Anodic Oxidation of 3D Printed Ti6Al4V Scaffold Surfaces: In Vitro Studies

This study focuses on the surface modification of Ti6Al4V scaffolds produced through additive manufacturing using the Powder-Bed Fusion Electron-Beam Melting (PBF-EB) technique. From our perspective, this technique has the potential to enhance implant osseointegration, involving the growth of a layer of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2) on surfaces through anodic oxidation. Scaffolds with anodized surfaces were characterized, and the formation of a nanoporous and crystalline TiO2 layer was confirmed. The analysis of cell morphology revealed that cells adhered to the anodized surfaces through their filopodia, which led to proliferation during the initial hours. However, it was observed that the adhesion of Saos-2 cells was lower on anodized scaffolds compared to both built and chemically polished scaffolds throughout the cell culture period. The results obtained here suggest that while anodic oxidation is effective in achieving a nanoporous surface, cell adhesion and interaction were affected by the weak adhesion of cell filopodia to the surface. Thus, combining surface treatment techniques to create micro- and nanopores may be an effective alternative for achieving a favorable cellular response when the objective is to enhance the performance of porous titanium scaffolds in the short term.

Aurones: Unexplored Visible-Light Photoswitches for Aqueous Medium.

The development of synthetically accessible photoswitches showing an efficient performance in aqueous medium has recently become an urgent task due to the rapid progress of photopharmacology and novel biomedical applications. In response to this challenge, in this work, aurone derivatives are introduced as a novel class of efficient visible-light photoswitches for aqueous medium. In general, aurones exhibit superior performance in water, including significantly higher quantum yields, compared with other indigoid photoswitches (hemithioindigo and hemiindigo). Especially remarkable are the half-lives of the photoinduced E-isomers of aurones in water, reaching up to 7 years. Further modification of the aurone scaffold with substituents that increase water solubility does not affect most of the photoswitching characteristics and even improves some them. The highly advantageous property profile of the aurone photoswitches make them a perfect novel platform for the design of light-controllable systems in the areas requiring photoswitching in aqueous medium.

Histologic and genetic features of remodeling of tissue-engineered small-diameter vascular grafts: outcomes of six-month implantation in a sheep model

Surface modification of polymeric scaffolds with drugs to avoid thrombus formation and infection is a promising area in tissue engineering, which also makes it possible to accelerate the remodeling of such scaffolds and improve long-term patency.The objective of this paper is to study the histologic and genetic features of remodeling of tissue-engineered small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) with antithrombogenic drug-coated and reinforced external scaffolds, implanted into a sheep carotid artery.Materials and methods. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) matrices, ∅4 mm in diameter, were fabricated via electrospinning, followed by creation of a reinforcing spiral PCL scaffold on their outer surface by extrusion. To prevent thrombus formation and infection, the fabricated grafts were modified with iloprost and cationic amphiphile by complexation through polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The work was carried out to evaluate, by infrared spectroscopy, the formation of PVP-based coating, to study the physical and mechanical properties of the grafts in longitudinal and transverse directions, and to implant the vascular grafts (VGs) into a sheep carotid artery. To assess and control the patency of the implanted grafts, Doppler ultrasound was performed at days 1 and 5, then at 1, 3 and 6 months. The explanted samples were studied via histological and immunofluorescent analyses; gene expression profile was evaluated.Results. Ultrasound on days 1 and 5 after implantation showed the patency of vascular grafts to be 100%. At 1 month, the patency decreased to 83.3%; patency was 50% by the end of the implantation period (6 months), without aneurysm formation and detachment of the reinforcing scaffold. Histological and immunofluorescence studies of patent grafts showed the formation of a newly formed three-layer vascular tissue structure on their basis, without signs of inflammation and calcification. However, despite the structural similarity between the newly formed vascular tissue and the native tissue of a sheep carotid artery, analysis of the gene expression profile revealed some differences in terms of genetic profile: CNN and SNA12 expression levels in the neotissue decreased, and those of CTSB, TNFa, and TGFb increased.Conclusion. Modified polymeric vascular scaffolds showed good remodeling of the prosthetic wall, without aneurysm formation. The identified genetic differences between newly formed tissue and native tissue are logical in view of formation on the basis of the artificial polymeric scaffold. Further research on reinforced polymeric scaffolds will be aimed at improving the inner surface in order to improve their thromboresistance.

