Purpose This study aimed to investigate the acute responses induced by a session of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) induced by voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (VHL) performed continuously throughout the exercise in healthy females. Methods Thirteen females performed, in a randomized order, two sessions of repeated sprints (three sets of eight 10-s all-out sprints): with normal breathing (RSN) vs. with VHL performed continuously throughout each set (RSH-VHL). Peak and mean power output, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, pulse oxygen saturation, muscle oxygenation in the vastus lateralis and the biceps brachii, blood lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion and perceived difficulty of breathing and pedalling were assessed. Results RSH-VHL did not induce desaturation (97.5 ± 2.0 for RSH-VHL vs. 98.0% ± 1.6% for RSN; p = 0.243) nor greater muscle deoxygenation in the vastus lateralis (mean minimum tissue saturation index: 62.3% ± 4.3% vs. 61.5% ± 4.4%; p = 0.193) or the short head of the biceps (36.6% ± 10.0% vs. 34.2% ± 13.7%; p = 0.320). Significantly lower training load indices were observed from the first set onwards during RSH-VHL compared with RSN: mean peak power output (311 ± 45 vs. 382 ± 46 W; p < 0.001) and blood lactate concentration (6.8 ± 2.9 vs. 9.9 ± 3.0 mmol/L; p = 0.003). The perceived difficulty of breathing was higher during RSH-VHL than RSN from the first set onwards (8.2 ± 2.2 vs. 6.0 ± 0.9; p = 0.022). Conclusion This study showed that, although participants reported increased breathing difficulty during RSH-VHL performed continuously, this condition did not result in significant systemic or local hypoxia. Moreover, it led to a lower training load compared to RSN. When VHL is performed continuously throughout each set, rather than only during sprints, it may be too strenuous, inducing a significant reduction in training load.

The closure of the Paleotethyan Ocean in the northern Tibetan Plateau formed a world-class rare-metal (Li, Be, Rb, Nb, and Ta) pegmatite metallogenic belt within the Dahongliutan-Hohxil-Songpan-Ganzi terrane of western China. Spodumene-rich pegmatites are hosted in the folded Triassic turbidites and often associated with Late Triassic−earliest Jurassic I-type and S-type granites. However, the parental affinity of these spodumene-rich pegmatites—whether from I-type or S-type granites—remains debated. To resolve this, we conducted geochronological and geochemical analyses of diorites, granodiorites, leucogranites, spodumene-free pegmatites, and spodumene-rich pegmatites from the Bailongshan ore field. Zircon U-Pb dating results show that the diorites intruded at 217.5−210.1 Ma, granodiorites at 212.3−205.0 Ma, and leucogranites at 215.1−196.2 Ma. Columbite U-Pb ages indicate emplacement of spodumene-free pegmatites at 220.9−196.2 Ma and spodumene-rich pegmatites at 213.9−194.7 Ma, suggesting synchronous magmatism during the Late Triassic−earliest Jurassic. Geochemically, hornblende-rich diorites and hornblende-bearing granodiorites show low SiO2, high MgO, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous signatures (Alumina Saturation Index [A/CNK] = 0.59−1.13), and calc-alkaline characteristics, and are typically I-type granites. Leucogranites containing muscovite, garnet, and tourmaline exhibit high SiO2, low MgO, strongly peraluminous signatures (A/CNK = 1.16−1.34), and high-K, calc-alkaline affinities. They are typically S-type granites, which show higher Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios, indicating sedimentary rocks as their protoliths. Isotopically, S-type granites [87Sr/86Sri = 0.7111−0.7149; εNd(t) = −11.0 to −10.3; εHf(t) = −8.4 to −2.7] and pegmatites [87Sr/86Sri = 0.7182−0.7189; εNd(t) = −11.7 to −10.7; εHf(t) = −9.2 to −0.9] exhibit more enriched isotope compositions, similar to those of the wall-rock turbidites [87Sr/86Sri = 0.70803−0.7173; εNd(t) = −13.1 to −3.2], and are distinctly different from I-type granites [87Sr/86Sri = 0.7084−0.7098; εNd(t) = −6.8 to −6.3; εHf(t) = −6.2 to +0.9]. This implies that the pegmatites are derived from the S-type granites, not the I-type granites. The low temperatures (<750 °C) estimated by the Ti-in-zircon thermometer for both I- and S-type granites suggest that S-type granites were likely derived from fluid-fluxed melting of the Triassic turbidites, favoring extraction of rare metals from staurolite, biotite, and muscovite in metaturbidites during anatexis. The coeval I-type granites provided the external heat and exotic volatiles, promoting staurolite and mica breakdown in the metaturbidites and thus facilitating the release of rare metals into the S-type leucogranitic melts. This suggests that although rare-metal pegmatite mineralization in Bailongshan is primarily related to S-type granites, I-type granites also played a contributing role. The formation of the coeval Late Triassic−earliest Jurassic barren I-type and fertile S-type granites in Bailongshan is attributed to final bidirectional subduction, slab rollback, and delamination of the Paleotethyan oceanic slab.

