Sativum Var Research Articles

Shelf Life Extension of Maple pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.) Spread Using Sous Vide

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sous vide packaging on the shelf life of maple pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.) spread. Pea spreads were made of ground re-hydrated cooked maple peas ‘Bruno’ (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.), to which salt, citric acid, oil, and spices were added. Pea spread was stored in polyamide/polyethylene (PA/PE) film pouches, packaged in vacuum and hermetically sealed. Pea spread pouches were heat treated in a water bath, then rapidly cooled in ice-water and stored at 4.0 ± 0.5 °C. Sous vide was applied in three different heat regimens +(65.0; 80.0 and 100.0) ± 0.5 °C with cooking times 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min at a constant temperature. Total plate count was determined according to ISO 4833-1:2014 on Plate Count Agar and Enterobacteriaceae determination was performed in accordance with ISO 21528-2:2004 on Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar. Total plate count in pea spread without thermal treatment was 3.41 log10 CFU g−1, in all sous vide packaged pea spread samples microbial contamination was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae were not detected in any samples. It is possible to extend the shelf life of sous vide maple pea spread up to 14 weeks when stored at 4.0 ± 0.5 °C.

Edible-pod Peas as High-value Crops in the U.S. Virgin Islands

Snow pea (Pisum sativum var. saccharatum) and sugar snap pea (P. sativum var. macrocarpon) are high-value crops typically grown in temperate regions. Temperature is the main limiting factor to growing edible-pod peas in warmer U.S. states and territories. The objective was to evaluate edible-pod peas performance in tropical climates and to make cultivar recommendations to farmers in the U.S. Virgin Islands based on fruit yield. Trials were performed in two consecutive years (2014 and 2015), testing six cultivars of edible-pod peas: three snow pea (Little Sweetie, Mammoth Melting, and Oregon Giant) and three sugar snap pea (Super Sugar Snap, Cascadia, and Sugar Sprint) in a complete randomized block with four replications. ‘Little Sweetie’ produced the highest total fruit yield for the season (15,442 kg·ha−1) and ‘Mammoth Melting’ (4249 kg·ha−1) and ‘Sugar Sprint’ (3349 kg·ha−1) produced the lowest total fruit yield in Year 1. The same trend happened in Year 2, where ‘Little Sweetie’ (14,322 kg·ha−1) and ‘Super Sugar Snap’ (12,511 kg·ha−1) were higher yielding and ‘Mammoth Melting’ (4582 kg·ha−1) and ‘Sugar Sprint’ (1929 kg·ha−1) were the lowest yielding cultivars. ‘Mammoth Melting’ showed a marketable yield below 80% of total yield in Years 1 and 2. ‘Mammoth Melting’ and ‘Super Sugar Snap’ produced the tallest plants in Year 1, while ‘Mammoth Melting’ was significantly taller than the others in Year 2. As expected, sugar snap pea presented fruit soluble solids concentration (SSC) 2.7% to 6.5% higher than snow pea. The snow pea cultivars had longer mean fruit length (81 to 86 mm) than sugar snap pea (60 to 68 mm). The opposite trend occurred with fruit thickness; sugar snap pea averaged 28.5% thicker than snow pea. The shoot dry weight of ‘Sugar Sprint’ was on average 78.5% smaller than ‘Mammoth Melting’ and ‘Oregon Giant’, resulting in poor performance due to small plant size. ‘Mammoth Melting’ and ‘Super Sugar Snap’ had the lowest chlorophyll content compared with the other cultivars. Results of this experiment indicate that edible-pod peas have potential as a specialty, short-season, high-value crop when grown in the cool–dry winter months of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Of the cultivars tested, Little Sweetie was the highest yielding cultivar evaluated within the environmental and geographical conditions of this study for two consecutive years.

