Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Humb. ex Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn. is a tree species belonging to the Sapotaceae family, whose black berries can be consumed fresh or as jam. It is widely distributed in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay. While previous studies have focused on describing its floral biology, the development of the ovule and pollen has not been studied from an anatomical point of view. To provide further insights into the sexuality of this fruit tree, we conducted a study of the processes of sporogenesis and gametogenesis using conventional plant anatomical techniques. Flowers of different sizes were fixed in FAA, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with Safranin-Astra Blue for light microscopy. The processes of sporogenesis and gametogenesis result, on the one hand, in the anatropous, unitegmic, and tenuinucellate ovule, with a Polygonum embryo sac. On the other hand, it gives pollen grains that are released as monads in a tricellular state. This study provides anatomical data not previously described for this species and is part of the embryological studies that are currently being carried out in different species of fruit trees in South America. These findings enhance the embryological understanding of Sapotaceae and offer a foundation for future research in systematics, phylogeny, and conservation biology of Sapotaceae.

Sideroxylon cinereum, an endemic Mauritian fruit, was investigated through comprehensive chemical analyses of solvent extracts from its pulp and seed. Dried fruit materials were subjected to maceration using water and organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, propanol, and acetone to obtain extracts of varying polarity. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds, with pulp extracts generally richer in phytochemicals than seed extracts. UV-Vis and FTIR analyses confirmed key organic constituents, including sulfoxides in seeds. HPLC quantification showed notable citric acid content in the pulp (15.63 mg/g dry weight). Antioxidant assays indicated that organic solvent extracts of the pulp had superior free radical scavenging activity, while the seed’s aqueous extract exhibited the highest ferric reducing power. GC–MS profiling identified a diverse bioactive profile rich in terpenes, notably lanosterol acetate (>45% in both pulp and seeds). It is important to note that these findings are based on solvent extracts, which may differ from the phytochemical composition of the whole fruit as typically consumed. Among the extracts, aqueous fractions are likely the most relevant to dietary intake. Overall, the extracts of Sideroxylon cinereum pulp and seed show potential as sources of bioactive compounds for functional product development.

The flower of Madhuca longifolia (family Sapotaceae) has a long history of traditional use in treating fever, inflammation, rheumatism, ulcers, impotence, skin ailments and heart diseases across Southeast Asia. In India, the flower is commonly consumed as a regular food item and is also used as a tonic, appetizer, galactagogue and carminative agent, particularly among rural populations residing near plantations. There are ethnopharmacological claims about several therapeutic properties and antidiabetic activities of the flower, but no scientific evidence is available on this aspect. This review aims to explore the traditional, nutraceutical and pharmacological properties of M. longifolia flowers while identifying the research gaps for establishing its therapeutic use. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2025. Only research and review articles were considered for analysis. Our findings present that the major bioactive compounds identified in the flower include rutin, quercetin, Mi-saponin A & B, madhucoside A & B, gallic acid and ascorbic acid. In vitro studies indicate that it has strong antioxidant activity, while in-vivo studies on animal models document hepatoprotective, anti-dyslipidemic and antidepressant properties, but these studies are miniscule. Till date no clinical trials have been conducted on the therapeutic efficacy of the flower. Although the flower is naturally rich in several bioactive compounds, its potential therapeutic properties have not been scientifically validated. Focused research is needed to extract and quantify all the key bioactives of the flower. Additionally, studies involving human participants to assess the flower's therapeutic properties are needed to bridge the gap between traditional use and modern pharmacology.

Madhuca longifolia (J. Konig.) J.F. Macbr., an endemic plant of India, belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It is commonly known as butternut tree, in Odia language, it is well known as ‘Mahula’ and in Hindi, it is called ‘Mahua’. This plant is renowned for its numerous medicinal benefits, including its ability to heal dermatitis, enhance lactation, cool burns and soothe rashes. In the Indian system of medicine (ISM), Mahua flowers are edible and commonly used in the preparation of local dishes like kheer, halwa and burfi. Additionally, they serve as a natural sweetener for diabetics. The seeds are a good source of edible fats, containing approximately 40 % yellow semi-solid fats, commonly known as “Mahua butter”. The oil extracted from mahua seeds is widely used as a moisturizer and is topically applied to reduce inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis. The de-oiled seed cake is rich in fibres, proteins, sugars, nitrogen, saponins and tannins, with minimal oil content. When detoxified, seed cake is used a cattle feed, contributes to biogas production and is utilized in composting for agricultural applications. Furthermore, it can be used as a fertilizer and a natural mosquito repellent. This review summarizes the traditional uses, nutritional composition and industrial applications of different parts of M. longifolia. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern sustainable practices, we can ensure that Mahua continues to provide benefits for future generations.