Phase II Prospective Trial of Personalized Radiotherapy Fractionation in Human Papillomavirus Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Groundwater supports the livelyhoods ofhundreds of millions across the Ganga River Basin (GRB), yet its quality is increasingly stressed by geogenic and anthropogenic factors. Using a high-density 2022-dataset from3417 wells, this study integrates Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), saturation indices, Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF), the Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI), and Monte Carlo-based health risk assessments. SOM analysis identified four distinct clusters (Davies-Bouldin = 1.45), resolving three dominant regimes: salinity-driven (Na+-Cl-) zones in the west and deltaic regions, widespread freshwater (Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3-) recharge zones, and localized nitrate (NO3-) and sulfate (SO42-) hotspots. NMF decomposition further attributed these to four processes: salinization/mixing, carbonate/sulfate dissolution with nitrate inputs, geogenic cation exchange, and anthropogenic overprints on saline backgrounds. The study shows that only 30% of samples fall into excellent or moderate qualitycategories, while poor quality categoriescluster in the western basin. Health risk modeling indicates significant vulnerability for children, with Hazard Quotient (HQ) exceedance in 28% of sampling locationsfor nitrate and in 25%for fluoride. These results provide a 2022-baseline to target salinity controls and protect vulnerable communities through coupled geospatial and machine learning diagnostics.

This study examined the effects of low- and high-pressure ischemic preconditioning (LIPC and HIPC) on muscle oxygenation, physiological responses, and performance during repeated 2000-m rowing trials. This was a counterbalanced, repeated-measures crossover study. Eleven elite high school rowers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 warm-up protocols: (1) traditional warm-up (control trial [CON]), (2) LIPC (100-190mmHg) + traditional warm-up, or (c) HIPC (210-300mmHg) + traditional warm-up. Measurements were taken beforeand after warm-up, immediately following two 2000-m rowing efforts, and 10minutes postexercise. Variables included blood lactate, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, muscle tissue oxygen saturation (tissue saturation index), mean power output, and total time. Significantly greater reductions in tissue saturation index of the vastus lateralis during occlusion were observed in LIPC (36.41% [12.03%]) and HIPC (35.05% [14.29%]) compared with CON (10.43% [4.9%], P < .001). No significant group differences were found in blood lactate, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion, although time effects were noted (P < .001). While first-trial performance was similar, the second 2000-m trial showed significant group differences (P = .009), with HIPC outperforming both CON and LIPC (P < .05). The CON group demonstrated a performance decline, while LIPC and HIPC maintained output. High-pressure ischemic preconditioning also exhibited significantly higher mean power in the second trial compared with CON (P = .04), with consistent pacing. These findings suggest that ischemic preconditioning, particularly HIPC, may enhance repeated high-intensity rowing performance by improving muscle oxygen extraction and sustaining output, offering practical benefits for endurance athletes.