Eficiencia en la nodulación por rizobios nativos, procedentes de nódulos de Pisum sativum “arveja” colectados de diferentes Departamentos del Perú

In the present investigation was able to authenticate the ability to nodulate and to evaluate the frequency of nodulation efficiency of 50 isolate strains of pea nodules, collected from the departments: La Libertad, Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Lima. Which was inoculated to 1 mL of culture suspension alone (1.2x109 cel /mL) in seedlings of Pisum sativum var. Selection Junin, keeping them under conditions of relative humidity,50-70% and temperature / photoperiod, 28 °C – 24 °C / 14 h – 10 h (light-dark). At 25 days post-inoculation was obtained that 40% nodulated the host plant. To determine the frequency of nodulation efficiency, we took into account the parameters of speed of nodulation (DN in mm) and the percentage of roots nodulated (PRN%); pearson correlational analysis of the 5% significance, MANOVA and Tukey statistical DHS, allowed to establish the ranges (high, medium and low) for DN and PRN% for each crop, resulting in only 10% of all crops (Ra Ra 218-01 and 212-01) showed high efficiency in nodulation, as DN were high and high PRN%.

Winter Annual Legumes Seeded into Bermudagrass: Production, Nutritive Value, and Animal Preference

Core Ideas Overseeding winter annual legumes can extend grazing season and reduce feed costs. Overseeding winter annual legumes into bermudagrass improved subsequent hay quality. Overseeding winter annual legumes can increase nutrient harvest from the soil. Overseeding cool‐season annual legumes into bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] offers an economical solution to pasture shortage experienced by beef cattle (Bos spp.) farmers during winter on the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA. Using Austrian winter peas [Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.], ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), ‘Yucchi’ and ‘Apache’ arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi), and ‘AU Merit’ hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) in replicated complete blocks (four replicates in each of two growing seasons), our objectives were to (i) determine the nutritive value of forage provided by several legumes as they mature; (ii) evaluate legume impact on the nutritive value of subsequent bermudagrass hay harvests; (iii) obtain estimates of the quantity of N they potentially add to the system; and (iv) evaluate the preferences of grazing cattle for the various legumes. All legumes improved early‐spring dry matter (DM) yield compared with control plots without overseeding (3310 vs. 1120 lb/acre for legumes and control; P < 0.01). Legumes increased the crude protein (CP) content of bermudagrass hay harvested during the subsequent growing season (14.1, 14.8, 13.7, 14.8, and 12.0% for crimson, vetch, peas, arrowleaf, and control, respectively; P < 0.01); however, peas and arrowleaf reduced hay DM yield (P = 0.04). Across species, legumes added approximately 89 lb/acre N to the system by fixation, and overseeding offered a potential addition of 64 grazing days/acre (1200‐lb cows). Legumes improved the potential removal of both N and P from the system, and cattle readily consumed the legumes. Overseeding may have the potential to reduce N fertilization and lengthen grazing season; however, with added seed costs, it may not improve profitability.

Long‐Term Corn Yield Impacted by Cropping Rotations and Bio‐Covers under No‐Tillage

Cropping diversity and bio‐covers are perceived as integral components of conservation tillage because of increased pest control and soil organic matter. Consequently, effects of cropping sequences and bio‐covers on corn (Zea mays L.) yields were assessed. Main effects were 10 cropping sequences of corn, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) on a Loring silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Oxyaquic Fragiudalf) at the Research and Education Center (REC) at Milan, and seven cropping sequences of corn and soybean at the Middle Tennessee REC on a Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalf). Sequences were repeated in 4‐yr cycles (i.e., Phases I, II, and III) from 2002 to 2013. Strip‐plot bio‐covers consisted of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L. sativum var. arvense), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), poultry litter, and fallow control. Across 12‐ yr, bio‐covers, and locations, continuous corn and yields from all rotations were equivalent (7.6 and 7.9 Mg ha−1, respectively; P = 0.07). However, among phase × sequence interactions, corn–soybean–corn–soybean rotation was highest yielding during Phase III (10.1 Mg ha−1), which was greater than continuous corn during all phases (P < 0.05). Bio‐covers, particularly poultry litter and hairy vetch, increased yields (across locations and years) when compared to wheat (P < 0.05). Incorporating soybean or cotton once within 4‐yr cropping cycles was equivalent to continuous corn (P > 0.05). However, including soybean and cotton twice increased yields by 6 and 7%, respectively (P < 0.05). Results suggest including two crops within a 4‐yr phase increases yields compared to continuous corn.Core Ideas Increasing cropping sequence diversity promotes greater yields when two species are included in a rotation compared to continuous corn. Including soybean and cotton twice increased yields by 6 and 7%, respectively. Bio‐covers, particularly poultry litter and hairy vetch, increased corn yields compared to wheat cover crops.

