Satiation Effect Research Articles

An incentive effect in thermally motivated behavior

Three shaved adult male albino rats were trained to press a lever to replace a hot air drive condition (50° C) with either a small reinforcer (32° C) or a large reinforcer (14° C). Following the 10-sec reinforcer, the drive condition was either reinstated immediately (no delay) or after a 15-sec exposure to the drive temperature, during which the bar was withdrawn (delay). Response rate during the no-delay procedure was faster for the small reinforcer than for the large. This relation reversed during the delay procedure. The former observation is similar to a satiation effect and the latter resembles an incentive effect.

Reduction of emotional responses as a function of verbal satiation and paired-associate techniques

Verbal satiation of emotional words was combined with paired-associate procedures to reduce the subjective and physiological response intensity. Satiation effects occurred with the verbal satiation techniques alone and were further enhanced by the associative procedures. The emotional words were paired with counteracting emotional response associates (CRA group), and with personally provided response associates (PRA group). The types of associates did not produce different results. Counteracting associates appeared to yield the best long-term satiation effects.

Satiation effects in continuous reinforcement and successive sensory discrimination situations

Nine rats with forebrain and hypothalamic electrodes were trained on a sensory discrimination task with S–intervals ranging from 12 to 60 sec. Their performance during a 48-h discrimination session was compared to that during a 48-h CRF session. The response measures showed that forebrain Ss performed more poorly than hypothalamic Ss during the discrimination session, even though performance of forebrain animals was better in the discrimination session than in the CRF session when time until the first 5-min pause was considered. In the CRF session, there was no difference in performance of forebrain and hypothalamic animals, except in terms of time till first pause. The results are discussed in terms of cumulative effects of forebrain and hypothalamic ESB.

Age-specific, Deterministic Model of Predator-Prey Populations: Application to Isle Royale

A deterministic model is proposed for the description of predator-prey systems in which the prey has an age-specific vulnerability to predation. The model is developed on the basis of observations of the moose and wolf populations of Isle Royale, Michigan. The moose are divided into three groups, the very young, the adults, and the very old or sick. The three groups have different vulnerability to predation by a single population of wolves. The model incorporates a saturation effect for the moose population and a satiation effect for the wolf population. It appears to reproduce quite well the almost monotonic trend toward equilibrium observed since the arrival of wolves on the island.

Macro- and microbehavioral response to viscosity among rats licking saccharin

Effects of viscosity upon licking were studied by providing rats with thick and thin.4% saccharin solutions in separate 1-h sessions. Volumetric intake/lick was greater for the thin than for the thick solution and was the only measure affected by viscosity. As the session progressed, the two solutions caused (1) comparable satiation effects, as evidenced by comparable decreases in several indices of the average rate of ingestion; (2) comparable decreases in the average duration of the lick; and (3) no reliable change in the average volumetric intake of the lick. The results were related to earlier comparisons of liquid food and saccharin and indicated that the differences produced by the latter solutions are not fully attributable to their differential viscosity.

VERBAL MEDIATION AND SATIATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN

COOK, HAROLD, and SMOTHERGILL, DANIEL. Verbal Mediation and Satiation in Young Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 1805-1812. 40 preschoolers were Ss in an experiment designed to demonstrate (1) verbal mediation in a 3-stage chaining paradigm, and (2) the interfering effect of verbal satiation on mediational processes. The Ss were randomly assigned to either a control (no satiation) or an experimental (satiation) group. Both groups learned 3 consecutive lists of 3 S-R pairs. 2 of the sets of pairs followed the A-B, B-C, A-C chaining paradigm, while the third set was a nonmediated (A-B, D-C, A-C) control pair. The experimental group learned the first 2 lists, then repeated 1 of the mediating terms continually for 30 seconds prior to learning list 3. The control group did not repeat any of the terms. Analysis of the number of errors made in learning the third list, supported both (1) and (2) above.

Effects of Novelty on Verbal Reinforcement Effectiveness with Retardates

The excessive deployment of verbal encouragement with institutionalized retardates and the demonstrated effects of stimulus satiation suggest that verbal reinforcement may be of diminishing effectiveness with this population. The present study explored the feasibility of enhancing the effectiveness of verbal reinforcement via a novel mode of reinforcement presentation. Subjects receiving novel verbal reinforcement evidenced heightened perceptual-motor performance over subjects receiving traditional verbal reinforcement, and both treatments were superior to a control condition in which subjects were not reinforced.