Mimusops elengi, or Bakul, holds immense cultural, historical, and pharmacological significance. Revered in Indian scriptures, it serves roles in architecture, rituals, and medicine, reflecting its cultural importance. The tree adapts well to varied ecosystems, showcasing ecological resilience, and its nutritional richness positions it as a sustainable food source. Bakul's secondary metabolites demonstrate potent pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, hypotensive, and diuretic effects. Bridging Ayurveda and modern science, Bakul is a candidate for evidence-based healthcare practices. Further research could unlock its full therapeutic potential, advancing sustainable healthcare through a fusion of traditional wisdom and contemporary science. Its adaptability to diverse ecosystems highlights its ecological resilience. Nutritional analyses reveal Bakul as a sustainable food source, while its secondary metabolites exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, hypotensive, and diuretic properties. Integrating Ayurvedic wisdom with modern science, Bakul bridges tradition and innovation, holding great promise for evidence-based healthcare. Further research is encouraged to explore its full therapeutic potential. Mimusops elengi (Bakul), an ornamental evergreen tree from the Sapotaceae family, is cultivated in India for its fragrant flowers. Traditionally used in Ayurveda and folk medicine, its bark, fruit, and seeds offer properties such as astringent, tonic, and febrifuge effects. Chemical analyses reveal that the bark contains tannin, caoutchouc, wax, starch, and ash; flowers have volatile oils, and seeds contain fixed fatty oils. Preclinical studies highlight its phytochemicals' medicinal benefits, including analgesic, antibiotic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, cytotoxic, and hypotensive activities, as well as their potential against gingival bleeding, gastric ulcers, and congestive conditions. Bakul holds promise for both traditional and modern therapeutic applications

Mimusops caffra is a small to medium-sized fruit-producing tree belonging to the Sapotaceae family with potential commercial, medicinal, and nutritional value. The main goal of the current study is to profile the phytochemical composition of M. caffra leaf targeting both volatile and non-volatile metabolites using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatograpy coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), respectively. A total of 62 secondary metabolites were annotated via UPLC-MS/MS belonging to organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, fatty acids and their derivatives, and sphingolipids. Moreover, 50 volatile compounds were detected by using GC-MS classified as monoterpene, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, fatty acids/esters, and triterpenes. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude methanol extract, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging capacity and nitric oxide inhibition activity, respectively. The crude methanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity as compared to ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions and ascorbic acid (used as a reference antioxidant). The IC50 values of the crude methanol extract, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions in DPPH assay were 9 ± 0.37 µg/ml, 22.1 ± 0.79 µg/ml and 42.2 ± 1.65 µg/ml, respectively, compared to 12.5 ± 0.7 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. Furthermore, NO inhibition assay revealed that most of tested extracts exhibited marked inhibition (78–88%) at a dose of 1280 µg/mL, the crude methanol extract showed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 of 137 µg/ml. Overall, these findings suggest that the crude methanol extract, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of M. caffra contain potential antioxidant compounds highlighting their therapeutic potential.