Long-Term Cotton Yield Impacts from Cropping Rotations and Biocovers under No-Tillage

Sustaining crop yields assumedly entails crop rotations and biocovers. To test this, cropping sequences and biocover effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields were assessed under long-term no-tillage. Main plots were eight cropping sequences of cotton, corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) on a Loring silt loam at the Research and Education Center at Milan, TN. Sequences were repeated in 4-yr cycles (i.e., Phases I, II, and III) from 2002 to 2013. Split-plots were biocovers, which consisted of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L. sativum var. arvense), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), poultry litter, and fallow control. Continuous cotton had greater yield than cotton grown in rotations [3.1 and 2.8 Mg ha-1, respectively; p = 0.02 (averaged across biocovers and phases)]. Biocover did not increase yield in continuous cotton (p > 0.05). However, various cropping sequences did result in higher yield than continuous cotton within 4-yr cycles. Specifically, corn-corn-soybean-cotton rotations were highest yielding during Phase II (4.0 Mg ha-1), which was equivalent to cotton-corn-cotton-soybean (3.5 and 3.8 Mg ha-1, respectively); and cotton-corn-cotton-corn during Phases II and III (3.6 and 3.8 Mg ha-1, respectively). All aforementioned rotations increased yield above continuous cotton during Phases I and III (p < 0.05). Results indicate increasing cropping diversity with one and two years of soybean or corn, respectively, in a 4-yr cycle maintains cotton seed yield long-term.

Study of genetic variability, character association, path analysis and selection parameters for heterotic recombinant inbred lines of garden peas (Pisum sativum var. Hortense L.) under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India

The present investigations involving forty five diverse pea recombinant inbreds and three standard checks were carried out for two successive years during 2011-2012 and 2012-13. The objective of the study was to ascertain genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path coefficient among yield and other horticultural and quality traits and identification of superior recombinants for their utilization in crop improvement programme. Wide range of variability was observed for most of the characters under study. The magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV) for all the traits. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were recorded for protein content, ascorbic acid, plant height and pod yield per plant for both the years. Pod yield per plant and plant height exhibited high heritability associated with high genetic advance in the respective years indicating the additive gene action for their expression and are likely to respond better to selection. Pod yield showed a positive and significant correlation with number of pods per plant, pod length and number of seeds per pod both the years. Path analysis revealed that number of pods per plant and pod length have highest positive direct effect both the years and thus it may be treated as selection criteria for isolating higher yielding genotypes in garden peas. In heterosis study, some of the recombinant inbreds were found superior over standard checks which include L-14 and L-13 for pod yield/plant, number of pod/plant and earliness. These findings can be further utilized to develop and enhance the yield potential of garden pea.

Storage quality of shelled green peas under modified atmosphere packaging at different storage conditions.

Storage quality of shelled green peas (Pisum sativum var. sativum L) was investigated under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP: perforated and non perforated) compared to unsealed samples, respectively, at T1 (4±1°C and 94±2% RH) and T2 (10±1°C and 90±2% RH) for each sample and during period of storage (8, 16 and 24days). Modified atmosphere (MA) was created using low density polyethylene (LDPE) film packages having 107μm of film thickness and package size of 0.022 m(2). Quality parameters viz., weight loss (WL), total phenolic content (TPC), instrumental colour, ascorbic acid (AA) and sensory characteristics were evaluated during storage period. Weight loss was in the range of 0.18 to 3.54 (zero perforation at T1), 0.21 to 6.48(unsealed samples at T2) and 0.31 to 9.64% (zero perforation at T1) after 8, 16 and 24days of storage, respectively. Total phenolic content significantly increased to 102.47-161.54mg/100g from an initial value of 91.53mg/100g for all the samples and treatments studied. The MAP non perforated sample stored at T2 recorded maximum Hunter 'L' and '-a' colour values than all other samples. A significant decrease in AA content was observed in all the samples with maximum loss (53.77%) in unsealed sample stored at T2, whereas MAP (3 perforations) sample stored at T1 retained maximum AA (90.50%). Sensory quality analysis revealed that MAP (3 perforations) sample stored at T1 was in acceptable quality, with good appearance and overall acceptance. The study shows that shelled green peas can be stored in MAP with 3 perforations (0.4mm dia) in the temperature range of 4 to 10°C and 90-94% RH to extend shelf life with marketable quality for 24days.