The aim of the study was to evaluate skeletal muscle oxygenation and exercise capacity in childhood cancer survivors (CCS), and assess their association, in comparison with healthy controls. Twenty-six CCS (12 male, 6 months-10 yrs after treatment, mean age 17.59 (IQR:5.21 yrs) and 26 matched control subjects were recruited. Subjects performed a maximal incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill with measurement of VO2peak (peak oxygen uptake). Simultaneously, muscle oxygenation was measured in the gastrocnemius muscle via Near InfraRed Spectroscopy. Changes (µM) in deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb), total hemoglobin (ΔtHb), and tissue saturation index (ΔTSI) were calculated as the differences between maximal (ΔHHb/ΔtHb) or minimal (ΔTSI) exercise test- and rest values. CCS had a significantly lower VO2peak (-12.05 ml/kg/min, p < .001) compared to controls. CCS also demonstrated a significantly lower fractional O2 extraction (ΔHHb) during CPET (10.81µM (IQR:10.51) vs. 14.66µM (IQR:14.23), p = .036). In a univariate stepwise linear regression analysis, a significant overall model fit was found with ΔHHb and HRmax explaining 32.6% of the variance in VO2peak among CCS. These results indicate that both central and peripheral limiting factors might contribute to lower CRF in CCS, therefore both should be considered when designing exercise interventions aimed to enhance CRF in CCS.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-28861-2.

Spending a single night at moderate altitude before ascending to high altitude may enhance ventilatory acclimatization but also exacerbate sympathetic activation, a response that should be carefully pondered in persons with coronary artery disease (CAD). Ten males with CAD participated in this randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial in a hypobaric chamber where they slept either at simulated 1900 m (intervention) or in control conditions (250 m, placebo) before being decompressed to 3000 m the following morning. Respiratory polygraphy was performed each night. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PetCO2), cerebral tissue oxygen saturation index (cTSI), baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), heart rate variability (HRV), and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) were recorded during wakeful rest each morning, both prior to the overnight stay (at 250 m) and after the simulated ascent to 3000 m. The intervention night was associated with a greater number of apneas/hypopneas (32.6 [8.8, 51.4] h-1) than placebo (5.8 [2.7, 13.4] h-1, p=0.0216). At 3000 m, SpO2 was higher after intervention (88±2%) than placebo (87±2%, p=0.0279), PetCO2 was lower after intervention (34±3 mmHg) than placebo (36±3 mmHg, p=0.0022), cTSI decrease was smaller after intervention (-3.6±2.2%) than placebo (-6.5±3.1%, p=0.0192), PASP was higher after intervention (30±8 mmHg) than after placebo (28±7 mmHg, p=0.0413), whereas BRS and HRV indices showed no differences. We conclude that a single night at 1900 m is sufficient to trigger measurable ventilatory acclimatization in persons with CAD without altering BRS and HRV at 3000 m, but likely enhancing pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction.

Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers is a complicated phenomenon that requires a practical framework to assess the constituents’ groundwater source. The current paper focuses on the processes influencing coastal groundwater in the southeastern region of Basrah, southern Iraq. Thirteen groundwater samples were subjected to comprehensive hydrogeochemical treatments, including hydrogeochemical analysis with Piper, Schoeller, and Gibbs plots, geochemical modeling, and statistical analysis supported by hierarchical cluster analysis. The results of the Piper plot indicated that the analyzed groundwater is characterized as Na-Cl (77%) and Ca-Mg-Cl (23%) and belongs to the order of Cl–&gt;Na+&gt;SO42–&gt;Ca2+&gt;Mg2+&gt;HCO3– as identified by Schoeller results. Gibbs’ plot results indicated the processes of evaporation and seawater dominance. Saturation indices of minerals in groundwater revealed a slight supersaturation (SI&gt;0) with calcite and dolomite, suggesting limited precipitation of carbonate minerals. In contrast, gypsum and anhydrite showed a slight undersaturation (SI&lt;0), indicating minimal dissolution of evaporite minerals, while halite and sylvite minerals suggested a strong undersaturation (SI&lt;0), reflecting that dissolution of salts is a common process in the coastal areas. Furthermore, cluster analysis demonstrated that the ionic content of groundwater was significantly affected by seawater, evaporation processes, and minimal sedimentation of carbonate minerals. These techniques are recommended for controlling the groundwater extraction within the study area.