Background: Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen is commonly known as Chiku, belonging to the family Sapotaceae which is native to Mexico and central America and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Brazil and Australia. Manilkara zapota is a medicinal plant, various parts of this plant are traditionally used for treatment of several diseases, including analgesic, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic activity. The plant has been widely used in traditional systems of medicine in India. Aim: Present investigation was undertaken aimed at “Pharmacological Evaluation of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen fruit peel extract for Anti-inflammatory Experimental Animals.” Method: Ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota fruit peel was subjected to continuous hot extraction by Soxhlet extraction process using ethanol (80%) as a solvent. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of ethanolic extract was carried out for the determination of presence of phytoconstituents. The in-vitro Anti- inflammatory activity was evaluated by Heat induced hemolysis and Inhibition of albumin denaturation assay. and Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Result: The result suggested that the Phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract reveals the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, Tannin, phenol and saponin in Preliminary phytochemical evaluation. The in-vitro antioxidant activity revealed with the ethanolic extract Manilkara zapota at the concentrations 50, 100, 150, 200 μg/mL exhibits 65%, 68%, 78%, 81% radical scavenging activity, whereas the As c or b i c a c i d a s a standard drug at concentration 50, 100, 150, 200 μg/mL exhibit 71%, 79%, 84%, 89% radical scavenging activity respectively by using DPPH radical scavenging assay. In-vitro Anti-inflammatory activity reveales with the ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota at concentration 50, 100, 150, 200 μg/ml exhibit 33%, 39%, 48%, 57% inhibition, whereas the Diclofenac as a standard drug at concentration 50, 100, 150, 200 μg/ml exhibit 45%, 54%, 69%, 78% inhibition of erythrocyte membrane repectively by using Heat induced hemolysis assay. While In- vitro Antiinflammatory activity revealed with EEMZ at concentration 100, 200, 300, 400 μg/ml exhibit the 63%,66%,80%,85% inhibition respectively whereas Diclofenac as a standard drug at concentration 100, 200, 300, 400 μg/ml exhibit the 67%, 80%, 86%, 90% inhibition respectively by using Inhibition of albumin denaturation assay. Conclusion : The study concluded that the antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory effects of Manilkara zapota Royen fruit peel extract that exhibit due to the presence of some phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, phenol, tannins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponin, carbohydrates ,amino acids as revealed in literature..

Abstract. Subedi S, Koirala S, Pokharel P, Bhandari DR. 2025. Characterization of caffeinated facial creams with Diploknema butyracea butter as an emollient. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 11-18. Caffeine, a versatile ingredient in cosmetics, is known for its vasoconstrictive, anti-inflammatory, UV protective, and anti-aging properties. The plant Diploknema butyracea, a medium-sized tree belonging to the Sapotaceae family, native to Nepal, India, and Bhutan, is known as chyuri, and its seeds contain about 55% fat, known as chyuri butter. Chyuri butter is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins (A and E) to hydrate, nourish, soften skin and serve as an effective emollient. In this study, we formulated caffeinated facial creams with D. butyracea butter and meticulously evaluated their physical and chemical properties. Caffeine was extracted via liquid-liquid extraction. Four formulations (F1 to F4) with varying concentrations of chyuri butter and caffeine were assessed for pH, stability, acid and saponification values, spreadability, in-vitro occlusivity, centrifugation, after-feel, smear type, removal, and dilution. The pH of the creams ranged from 6.7 to 7.6. All formulations, except F1, remained stable and homogeneous at different temperatures. Acid values (9.5-11.2) and saponification values (23.5-26.8) were satisfactory. The creams demonstrated good spreadability (4.3-4.5 cm) and improved water retention due to chyuri butter. No phase separation occurred during centrifugation. The creams formed a non-greasy film, were easily removable with tap water, and were confirmed as O/W (oil in water) type. Our findings not only validate the efficacy of caffeine and chyuri butter in cosmetic cream formulations but also open up new possibilities for their use in skincare products.

The Sapotaceae family comprises 65–70 genera and over 1250 species, holding significant ecological and economic value. Although previous studies have made some progress in the phylogenetic relationships and classification of Sapotaceae, many issues remain unresolved and require further in-depth research. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genomes of 21 plants from 11 genera of Sapotaceae, conducted a comparative genomic analysis, and performed a phylogenetic analysis by incorporating 16 previously published chloroplast genomes of Sapotaceae. The results showed that the chloroplast genome sizes in 21 plants of Sapotaceae range between 157,920 bp and 160,130 bp, exhibiting the typical quadripartite structure. Each genome contains 84–85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, while the ndhF gene is absent in Pouteria campechiana and Pouteria sapota. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis showed that isoleucine (Ile) is the most commonly used, while the codon for methionine (Met) is the least utilized. Additionally, five highly variable regions (petA-psbJ, psbI-trnS-GGA, rpl2_2-psbA, rps19-rpl2_2, and ycf4-cemA) and two coding sequences, ycf1 and matK, were identified as candidate molecular markers for species differentiation and a phylogenetic analysis within the Sapotaceae family. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using complete chloroplast genome sequences and analyzed using ML and BI methods, which revealed that the Sapotaceae family is divided into three distinct clades, each receiving strong statistical support (BS = 100, PP = 1). The intergeneric analysis revealed that Madhuca and Palaquium are sister groups (BS = 91, PP = 1), as are Gambeya and Chrysophyllum (BS = 91, PP = 1). Pouteria and Chrysophyllum are among the larger groups in the Sapotaceae family but the traditional classification boundaries of these genera are unstable and unfeasible, as the current genus boundaries fail to support their natural evolutionary relationships. In the phylogenetic tree, Eberhardtia aurata is placed on a separate branch. The morphological classification system shows that E. aurata has rust-colored pubescence on its branches, abaxial leaf surfaces, petioles, and other areas, which clearly distinguishes it from other genera. This study provides valuable insights into advancing phylogenetic research, population genetics, molecular breeding, and conservation strategies by comparing chloroplast genome structures and characteristics and constructing phylogenetic trees.