English

Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) is a unique crop developed and cultivated in Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were; understanding the genetic variability present in Dekoko population, determining the correlation between grain yield, protein content and other traits and understanding traits that can be used for indirect selection for high grain yield and high protein content. Local collections of Dekoko were planted in 3 replications of the RCBD design at Mekhan farmers’ Training Centre in Endamekhoni during 2010.Traits such as days to flowering and maturity and leaf width had low phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation and low genetic advance (<20%). The genotypic correlation between and the direct effect of days to flowering, plant height and biomass on seed yield was positive suggesting that the  traits can be used for indirect selection of high yielding accessions. Seed yield and protein content had perfect negative genotypic correlation (-1.00). The direct effect of protein content on seed yield was also negative implying that simultaneous selection towards increased seed yield and increased protein content at the same time may be difficult.   Key words: Associations, Dekoko, Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum, accession, crude protein.

Association mapping of agronomic and quality traits in USDA pea single-plant collection

Association mapping is an efficient approach for the identification of the molecular basis of agronomic traits in crop plants. For this purpose in pea (Pisum sativum L.), we genotyped and phenotyped individual lines of the single-plant-derived core collection of the USDA pea collection including accessions from 330 landraces and cultivars of Pisum sativum subsp. sativum var. sativum, 28 P. sativum subsp. elatius var. elatius, 16 P. sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense, four P. sativum subsp. elatius var. pumilio, three P. abyssinicum, two P. fulvum, and one P. sativum subsp. transcaucasicum. These 384 accessions were collected or donated from a total of 64 countries. The accessions were genotyped with 256 informative SNPs using a primer extension chemistry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry assay. Genetic structure analysis showed that the collection was structured into two main groups, corresponding roughly to the cultivated types/landraces and the more primitive form species and subspecies, with some intermediates. Linkage disequilibrium of pairwise loci and population structure of the collection were analyzed, and an association analysis between SNP genotypes and 25 valuable traits such as disease resistance, seed type/color, flower color, seed low molecular weight carbohydrate concentration, and seed mineral nutrient concentration was performed using a mixed linear model. A total of 71 marker–trait associations were detected as significant with 1–34 markers per trait based on the false discovery rate (FDR < 0.05). This study demonstrates the potential of using association mapping to identify markers for pea breeding.

Evaluation of the quality of protein in cotyledons and radicles of selected legumes after germinating as a healthy food

The quality of protein in cotyledons and radicles (shoot) was separately investigated in selected legumes, namely: Pisum sativum (cultivars: Terno, Xantos, Svit, Achat), Glycine max, Lupinus albus (cultivar Amiga), Pisum sativum var. arvense (cultivar Arkta), Faba vulgaris (cultivar Piestansky) after germinating for 48 hours and compared with the respective raw seeds. The highest content of amino acid in cotyledons and radicles were noted in P. sativum (Xantos) and its phenylalanine was the highest increased essential amino acid in radicles 7.4 g/16 g N with respective raw seeds 4.6 g/16 g N. The in vitro protein digestibility of cotyledons and radicles increased significantly (P < 0.05) of all legumes under study. It is ranged from 79.1% to 86.4% in cotyledons, 86.7% to 93.4%. in radicles and 54.1% to 75.0% in respective raw seeds. The quality of proteins in cotyledons and radicles of all legumes was improved significantly after germinating 48 hours.

Screening for powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi D.C.) resistance gene-linked SCAR and SSR markers in five breeding lines of Pisum sativum L.