To correlate oxygenation index (OI) and oxygen saturation index (OSI) in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and determine guideline changes impact from two different epochs. Retrospective analysis of 390 CDH neonates managed at University of Utah/Primary Children's Hospitals from 2003-2024. We performed regression analysis for paired OI and OSI values over the first week of life (2604 pairs), comparing pre- (2003-2015) and post- (2016-2024) epoch effects of a 2016 CDH guideline. We analyzed predictive abilities for OI and OSI within and between epochs for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and/or death. OI and OSI showed higher correlation in the post- (R2 = 0.755) vs pre-epoch (R2 = 0.650). Between epochs analysis demonstrated lower inspired oxygen, mean airway pressure, arterial oxygen pressure, OI, and OSI in the post epoch. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) use was lower in post epoch (9.8% vs 33%), but pre-ECMO OI and OSI were similar between epochs. Classification of severe lung dysfunction by OI > 25 or OSI > 12 showed similar abilities to predict ECMO and/or death. OI and OSI were highly correlated in CDH but affected by variation in CDH management. OSI classified severity of cardiopulmonary dysfunction as effectively as OI.

Organic-rich shale facies of the Lower Jurassic Datta Formation in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan was studied using geological and geochemical investigation for assessment the unconventional oil shale reservoir potential. The Datta shale facies is a promising oil-prone stratum, consisting of total organic carbon (TOC) exceeding 2 wt.%, and primarily comprising Type II and II/III kerogens, with a hydrogen index (HI) exceeding 250 mg HC/g TOC. The Datta shale facies is also characterized by higher free hydrocarbon (S 1 ) than TOC, resulting in a high oil saturation index (OSI) between 30.81 mg HC/g TOC and 298.7 mg HC/g TOC, wherein the high OSI of more than 100 mg HC/g TOC indicates a strong potential for oil production. This finding consistent with the current thermally mature of oil window, ranging between early-mature and peak-mature, as supported by vitrinite reflectance (%VRo) values of up to 0.82. This main oil generation window leads to convert extensive of the hydrogen-rich kerogen for commercial oil generation, with a transformation ratio (TR) of up to 65%, as demonstrated in the 1-D basin modeling. The maximum oil generation, with TR values exceeding 50%, leads to high pressure and results in micro-fracture pores in the Datta shale facies. The presence of the non-fabric fracture pores is confirmed by the high-resolution petrographic scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Consequently, these findings highlight that the Datta shale facies is considered for use as an unconventional shale oil reservoir with the suggestion of hydraulic fracturing techniques for production purposes.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of one-stage dental implantation and temporary prosthetics based on microhemodynamics and oxygenation data in the mucous membrane of the alveolar ridge. A clinical and functional study was conducted after simultaneous dental implantation and temporary prosthetics in 80 patients. Depending on the temporary orthopedic structure used (removable/non-removable), patients are divided into 2 groups of 40 people each. The microcirculation index (M, perfect units), characterizing the level of tissue blood flow, was determined; the parameter "σ" (perfect units), determining the intensity of blood flow; the bypass index (PS, standard units), the index of perfusion oxygen saturation (Sm, %) and the index of specific oxygen consumption (U, %). The analysis of LDF results in group I showed that 3 days after the surgery, the blood flow level (M) and its intensity (σ) increased by 85% and 106%, respectively, and 104% and 88%, which indicated the development of hyperemia in the microcirculatory bed, which was stopped after 2 months in subgroup A and 3 months in subgroup B. In the second group, the dynamics of tissue blood flow 3 days after the surgery was similar, but microcirculation indicators were restored after 4 and 6 months. According to optical tissue oximetry (OTO) in the first group, 3 days after the surgery, the oxygenation indicator increased by 11% and 13% (subgroup A) and 6% and 18% (subgroup B), which indicated the development of tissue hyperemia, which was stopped after 2 months and 3 months after the surgery, respectively. In group 2 (subgroups A and B), oxygenation indicators were restored after 4 and 6 months, respectively. After one-stage dental implantation and temporary prosthetics, microhemodynamics and oxygenation in the mucous membrane of the alveolar ridge were restored after 2 and 3 months, in group I, in group II the recovery periods were 4 and 6 months.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to severe normobaric hypoxia vs. normoxia on whole-body fat oxidation and muscle desaturation kinetics over a wide range of identical relative and absolute intensities. Thirteen active men performed i) two maximal incremental tests to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) in normobaric hypoxia [FiO2=13.2%, 3740 m] and normoxia [FiO2=20.7%, 375 m], and ii) two submaximal graded tests, after overnight fasting, to assess fat oxidation and muscle desaturation kinetics as a function of exercise intensity in each condition. Fat oxidation kinetics were measured using indirect calorimetry and characterized using a sinusoidal model. Vastus lateralis desaturation kinetics were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and the tissue saturation index (TSI), and modeled through a double linear model. Compared with the relative (%V̇O2peak) or absolute (%V̇O2peak,nomoxia) exercise intensity, absolute fat oxidation rates (g·min-1) were significantly higher in hypoxia than in normoxia, ranging from 55 to 85 %V̇O2peak (p≤0.023) and from 35 to 60 %V̇O2peak,normoxia (p≤0.027), respectively. The TSI was lower in hypoxia than in normoxia when compared at relative or absolute exercise intensity (p≤0.004), and muscle desaturation reached a maximal level only in hypoxia at high exercise intensity (p≤0.014). Compared with normoxia, acute exposure to severe normobaric hypoxia enhanced fat oxidation pathways during moderate-to-high relative and low-to-moderate absolute exercise intensities while allowing greater and maximal muscle desaturation. These findings highlight the relevance of considering both relative and absolute intensities when comparing fat oxidation during exercise in hypoxia and normoxia and suggest that maximal muscle desaturation is not a limiting factor for fat oxidation during exercise.