Visual stimulus satiation as a function of duration of stimulus exposure and elapsed time following exposure

The following hypotheses derived from Glanzer’s (1953) theory of stimulus satiation effects were tested: (1) The longer S is exposed to a visual stimulus, the less likely he is to request a repetition of that stimulus, and (2) increasing the elapsed time following stimulus exposure increases the likelihood that S will request a repetition of that stimulus. A 4 by 4 by 2 factorial design utilizing 64 undergraduate Ss of both sexes was used to test the hypotheses. A subsequent analysis of variance produced results confirming Hypothesis 1, but not Hypothesis 2.

Review of the measurement of semantic satiation.

Studies which have used various measures of meaningfulness to measure semantic satiation, and in other ways have attempted to test the effects of semantic satiation, are critically evaluated. It is concluded that the effects of the phenomenon labeled as semantic satiation have not been reliably measured and are in doubt. An attempt is made to link semantic satiation to what has been called the verbal transformation effect, and an alternative approach to the study of semantic satiation is suggested.

Effects of preoptic cooling in rats acclimated to 21 and 4 degree C.

ArticleEffects of preoptic cooling in rats acclimated to 21 and 4 degree C.M Banet, and J J SeguinM Banet, and J J SeguinPublished Online:01 Sep 1970https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1970.29.3.385MoreSectionsPDF (952 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByA temperature-regulated circuit for feeding behavior22 July 2022 | Nature Communications, Vol. 13, No. 1Cold-adaptation: Neuropeptide Y versus thermal signals in the development of hyperphagiaJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 31, No. 1-2Effects of neuropeptide Y antagonists on food intake in rats: Differences with cold-adaptationPeptides, Vol. 27, No. 1Hyperphagia of hyperthyroidism: Is neuropeptide Y involved?Regulatory Peptides, Vol. 131, No. 1-3Temperature of Ingested Fluids: Preference and Satiation Effects (Pease Porridge Warm, Pease Porridge Cool)Airlicking and Cold Licking in RodentsSeparation of water and ambient temperature effects on polydipsiaPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 16, No. 2Inhibition of airlicking in thirsty rats by cooling the preoptic areaNature, Vol. 255, No. 5503 More from this issue > Volume 29Issue 3September 1970Pages 385-8 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1970.29.3.385PubMed5451317History Published online 1 September 1970 Published in print 1 September 1970 Metrics

The effect of satiation following partial reinforcement

Rats deprived to 80% or 90% body weight received either 50% or 100% food reinforcement in a runway. They were then satiated and run on the same schedule. A history of partial reinforcement, or of more severe deprivation, produced faster response speeds during satiation. The greater resistance of partially reinforced responses to the decremental effects of satiation may be related to their high resistance to the effects of extinction and punishment.

The effect of punishment, extinction, and satiation on response chains

Pigeons could occasionally obtain food reinforcement by pecking first on the right key and then on the left key of a two-key chamber. A peck on the right key not followed by a peck on the left key within 10 sec was defined as an abortive response sequence. During punishment, extinction, and satiation, the percentage of sequences started but aborted before completion remained constant or decreased.

Effects of age on the generation and satiation of meaning with Slurvian sentences

Meaning may be generated (discovered) and satiated (lost) by repeated rapid stimulation. Slurvian sentences offer opportunities for the study of both phenomena. The present study tested the effects of age upon generation and satiation and the likelihood that Slurvian meanings would be retained after one day and one week. Twenty subjects, ten “younger” and ten “older”, heard eight Slurvian sentences played and replayed until they repeated the sentences' meanings. Five “younger” and five “older” subjects continued listening to each sentence until they reported it had lost meaning. A written recall test was given three times; immediately after the final repetitions, one day later, and one week later. Older subjects took significantly longer to generate and to satiate meaning. However, there was no difference in recall between the age groups. Significant recall differences were demonstrated between the group that only generated meanings and the group that both generated and satiated meanings. For the latter group, a substantial and significant loss of recall provided an objective measure of the effects of satiation.