SummaryA major disease in garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) is powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi. Homozygous recessive alleles of the er1 and er2 genes, and the dominant allele of Er3 have been found to contribute to powdery mildew resistance in pea. Nine parental genotypes used for pea breeding in India were screened using 12 sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers and five simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. None of the SCAR markers could differentiate between the resistant or susceptible genotypes, although they amplified at the specific loci previously reported. The SSR marker A5 clearly distinguished the homozygous resistant and susceptible parents and three F2 progeny from crosses of ‘Arka Priya’ × 'IP-3’, ‘Arka Pramod’ × ‘IP-3’, and ‘Arka Ajit’ בAzad-Pea’. Chisquare analysis showed a 1:3 phenotypic segregation pattern and a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 for the SSR marker A5. Since SSR A5 is a co-dominant marker, it distinguished the clear homozygous (Er1Er1/er1er1) and heterozygous Er1er1) allelic conditions of er1 at the F2 progeny level. The SSR marker A5 can therefore be used for marker assisted breeding for powdery mildew resistance in pea.

Variability and character association studies in garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortenseL.) during winter season at mid hills of Himachal Pradesh

Fifty four genotypes including four checks were grown in a RBD with three replications during Rabi 2010-11 at Vegetable Experimental Research Farm, Nauni, Solan HP to estimate the parameters of variability and association of important characters with yield in garden pea. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the morphological characters under study. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high for total soluble solids, total sugars, pod yield per hectare and total phenols. High heritability estimates coupled with high to moderate genetic gain observed for pod yield (kg/plot), node at which the first flower appear (number), number of pods per plant and total Phenols (g/100g). Pod yield was positively correlated with number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), number of seeds per pod and shelling percentage thereby indicating that the selection based on these traits could be effective for improvement of green shelled peas yield.

ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE in vitro DE UN EXTRACTO ACUOSO DE Allium sativum variedad HUARALINO

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante in vitro del bulbo de Allium sativum (ajo) variedad huaralino. Se realizó ensayos para estudiar los metabolitos secundarios azufrados, cuantificando alicina y compuestos orgánicos de bajo peso molecular con grupo tiol. Para los metabolitos oxigenados se evaluó polifenoles y flavonoides. Estos ensayos se realizaron por espectrofotometría. También se cuantificó los minerales por absorción atómica. Los ensayos para estudiar la capacidad antioxidante in vitro se hicieron por formación de carbonilos en albúmina tratada con peróxido de hidrógeno y niveles de especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) en glóbulos rojos tratados también con peróxido de hidrógeno. Los principales resultados sobre metabolitos azufrados y oxigenados fueron: a) alicina 2,8 mg/g de bulbo fresco pelado, b) tioles de bajo peso molecular 0,95 µmol cisteína (cis)/ g masa seca, c) polifenoles 2,52 mg equivalente ácido gálico/g masa seca y d) 1,71 mg equivalente quercetina/g masa seca. El extracto ejerce protección antioxidante disminuyendo significativamente (p&lt; 0,05) la formación de carbonilos y los niveles de TBARS. En conclusión, el extracto acuoso del bulbo de Allium sativum variedad huaralino tiene metabolitos antioxidantes azufrados y oxigenados con capacidad de ejercer efecto antioxidante in vitro.

Occurrence and Characterization of Bean common mosaic virus Strain NL1 in Iowa.