Abstract The focus of recent research on cement binders has shifted to alternatives such as magnesium silicate hydrate (M‐S‐H) to mitigate the environmental impact of conventional concrete production. However, a detailed understanding of the morphology and growth rate of M‐S‐H, which informs its applicability as a cementing agent, is lacking. These properties are important as they influence cement hydration and consequently the development of macroscopic properties. In this study, the particle size distribution and growth rate of M‐S‐H synthesized by mixing aqueous stock solutions were analyzed using synchrotron‐based small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The reaction solutions contained dissolved magnesium and silicon with concentrations ranging from 2 to 500 mM, corresponding to saturation indices with respect to M‐S‐H endmembers, M 0.75 ‐S‐H and M 1.50 ‐S‐H, between 5.8 and 10.3. The precipitation rates of M‐S‐H align with affinity‐based kinetic models and can be described by the following equations: For M 0.75 ‐S‐H: , and for M 1.50 ‐S‐H: , where is the rate in mol/L/s, and represents the saturation ratio with respect to M‐S‐H. Moreover, we observed that changing the [Mg]/[Si] ratio affects particle size, a trend that cannot be fully explained by changes in the saturation index alone. These insights are critical for improving the predictability and control of cementation in concrete that utilizes M‐S‐H‐based binders.

Impact of the menstrual cycle phase on microvascular function at high altitude.

Abstract Background Hemodynamic instability in neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is common and necessitates immediate treatment. The course and severity of hemodynamic instability can be varied. At present, there are no algorithms or tools available to predict episode severity. Objectives In this study we aimed to develop a scoring system (HINT) based on hemodynamic and metabolic parameters at the onset of hypotension requiring treatment and analyzed the ability of such a scoring system to predict episode related severity, morbidity, and mortality. Design/Methods This was a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care NICU in Southwestern Ontario that included all neonates who needed inotropic support between Jan 1, 2018, to Dec 31, 2022. Data regarding physiological and metabolic parameters in the 6 hours prior to inotropic agent start were collected. Details of the episodes including number of vasoactive agents, doses, vasoactive inotropic score (VIS) and outcomes such as mortality were collected. Linear regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine the effect of the scoring system. Results 155 neonates were included in the study with a mean (SD) gestational age of 30.0 (6.2) weeks. Mean (SD) postnatal age of onset of hypotension was 6.2 (12.4) days. 78.1% of neonates were inborn and 63.9% of hypotensive episodes occurred within the first 72 hours of life (Table 1). The HINT scoring system utilized lowest blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean); lowest urine output, highest heart rate, highest capillary refill time, highest base deficit, and maximum oxygen saturation index in the 6 hours prior to initiation of hypotensive agent (Table 2). The scoring system showed a positive correlation with the VIS score; for every additional point on the severity score scale, VIS increased by 2.05 (95%CI=0.28, 3.82), p=0.023 (Figure 1). The score did not emerge as a good predictor of episode related mortality (AUC=0.57), need of multiple inotrope (AUC=0.63) or days on inotropes (p=0.603). Conclusion This study designed a novel predictive tool based on physiological and metabolic derangement at onset of hypotensive episode. While higher scores on HINT were associated with higher inotropic support need (VIS) during episode, it did not show reliable accuracy to predict outcomes such as mortality which limits its clinical application. Future studies that incorporate etiology and gestational age within the score could be interesting.