Sand casting-inspired surface modification of 3D-printed porous polyetheretherketone scaffolds for enhancing osteogenesis

3D-printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) scaffolds are developed as novel bone substitutes, however, their bioinert surface hinders osteogenesis and modifying PEEK scaffolds without blocking their inter-connected porous structure is challenged. In this study, 45S5 bioactive glasses (BG) were homogeneously coated on PEEK scaffolds inspired by traditional sand-casting. The structure of PEEK scaffolds was preserved under shaping effect of BG fillers. Modulus, coating yield and hydrophilicity of scaffolds after different thermal treatment time were comparatively investigated. Excellent hydroxyapatite-forming ability of BG-coated scaffolds was confirmed by mineralization study. In-vitro assessments, BG-coated scaffolds cultured with MC3T3-E1 cells presented potential as bone implants with excellent cytocompatibility and osteogenic properties. Following similar coating strategy, conductive particles, multi-component particles and template particles were also coated on PEEK surface. The proposed methodology highlights a useful approach towards producing tunable biomedical coatings and microstructure on porous PEEK scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Engineering of bioorthogonal polyzymes through polymer sidechain design.

Synthetic polymer scaffolds can encapsulate transition metal catalysts (TMCs) to provide bioorthogonal nanocatalysts. These 'polyzymes' catalyze the in situ generation of therapeutic agents without disrupting native biological processes. The design and modification of polymer scaffolds in these polyzymes can enhance the catalytic performance of TMCs in biological environments. In this study, we explore the hydrophobic design space of an oxanorborneneimide-based polymer by varying the length of its carbon side chain to engineer bioorthogonal polyzymes. Activity studies indicate that modulating the hydrophobicity of the polymer scaffold can be used to enhance the catalyst loading efficacy, catalytic activity, and serum stability of polyzymes. These findings provide insight into the structural elements contributing to improving polymeric nanocatalysts for a variety of applications.

EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE-FUNCTIONALIZED FIBRINOGEN AND MAGNESIUM SCAFFOLDS TO PROMOTE BONE REGENERATION

Bone defects and fractures, caused by injury, trauma or tumour resection require hospital treatment and temporary loss of mobility, representing an important burden for societies and health systems worldwide. Autografts are the gold standard for promoting new bone formation, but these may provide insufficient material and lead to donor site morbidity and pain. We previously showed that Fibrinogen (Fg) scaffolds promote bone regeneration in vivo (1), and that modifying them with 10mM of Magnesium (Mg) ions modulates macrophage response in vitro and in vivo (2). Also, we showed that Extracellular Vesicles (EV) secreted by Dendritic Cells (DC) recruit Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSC)(3).Herein, we aim to functionalize FgMg scaffolds with DC-EV, to promote recruitment and osteogenic differentiation of MSC.Scaffolds were produced by freeze-drying (2). Ethical permission was sought for all studies. Primary human peripheral blood monocyte-derived DC were cultured, their secreted EV were isolated by differential (ultra)-centrifugation and characterised by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis (3). Bone marrow MSC were used to determine the impact of EV-functionalized scaffolds through migration assays and their osteogenic differentiation was assessed by Alizarin Red staining.Fg and FgMg scaffolds functionalized with EV were characterized. Fg and FgMg scaffolds functionalized with DC-secreted EV were more efficient at recruiting MSC than scaffolds alone. MSC cultured on FgMg scaffolds showed significantly increased calcium deposits, in comparison with those cultured on Fg scaffolds.Fg scaffold modification by Mg promotes MSC osteogenic differentiation, while their functionalization with DC-secreted EV acts to promote MSC recruitment. This renders the FgMg-EV functionalized scaffolds an attractive material to promote new bone formation.Acknowledgments: Work funded by Orthoregeneration Network (ON Pilot Grant Spine 2021, EVS4Fusion). MCT supported by ERASMUS+ program.

Recent developments in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds.

Steroids are an important family of bioactive compounds. Steroid drugs are renowned for their multifaceted pharmacological activities and are the second-largest category in the global pharmaceutical market. Recent developments in biocatalysis and biosynthesis have led to the increased use of enzymes to enhance the selectivity, efficiency, and sustainability for diverse modifications of steroids. This review discusses the advancements achieved over the past five years in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds, focusing on enzymatic hydroxylation, reduction, dehydrogenation, cascade reactions, and other modifications for future research on the synthesis of novel steroid compounds and related drugs, and new therapeutic possibilities.

Selective biosynthesis of a rhamnosyl nosiheptide by a novel bacterial rhamnosyltransferase.