A legume survey in Story County was conducted to characterize legume viruses present in Iowa and potentially problematic to soybeans. Symptomatic (chlorosis, leaf curl, or vein banding) and non-symptomic leaves were selected from Apios americana, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Desmodium spp., Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lotus japonicus, Phaseolus coccineus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba, Vigna ungulculata, and Chenopodium quinoa (an indicator species), and sent to Agdia Inc. for their Crop Screen: "Bean (Soybean)" tests. Cowpea mosaic virus (in L. purpureus), Southern bean mosaic virus (in A. americana), Soybean dwarf virus (in L. purpureus), and Tobacco streak virus (in Desmodium spp.) were identified. In addition, P. vulgaris was found positive in the serological Potyvirus group test, and was further characterized using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA (Qiagen RNeasy extraction kit) from symptomatic leaves. A ~1-kb fragment of virus genome was amplified using degenerate primers, forward: 5' TGYGTNGAYGAYYTYAAYAA 3' (3) and reverse: 5' TCRTARAARTCRAAIGCRTAICKIG 3' (2). The closest GenBank BLAST hits for the sequence were BCMV strain NL1 (GenBank Accession No. AY112735) and BCMV MS1 (EU761198), both at 97% identity. RNA sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 (100 base paired ends) allowed construction of a nearly complete viral sequence from positions 38 to 10,037 nt (KM023744). This showed 99% similarity to BCMV-NL1 (AY112735) and 98% similarity to BCMV MS1 (EU761198). The BCMV isolate was recovered on the P. vulgaris cv. Taos Red and tested against a panel of Phaseolus, Glycine, and other hosts. Symptomatic hosts (vein-banding, mosaic, stunting, and leaf curl) were P. vulgaris cvs. Starlight, Tohono O'odham vaya Amarillo, Black Valentine Stringless, Sutter Pink, Hidatsa red, Stringless Green Refugee, Burpees Stringless Improved Bush, Princess d'Artois, Princess Double de Holland, and Dubelle Witte. Asymptomatic hosts included P. vulgaris cvs. Sierra, Great Northern Tara, Tara, and Vigna radiata. Non-host plants were P. vulgaris cvs. Michelite 62, Great Northern UI 31, Great Northern UI 123, Pure Gold Wax, Top Crop, Redlands Greanleaf B, Red Mexican UI 34, Imuna, Monroe, Pinto UI 114, Widusa, Othello, Sacramento, Red Kidney, Provider, Black Turtle Soup, Victor, and Witte boon, G. max cv. Williams, Cucumis sativus cv. Straight 8, Solanum lycopericum cv. Reine des Hatives, Vicia faba, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, V. unguiculata, and A. americana. The host range of the BCMV isolate on common bean differential species concurred with pathogenicity group I (1) and agreed with assignment as strain NL1. To our knowledge, this is the first complete characterization of a pathotype I strain NL1 of BCMV in the United States, combining biological typing and whole genome sequencing.

Legume Seeds and Rapeseed Press Cake as Replacers of Soybean Meal in Feed for Fattening Pigs

Abstract The possibility of replacing soybean meal with a mixture of legume seeds and rapeseed press cake (RPC) was evaluated on 60 pigs weighing about 30 kg at the beginning of the experiment. Pigs were allocated to 5 experimental groups. Group I (control) received standard feed mixture containing soybean meal as a main protein source. Next groups received rapeseed press cake (RPC) mixed with fodder pea (Pisum sativum var. Ramrod) - group II, field bean (Vicia faba var. Kasztelan) - group III, blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius var. Regent) - group IV or yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus var. Mister) - group V. Soybean protein was replaced by experimental protein sources at about 30% in grower (17% legumes, 13% rapeseed press cake) and at 100% in finisher diets (experimental proteins in equal ratio accounted for about 55% of mixture protein). Limited feeding was used, water was available ad libitum. Half the animals in each group received mixtures supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes Ronozyme VP and Ronozyme WX. Apparent digestibility of feed nutrients was estimated using the balance method on 30 fatteners not used in the fattening experiment, weighing about 40 kg for grower and 70 kg for finisher diets. Gross composition of legume seeds and RPC, amino acid composition of their protein, glucosinolate content in RPC and tannin content in faba bean and alkaloids in lupins were analysed. Carcass traits and meat quality were also estimated. Legume protein content ranged from 19.6% (pea) to 39.8% (yellow lupin). RPC protein contained more sulphur amino acids than legume protein. There was no significant difference in protein and fat digestibility. Body weight gains of fatteners fed with blue lupin were comparable to controls but significantly lower than those of the remaining groups. Supplemental enzymes improved body weight gains of fatteners receiving field bean. There was no significant difference in carcass traits and meat quality except for sensory analysis. It is concluded that the mixture of RPC and legume seeds can replace soybean meal in fattener feed.

Genotoxic effect of four medicinal plant extracts on Pisum sativum cv. Arikil

The leaf extracts from four medicinal plants viz., Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Tectona grandis L.f., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Smith were evaluated using Pisum sativum (Linn.) reduced mitotic index in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of increasing abnormal mitotic plates was also concentration and time dependent. Commonly observed abnormalities were c-mitosis, laggard, bridges, stickiness, precocious separation, vagrant and fragments. The results indicate that commonly used aqueous leaf extracts of above plants has significant mutagenic action on plant model P. sativum var. Arikil. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i1.19760 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(1): 107-111, 2014 (June)

Perfluoroalkyl acid distribution in various plant compartments of edible crops grown in biosolids-amended soils.