Persistence of GSR changes as a function of repeated verbal satiation of emotionally-charged words

The effects of repeated verbal-satiation applications, i.e., rapid repetitions of words for several minutes at a time, was studied over the course of several weeks by means of GSR changes. Highly charged, personally relevant words were divided into experimental words and control words, equally matched on emotional-response intensity. The satiation treatment consisted of three 40-min periods occurring once a week, with the outcome that the formerly highly charged words that were satiated yielded significantly lower GSR tracings than did the highly charged but unsatiated words. The satiation effect persisted for at least a week, i.e., the time lapse between the last satiation session and the post-satiation test. GSR levels dropped more quickly after the first satiation, and continued to drop throughout the rest of the satiation sessions. Thus, the interpretation of the effects of reactive inhibition as the sole process involved in satiation was questioned.

Satiation effects in the perception of single letters’

When single letters were presented for five flashes, with S making a clarity judgment after each exposure, initial potentiation and subsequent satiation effects were found. A processing task and complete prior knowledge led to an increased probability of a “clear” response on the first exposure and to an earlier onset of the satiation effect. The results are discussed in terms of the neural network model underlying this research.

Semantic satiation as a function of duration of repetition and initial meaning intensity

The basic parameters of this experiment were seven intervals of repetition (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 sec) and three levels of semantic differential (SD) meaning intensity for each of the three major factors. 140 S s first rated 48 words on a number of SD scales, then repeated the words orally for a specified duration and finally rerated them on 1 of 6 SD scales. Both mean difference and polarity difference scores were used to assess satiation effects. Regardless of the measure, satiation increased roughly as a negatively accelerated function of the duration of repetition, with words measured on the Activity dimension showing the largest satiation effects. The regression hypothesis (Yelen and Schulz, 1963) seemed applicable only when mean difference scores were analyzed. Theoretical implications of the results were discussed in terms of the regression hypothesis, loss of meaning as a function of time, and the bipolarity assumption underlying the SD.

Associative satiation or selective activation?

Two experiments, differing only in mode of response elicitation (oral, discrete, or written, continuous), were conducted to study the effects of verbal satiation. A 4 × 3 × 2 design was used: There were four conditions of satiation (self-, synonym-, and unrelatedsatiation, plus a nonverbal control), three levels of S-primary R strength (high, medium, and low), and two satiation intervals (4 and 60 sec). Neither experiment supported the associative satiation hypothesis. An alternative explanation of selective associative activation is suggested.

THE DISSOCIATION OF DISCRIMINATIVE AND CONDITIONED REINFORCING FUNCTIONS OF STIMULI WITH CHANGES IN DEPRIVATION1

Pigeons were studied in two experiments designed to explore the effects of deprivation level upon responding in each link of a two-link chained schedule. The stimulus associated with the terminal link of the chain can be both a discriminative stimulus (S(D)) for responding in the presence of the stimulus and a conditioned reinforcer (S(r)) for responding in the preceding link. Previous findings have indicated that the S(r) function was more readily weakened by satiation than was the S(D) function, i.e., the rate of responding decreased more rapidly in the initial link of the chain than in the terminal link. The first of the present experiments, in which tests were conducted after a series of sessions, produced different results: rates of responding in the two links declined simultaneously. The second experiment supported the hypothesis that the effects of satiation interact with the duration of maintenance on the satiation procedure: in early sessions the S(r) function was more readily disrupted, but in later sessions the rates of responding in the two links declined simultaneously. Subsequent to this extensive series of identical sessions, the pigeons' deprivation level was altered before a session by pre-feeding the pigeons up to their normal post-session weights. The rates of responding failed to reflect fully this change in deprivation in the first such session, suggesting that the pigeons' behavior had become partially independent of deprivation level.

Reduction of response interference through verbal repetition.

The results of this study indicate that continuous verbal repetition of the interfering colour words on the Stroop test facilitates performance on the colour‐naming task. There was no overall tendency for the groups repeating the colour words to show a decrement or increment in the meaning of the words as measured by the semantic differential scales. However, individual differences in meaning change were significantly related to time‐improvement scores in colour‐naming. The effect of repetition worked differently with two different forms of the Stroop card. With the regular Stroop card, an increase in rated meaning (a generation effect) was associated with the most improvement, while with a revised card, a decrease in rated meaning (a satiation effect) was associated with the most improvement in time scores. The implications of these results for theories of interference and verbal satiation are discussed.

Water metabolism of rats in the heat: dehydration and drinking.

Water metabolism of rats in the heat: dehydration and drinking.