Nosiheptide (NOS) is a thiopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces actuosus. The hydroxyl group of 3-hydroxypyridine in NOS has been identified as a promising site for modification, which we therefore aimed to rhamnosylate. After screening, Streptomyces sp. 147326 was found to regioselectively attach a rhamnosyl unit to the 3-hydroxypyridine site in NOS, resulting in the formation of a derivative named NOS-R at a productivity of 24.6%. In comparison with NOS, NOS-R exhibited a 17.6-fold increase in aqueous solubility and a new protective effect against MRSA infection in mice, while maintaining a similar invitro activity. Subsequently, SrGT822 was identified as the rhamnosyltransferase in Streptomyces sp. 147326 responsible for the biosynthesis of NOS-R using dTDP-L-rhamnose. SrGT822 demonstrated an optimal reaction pH of 10.0 and temperature of 55°C, which resulted in a NOS-R yield of 74.9%. Based on the catalytic properties and evolutionary analysis, SrGT822 is anticipated to be a potential rhamnosyltransferase for use in the modification of various complex scaffolds.

Adsorbents for hydrogen-bond accepting hazardous chemicals by post-synthetic modification of UiO-66-NH2.

Adsorbents for hydrogen-bond accepting chemicals such as organophosphates are developed by post-synthetically modifying UiO-66-NH2 through two analogous condensation reactions to incorporate hydrogen-bond donating adsorbent groups. When benzaldehydes are employed as coupling partners, the resulting imine-functionalized MOFs show improvements in uptake capacity with increasingly electron-deficient adsorbent groups. By contrast, when the coupling partners are benzoic acids, the resulting amide-functionalized MOFs exhibit improvements in uptake capacity with increasingly electron-rich adsorbent groups. Both modification approaches also increase binding affinity for organophosphates relative to unmodified UiO-66-NH2, demonstrating successful modification of the MOF scaffold to create adsorbents for hazardous chemicals.

FDA-approved drugs containing dimethylamine pharmacophore: a review of the last 50 years.

Dimethylamine (DMA) derivatives represent a promising class of compounds with significant potential in the field of medicinal chemistry. DMA derivatives exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antihistaminic, anticancer, and analgesic properties. Their unique chemical structure allows for the modulation of various biological targets, making them valuable candidates for the treatment of numerous diseases. Synthetic strategies for the preparation of DMA derivatives vary depending on the desired biological activity and target molecule. Common synthetic routes involve the modification of the DMA scaffold through functional group manipulation, scaffold hopping, or combinatorial chemistry approaches. Therapeutically, DMA derivatives have shown promise in the treatment of infectious diseases, especially bacterial infections. Additionally, by focusing on particular biochemical pathways involved in tumor growth and metastasis, DMA-based drugs have shown anticancer activity. In addition to their direct pharmacological effects, DMA derivatives can serve as valuable tools in drug delivery systems, prodrug design, and molecular imaging techniques, enhancing their utility in medicinal chemistry research. Overall, DMA derivatives represent a versatile class of compounds with immense potential in medicinal chemistry. Further research and development efforts are warranted to explore their full therapeutic capabilities and optimize their clinical utility in the treatment of various diseases. This article outlines the pharmacological properties, synthetic strategies, and therapeutic applications of DMA derivatives of FDA approved drugs, highlighting their importance in drug discovery and development.

Bioactive microgel-coated electrospun membrane with cell-instructive interfaces and topology for abdominal wall defect repair.

Current mesh materials used for the clinical treatment of abdominal defects struggle to balance mechanical properties and bioactivity to support tissue remodeling. Therefore, a bioactive microgel-coated electrospinning membrane was designed with the superiority of cell-instructive topology in guiding cell behavior and function for abdominal wall defect reconstruction. The electrostatic spinning technique was employed to prepare a bioabsorbable PLCL fiber membrane with an effective mechanical support. Additionally, decellularized matrix (dECM)-derived bioactive microgels were further coated on the fiber membrane through co-precipitation with dopamine, which was expected to endow cell-instructive hydrophilic interfaces and topological morphologies for cell adhesion. Moreover, the introduction of the dECM into the microgel promoted the myogenic proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells. Subsequently, in vivo experiments using a rat abdominal wall defect model demonstrated that the bioactive microgel coating significantly contributed to the reconstruction of intact abdominal wall structures, highlighting its potential for clinical application in promoting the repair of soft tissue defects associated with abdominal wall damage. This study presented an effective mesh material for facilitating the reconstruction of abdominal wall defects and contributed novel design concepts for the surface modification of scaffolds with cell-instructive interfaces and topology.