Game meats are particularly prone to oxidation and microbial spoilage due to their specific characteristics and the procedures required to obtain them. Various sustainable bioactive molecules derived from food industry by-products, such as olive mill wastewater, have the potential to enhance the stability and safety of game meats. The use of different levels of polyphenolic extracts from olive mill vegetation water, encapsulated through a freeze-drying process, was tested on wild boar meat patties as an antioxidant and antimicrobial. Two separate trials were performed. Trial 1 was carried out by adding different concentrations of polyphenolic extract (0, 1, and 2%) during the production of wild boar patties, and trial 2 by adding 1.5% salt and adding or not adding 2% polyphenolic extract. The first trial revealed antioxidant effects on the raw patties during storage time, both on colour (increasing in saturation index) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (0.306, 0.268, and 0.254 mg MDA/kg after 5 days of storage in the control with 1% and 2% polyphenolic extract groups, respectively). Oxidation was also reduced during cold storage of cooked patties. Trial 1 also revealed a dose-dependent antimicrobial effect, mainly on Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. Trial 2 confirmed that salt plus extract addition had an overall higher antimicrobial effect than when singularly added, but with a moderate increase in the hardness of the products.

General Background This study examines the geochemical behavior of granitic rocks in the Shintaku area, a region within the Nigerian Basement Complex where magmatic evolution remains debated due to limited integrated structural–geochemical data. Specific Background Earlier works suggest that Pan-African tectonism produced heterogeneous magmas in southwest Lokoja, yet the mechanisms generating the acidic and intermediate intrusive rocks in this locality are still insufficiently constrained. Knowledge Gap Despite numerous metamorphic studies, the petrogenesis and geochemical pathways of the granitic bodies in southeastern Lokoja have not been comprehensively analyzed using modern analytical techniques. Aims This research investigates magma sources, fractionation trends, and alumina saturation indices to reconstruct the magmatic evolution of the Shintaku granites. Results Major element compositions show enrichment in SiO2, Al2O3, and alkalis, with smooth Harker trends implying fractional crystallization, while rough trends indicate partial melting and magma mixing. The coexistence of metaluminous and peraluminous signatures, along with subalkaline affinities, supports heterogeneous mantle–crust melt interaction. Novelty This study provides the first integrated petrographic and geochemical characterization of the Shintaku granites using XRF, SEM, and LA-ICP-MS datasets. Implications Findings refine the petrogenetic model of southeastern Lokoja and offer a stronger basis for assessing mineralization potential and regional tectonomagmatic evolution.Highlight : Highlights major compositional variations that reflect the influence of magma fractionation. Emphasizes evidence of partial melting and magma mixing as drivers of magma heterogeneity. Confirms the S-type granitoid character linked to peraluminous supracrustal sources. Keywords : Granitic Rocks, Magmatic Fractionation, Fractional Crystallization, Partial Melting, Magma Mixing