Crop uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) from biosolids-amended soil has been identified as a potential pathway for PFAA entry into the terrestrial food chain. This study compared the uptake of PFAAs in greenhouse-grown radish (Raphanus sativus), celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce), tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum), and sugar snap pea (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon) from an industrially impacted biosolids-amended soil, a municipal biosolids-amended soil, and a control soil. Individual concentrations of PFAAs, on a dry weight basis, in mature, edible portions of crops grown in soil amended with PFAA industrially impacted biosolids were highest for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; 67 ng/g) in radish root, perfluorobutanoate (PFBA; 232 ng/g) in celery shoot, and PFBA (150 ng/g) in pea fruit. Comparatively, PFAA concentrations in edible compartments of crops grown in the municipal biosolids-amended soil and in the control soil were less than 25 ng/g. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated for the root, shoot, and fruit compartments (as applicable) of all crops grown in the industrially impacted soil. BAFs were highest for PFBA in the shoots of all crops, as well as in the fruit compartment of pea. Root-soil concentration factors (RCFs) for tomato and pea were independent of PFAA chain length, while radish and celery RCFs showed a slight decrease with increasing chain length. Shoot-soil concentration factors (SCFs) for all crops showed a decrease with increasing chain length (0.11 to 0.36 log decrease per CF2 group). The biggest decrease (0.54-0.58 log decrease per CF2 group) was seen in fruit-soil concentration factors (FCFs). Crop anatomy and PFAA properties were utilized to explain data trends. In general, fruit crops were found to accumulate fewer long-chain PFAAs than shoot or root crops presumably due to an increasing number of biological barriers as the contaminant is transported throughout the plant (roots to shoots to fruits). These data were incorporated into a preliminary conceptual framework for PFAA accumulation in edible crops. In addition, these data suggest that edible crops grown in soils conventionally amended for nutrients with biosolids (that are not impacted by PFAA industries) are unlikely a significant source of long-chain PFAA exposure to humans.

English

High salt level of a germination medium may induce a reduction, delay and even complete inhibition of germination due to osmotic effect and/or ion toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity due to NaCl on germination and early seedling growth of two crops, Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum and Lathyrus sativus. Seeds of these two crops were treated with NaCl induced saline germinating media prepared in Petri dishes. Fifty (50) surface sterilized seeds per Petri dish were sown in five salt treatments (0, 5, 7, 9 and 15 dSm-). Each treatment was replicated four times. Germination percentage, shoot length and root length of both crops decreased with an increase in salinity level. Although both crops are low salt tolerant legumes, P. sativum var. abyssinium was found to be less tolerant than L. sativus. This study could be strengthened by further work under field conditions and also at mature vegetative and reproductive stages of the crops. Key words: Germination time, water uptake percentage, salt tolerance, seedling biomass.

A comparative study of ancient DNA isolated from charred pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds from an Early Iron Age settlement in southeast Serbia: inference for pea domestication

The development of agriculture was a key turning point in human history, a central part of which was the evolution of new plant forms, domesticated crops. Grain legumes were domesticated in parallel with cereals and formed important dietary components of early civilizations. First domesticated in the Near East, pea has been cultivated in Europe since the Stone and Bronze Ages. In this study, we present a molecular analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from carbonized pea seeds recovered from deposits at Hissar, in southeast Serbia, that date to the eleventh century B.C. Four selected chloroplast DNA loci (trnSG, trnK, matK and rbcL) amplified in six fragments of 128–340 bp with a total length of 1,329 bp were successfully recovered in order to distinguish between cultivated and wild gathered pea. Based on identified mutations, the results showed that genuine aDNA was analyzed. Moreover, DNA analysis resulted in placing the ancient sample at an intermediate position between extant cultivated [Pisum sativum L. and wild P. sativum subsp. elatius (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Asch. et Graebn.]. Consequently, based on a combination of morphological and molecular data, we concluded that the material represents an early domesticated pea. We speculate that Iron Age pea would be of colored flower and pigmented testa, similar to today’s fodder pea (P. sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.), possibly of winter type. This is the first report of successful aDNA extraction and analysis from any legume species thus far. The implications for pea domestication are discussed here.