Ion-bombardment-driven surface modification of porous magnesium scaffolds: Enhancing biocompatibility and osteoimmunomodulation

Porous Mg scaffolds are promising for bone repair but are limited by high corrosion rates and challenges in preserving coating integrity. We used Directed Plasma Nanosynthesis (DPNS) at 400 eV and a fluence of 1 × 1018 cm−2 to augment the bioactivity and corrosion resistance of porous Mg scaffolds, maintaining their overall material integrity. DPNS creates nanostructures that increase surface area, promote apatite nucleation, and enhance osseointegration, improving the bioactivity and corrosion resistance of porous Mg scaffolds without compromising their structure. Our findings indicate a decrease in surface roughness, with pre-irradiated samples having Rq = 60.4 ± 5.3 nm andRa = 48.2 ± 3.1 nm, and post-DPNS samples showing Rq = 36.9 ± 0.3 nm andRa = 28.6 ± 0.8 nm. This suggests changes in topography and wettability, corroborated by the increased water contact angles (CA) of 129.2 ± 3.2 degrees. The complexity of the solution influences the CA: DMEM results in a CA of 120.4 ± 0.1 degrees, while DMEM + SBF decreases it to 103.6 ± 0.5 degrees, in contrast to the complete spreading observed in non-irradiated samples. DPNS-treated scaffolds exhibit significantly reduced corrosion rates at 5.7 × 10−3 ± 3.8 × 10−4 mg/cm²/day, compared to the control's 2.3 × 10−2 ± 3.2 × 10−4 mg/cm²/day over 14 days (P < 0.01). The treatment encourages the formation of a Ca-phosphate-rich phase, which facilitates cell spreading and the development of focal adhesion points in hBM-MSCs on the scaffolds. Additionally, J774A.1 murine macrophages show an enhanced immune response with diminished TNF-α cytokine expression. These results offer insights into nanoscale modifications of Mg-based biomaterials and their promise for bone substitutes or tissue engineering scaffolds.

Rapid Batch Surface Modification of 3D-Printed High-Strength Polymer Scaffolds for Enhanced Bone Regeneration In Vitro and In Vivo

In the emergency treatment of acute injuries in orthopedics, 3D-printing technology shows great promise due to its ability to rapidly and mass production of implants with complex structures. However, further surface modification on 3D-printed implants can often be complicated and time-consuming, leading to a prolonged timeframe from manufacturing to implantation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for rapid batch surface modification technology that can be effectively integrated with 3D-printing technology within the field of orthopedics. In this study, air-plasma treatment was used to rapidly modify 3D-printed polyetherimide (PEI) porous scaffolds and compared it with sulfonation treatment. Both methods achieved rapid surface modification of complex porous scaffolds in seconds to minutes (10 minutes), helping establish a cell-friendly surface morphology that encourages osteogenesis. Some new functional groups such as -OH and -SO3H were also introduced to promote osteogenesis. Interestingly, the air-plasma treated group enhanced cell adhesion, as indicated by a 1.6-fold increase in the number of cells compared to the control group. While sulfonation treatment accelerated the osteogenesis process, evidenced by a 1.7-fold increase in the number of calcium nodules in the sulfonation treated group compared to the control group in 7 days. To combine the advantages of air-plasma treatment and sulfonation treatment, the biological properties of their combined application were studied in vitro and in vivo for the first time. It was surprising to find that the combined application actually decreased the biological property of the material, which was associated with the generation of new free radicals. The results of this study will hopefully be applied to the rapid batch surface modification in 3D-printed porous implants to enhance their biological activity and improve the efficiency from manufacturing to implantation.

A silk fibroin scaffold that accelerates both biodegradation and cell proliferation by incorporating sericin

When 3D silk fibroin scaffolds are used for the regeneration of soft tissues with fast regeneration rates, such as skin dermis, one concern is to accelerate the biodegradation of scaffolds and to match the degradation rate of scaffolds with the regeneration rate of tissues. In this study, sericin was incorporated into 3D silk fibroin scaffolds through crosslinking and followed by freeze-drying. The effects of incorporating sericin on the pore wall microstructure within the scaffolds, the biodegradability of scaffolds and cell proliferation within scaffolds were investigated. It was found that a large number of secondary pores and nanoscale particles were generated on the pore walls within the scaffolds due to the incorporation of sericin and that the number of secondary pores and the size of the particles increased with increasing sericin proportion. The results of in vitro biodegradation and coculture with human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells demonstrated that the incorporation of sericin not only significantly accelerated the degradation of 3D silk fibroin scaffolds, but also promoted cell adhesion and proliferation. The secondary pores and particles generated on the pore walls inside the fibroin/sericin hybrid scaffolds had a positive contribution to promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. This study provides a biocompatible method for the modification of silk fibroin scaffolds, which can not only accelerate the biodegradation of the scaffold but also promote the adhesion and proliferation of seeded cells.