Sufficient blood and oxygen supply to the brain is crucial for optimal performance. This study examined the effects of endurance training on oxygen delivery to the right and left prefrontal cortex. Sixteen male distance runners (age: 34.1 ± 5.1 yrs, weight: 70.8 ± 4.1kg) trained five times per week for eight weeks. Training included two high-intensity interval sessions (90-100% VO2max) and three continuous sessions (70-80% VO2max). Before and after training VO2max was assessed in running and cycling. Deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) total hemoglobin (tHb), and tissue saturation index (TSI) were recorded using functional multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy to assess oxygenation in the left and right prefrontal cortex, the vastus lateralis, and the biceps brachialis (inactive muscle) during 10-min of submaximal cycling performed at an intensity 5% below the first ventilatory threshold. VO2max increased in both running (+ 6.1%) and cycling (+ 5.8%) (p < 0.01). During the 10-min submaximal exercise post training increases were observed in O2Hb (+ 27.7%), HHb (+ 37.9%) and THb (+ 30.6%) in the right prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01) and in O2Hb (+ 23.2%), HHb (+ 41%) and THb (+ 29.4%) in the left prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01). However, TSI decreased in the left (-9.8%, p < 0.05), but remained unchanged in the right prefrontal cortex. In the vastus lateralis, O2Hb (-27.1%), THb (-18.7%) and TSI (-10.4%) decreased (p < 0.05). In the inactive biceps brachii muscle O2Hb and THb increased (+ 59% and + 44%) (p < 0.05). Endurance training facilitate redistribution of blood volume from the muscle to the brain enhancing oxygen delivery. The right and left prefrontal cortex appear to adapt differently to endurance training, suggesting distinct functions in regulating aerobic exercise tolerance.

Abstract In arid and semi-arid regions, protecting groundwater from pollution is essential for public health and sustainable resource management. This study presents a multidisciplinary assessment of shallow aquifer quality, integrating isotopic tracing, statistical analysis, and metal speciation modelling. Eighteen groundwater and surface water samples were analyzed to identify geochemical processes, trace element speciation, and pollution sources. Results from hydrochemical and isotopic analyses indicate that groundwater composition is primarily influenced by water–rock interactions and recharge from the Recent Nile system, with limited recharge from old Nile channels. In addition to some anthropogenic impacts from industrial effluents and agricultural runoff impacts on groundwater quality. Saturation index modeling using PHREEQC revealed oversaturation with carbonate minerals and undersaturation with evaporitic phases. Chemical speciation of trace elements was determined; as it have a direct effect on their mobility and potential toxicity to living organism. Speciation analysis demonstrated that trace element toxicity varies by chemical form; free ionic species such as Cu 2+ and Co 2+ are more bioavailable and pose greater health risks than their complexed counterparts. Groundwater samples contained both aqueous and particulate species, forming complexes with ligands including Cl − , OH − , SO 4 2− , F − , and HCO 3 − . Un-complexed forms of Ba, Mn, Sr, Zn, Co, and Cu were present as free ions, indicating potential for sorption onto aquifer materials. This natural attenuation may limit mobility under low acidity and low organic matter conditions. However, it may not fully mitigate health risks, and artificial treatment could be required depending on contaminant concentrations and exposure scenarios. Graphical abstract

Quantifying how sedimentary architecture governs groundwater quality remains a critical research challenge in hydrogeology. This challenge spans from hydrochemical evolution to public health impacts. To address this knowledge gap, we developed an integrated quantitative framework to analyze the complete "geological-to-health" pathway in the northwestern Tangshan piedmont alluvial plain. We conducted a systematic analysis of 42 groundwater samples using three complementary approaches: hydrochemical characterization, absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor modeling, and health risk assessment. This multi-method investigation demonstrates the fundamental control of sedimentary architecture over groundwater systems. This study establishes that groundwater in the study area is predominantly of the weakly alkaline HCO3-Ca·Mg type. Ion correlation analysis indicates that mineral dissolution (mainly carbonates and evaporites) governs groundwater chemistry and enhances NO2 - migration through increased ionic strength. Gibbs diagrams, ion ratios, and saturation index (SI) collectively demonstrate that sedimentary architecture exerts fundamental control over hydrogeochemical processes. The chemical evolution is primarily governed by coupled carbonate precipitation and evaporite dissolution. High-permeability zones within this architectural framework facilitate anthropogenic contamination. APCS-MLR receptor modeling quantifies the anthropogenic contribution at 20.7%, while also revealing that all contaminant sources are constrained by architectural heterogeneity. Health risk assessment identifies F- as posing the most significant noncarcinogenic risk. Hazard indices for infants (3.318) and children (2.903) substantially exceed those for adults (1.288). These findings establish a mechanistic framework linking subsurface architectural heterogeneity to public health outcomes. This framework provides a transferable paradigm for predictive groundwater quality management.