In vitro antimicrobial activities, molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT) evaluation of natural product-based vanillin derivatives featuring halogenated azo dyes

Chemical modification of active scaffolds from natural products has gained interest in pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, the metabolites extraction is time-consuming while the lead is frequently mismatched with the receptor. Here, the diazo coupling approach was introduced to generate a series of vanillin derivatives featuring halogenated azo dyes (1a-h). The vanillin derivatives showed effective inhibition of S. aureus (7-9 mm) and E. coli (7-8 mm) compared to the parent vanillin, while 1b had the highest inhibition zone (9 mm) against S. aureus comparable to the reference ampicillin. The presence of N = N, C = O, -OH, -OCH3 and halogens established strategic binding interactions with the receptor. The potential vanillin-azo as an antimicrobial drug was supported by in silico docking with penicillin-binding proteins and DFT (using Gaussian 09) with binding affinity −7.5 kcal/mol and energy gap (Egap) 3.77 eV, respectively. This study represents a significant advancement in drug discovery for effective antibiotics with excellent properties.

Sulfonium-based precise alkyl transposition reactions.

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a sulfonium-based cofactor, plays an important role in numerous biological processes as methyl donor. Inspired by the function of sulfonium motif in this nature's synthetic toolkit, we here present an aryne-activation strategy that the sulfonium intermediates in situ generated from thioethers display unique reactivity toward alkyl group transposition. Experimental and theoretical studies indicate that the reaction occurs in an intermolecular fashion where the TfO--incorporated [K(18-crown-6)] complex acts as a key promoter for this thermodynamically favored process. Next, a series of robust, easy-to-prepare sulfonium salts are designed and developed as electrophilic alkylation reagents accordingly. Both systems feature for broad scope, excellent selectivity, and simple operation. Moreover, we highlight the synthetic value through molecular editing and late-stage modification of complex scaffolds or even active pharmaceutical ingredients.

The effect of temperature on the physical-chemical properties of bovine hydroxyapatite biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

This work focuses on the changes in hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffolds obtained from bovine trabecular bone after heat treatments ranging from 400 to 1100 °C. The main objective is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the thermal behavior and structural modifications of these HAp scaffolds and evaluate their suitability for specific applications.Thermal analysis using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry revealed distinct thermal events associated with HAp crystallite coalescence, carbonate elimination, and Mg out-diffusion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrates the presence of organics in samples annealed at temperatures below 500 °C and the elimination of carbonates in samples annealed at temperatures above 700 °C.Raman spectroscopy indicated a transition from nano-to-micro-sized HAp crystallites in both the raw and samples annealed at 400 and 500 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis shows changes in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the (002) peak for the annealed samples. Crystalline parameters were determined using Rietveld refinement. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the phenomenon of HAp crystallite coalescence during heat treatment. The growth of the crystallites and the transition from nano to micro size occurred at approximately 600 °C.Importantly, the macroporosity of the HAp scaffolds remained unchanged regardless of the calcination temperature, while mesoporosity was observed only in scaffolds calcined at lower temperatures (400, 500, and 600 °C). Furthermore, the raw, 400, and 500 °C scaffolds retained organic materials, resulting in improved mechanical properties.These findings provide valuable insights into the thermal behavior and structural changes of HAp scaffolds derived from bovine trabecular bone. The study suggests that scaffolds calcined at 600 °C exhibit suitable properties for bone tissue engineering applications, predominantly consisting of carbonated HAp nanocrystals, featuring three types of porosity, and are free of organic material.

Drug-loading ZIF-8 for modification of microporous bone scaffold to promote vascularized bone regeneration

Surface modification of microporous bone scaffolds using nanoparticles has been broadly studied in bone tissue engineering. Aiming at improving vascularized bone regeneration (VBR), zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was encapsulated with dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) and the drug-carrying nanoparticles (D@Z) could be uniformly coated onto the surface of the bone scaffold. The osteogenic and angiogenic actions of D@Z are closely correlated with the amount of slowly released DMOG, and in general, exhibited a favorable association. Then, the D7.5@Z group, which showed the greatest capacity to induce in vitro osteogenesis–angiogenesis coupling, was utilized for surface modification of the bone scaffold. Biological processes including phosphate-containing compound metabolic process, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and cell motility might contribute to enhanced ability to induce VBR by the coated scaffold and signaling pathways such as Rap1, Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways participated in these processes. Finally, as depicted by in vitro real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot (WB) and in vivo cranial bone defect model, the microporous scaffold coated with nano-D7.5@Z greatly promoted VBR. To conclude, nano-D@Z has significant promise for practical application in modification of microporous bone scaffolds to enhance VBR, and DMOG loading quantity has a beneficial influence on D@Z to improve osteogenesis–angiogenesis coupling.