Background-The research aims to provide a detailed description of the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of Manilkara zapota.Sapodilla, another name for Manilkara zapota, is widely available throughout the Indian subcontinent. Due to its widespread use in traditional medicine, it is a highly valued member of the Sapotaceae family. Objective-The objective of the review is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Manilkara Zapota plant and to identify the bioactive compounds that responsible for antimicrobial activity in Manilkara Zapota plant. Methods-The methods used in this area in vivo, in vitro methods. Microbial strain, extraction method also used in this research. Phytochemical analysis of manilkara zapota plant is carried out in this research. Conclusion -Many phytoconstituents, including tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins from the plant, have been reported by various authors to have a variety of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-diabetic properties. Result-This page presents a systematic, in-depth assessment of the research on this plant species, covering taxonomy, pharmacology, and phytochemistry. This review study will undoubtedly be a valuable resource for any upcoming scientific studies pertaining to this plant.

Microsatellites [simple sequence repeats (SSRs)] are one of the most widely used sources of genetic markers, particularly prevalent in plants. Despite their importance in various applications, a comprehensive genome-wide identification of coding sequence (CDS)-associated SSR markers in the Argania spinosa L. genome has yet to be conducted. In this study, 66 280 CDSs containing 5351 SSRs within 4535 A. spinosa L. CDSs were identified. Among these, tri-nucleotide motifs (58.96%) were the most common, followed by hexa-nucleotide (15.71%) and di-nucleotide motifs (13.32%). The predominant SSR motif in the tri-nucleotide category was AAG (24.4%), while AG (94.1%) was the most abundant among di-nucleotide repeats. Furthermore, the extracted CDSs containing SSRs were subjected to functional annotation; 3396 CDSs (74.88%) exhibited homology with known proteins, 3341 CDSs (73.7%) were assigned Gene Ontology terms, 1004 CDSs were annotated with Enzyme Commission numbers, and 832 (18.3%) were annotated with KEGG pathways. A total of 3475 primer pairs were designed, out of which 3264 were successfully validated in silico against the A. spinosa L. genome, with 99.6% representing high-resolution markers yielding no more than three products. Additionally, the SSR markers demonstrated a low rate of transferability through in-silico verification in two species within the Sapotaceae family. Furthermore, we developed an online database, the "Argania spinosa L. SSR database: https://as-fmmdb.shinyapps.io/asssrdb/" (AsSSRdb) to provide access to the CDS-associated SSRs identified in this study. Overall, this research provides valuable marker resources for DNA fingerprinting, genetic studies, and molecular breeding in argan and related species. Database URL: https://as-fmmdb.shinyapps.io/asssrdb/.

Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.), or Apple-nam in Thai, is a medium-sized tree in the Sapotaceae family. It is native to Middle America and distributed in Thailand and Southeast Asia. It has antioxidation, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. The active compounds in star apples are flavonoids. This research aimed to study the biological activities and chemical constituents of crude extract and active fractions from the leaves of star apples. The leaf powder was defatted with dichloromethane and further extracted with ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The ethanol extract was separated by quick column chromatography given 7 fractions (CCE1-CCE7). The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the extract and chromatographic fractions were determined. The active fractions were further studied for tyrosinase inhibition, collagenase inhibition and cell proliferation properties. The result showed that the highest total phenolic content was observed in ethanol extract. The high polar fraction, CCE6, displayed the highest antioxidation activity with radical scavenging of 0.34 ± 0.01 mg AAE/mL in the DPPH assay and a FRAP value of 1.36 ± 0.01 mg AAE/mL in the FRAP assay. The CCE6 also exhibited the highest anti-tyrosinase and anti-collagenase activities with a percentage of 67.14 ± 1.34 and 70.32 ± 2.88, respectively and showed the best activity in cell proliferation with a percentage of 24.68 ± 2.94. The analysis of the components using the negative ionization LC-MS technique revealed that gallic acid and quercetin-3-galactoside are the major constituents in the ethanol extract. While the fraction CCE6 showed glucosyl (2E,6E,10x)-10,11-dihydroxy-2,6-farnesadienoate and p-mentha-1,3,5,8-tetraene as the predominant compounds. HIGHLIGHTS The ethanol extract was prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The first report of tyrosinase and collagenase inhibition, as well as cell proliferation properties, of the cainito leaves extract and chromatographic fractions. The major components of the ethanol extract of cainito leaves in Thailand and its active fraction by LC-MS technique were reported for the first time. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Plant extracts and their derivatives are used by almost 80% of the world's population for the treatment of various infections and disorders. The current review was based on the chemical constituents, traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Madhuca longifolia. The Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) Symmachus indica is a huge deciduous tree native to Nepal, India, and Ceylon. It is also known as the Butter nut tree and is a member of the Sapotaceae family. The height of an M. longifolia tree can reach up to 70 feet. The fruiting period of the tree begins between the ages of 8 and 15, and can last up to 60 years. When ripe, the fruits have a greenish yellow colour and are oval in shape [4]. Sugars, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Cu, anthocyanins, betains, salts of malic and succinic acid, and many other vitamins and minerals can be found in flowers. It is the rich source of quercetin, 3-O-lrhamnosid, stigmasterol, n-hexacosanol, n-octacosanol, carotene, myricitin, erthrodiol, 3-caproxyolcan-12-en-28-ol, 3-galactoside and Xanthophylls. It was traditionally utilized in bronchitis, diabetes, rheumatism, haemorrhage, ulcer, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and spongy gums etc. In conclusion, Madhuca longifolia is reported to be effective as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression, anti-ulcer, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-neoplastic and anthelmintic.

Mimusops elengi L., (bullet wood) belongs to the family Sapotaceae and is a native tree species of Western Ghats, India. It is well known for its fruit, and fodder and is grown as an ornamental tree. Various parts of the tree are utilized in traditional medicinal practices. In this species, seed germination is rather difficult without pre-seed treatment. Hence, the present study was taken up to analyze the seed morphometric traits namely, seed length, seed width, and seed weight, and also to find the effect of different pre-sowing treatments on seed germination by following standard procedures. The study was conducted at the College of Forestry, Ponnampet, Kodagu district, Karnataka. The average length, width, and thickness of the seeds were 18.09 mm, 12.02 mm, and 6.33 mm, respectively. The maximum seed germination was observed in cold water treatment for 24 hours (34.44%) followed by GA3 500 ppm (30%) and the minimum was observed in hot water treatment (1.1%). Although the germination was poor in this species, treating the seeds of Mimusops elangi with cold water for a day increases the germination by 34.4 percent.

Bemangidia L.Gaut. (Sapotaceae) is a genus endemic to a restricted area in the southeastern lowland moist evergreen forests of Madagascar. It was published in 2013 to accommodate an undescribed species, Bemangidia lowryi L.Gaut., which showed a combination of characters unique in the family Sapotaceae. At the time of description, three atypical collections from the same locality but growing on a ridge, slightly higher in altitude, were already known. Although matching well with the Bemangidia genus, they were phenotypically different from B. lowryi and were therefore not included in the species description. In the present study, we evaluate whether these specimens correspond to a new species, using a combination of morphological and genetic data based on 638 nuclear genes. The results show that Bemangidia contains two lineages, each one corresponding to a different morphology, with a genetic branch length similar to those observed among species pairs in other genera of Sapotaceae. We conclude that the genetic and morphological differences are sufficient to consider the two lineages as two distinct species. Consequently, the genus is here revised and a second species described.

ABSTRACT Argania is a monotypic genus belonging to the family Sapotaceae and comprising the only species Argania spinosa. This taxon, endemic to southern Morocco (northern Africa), is important in arid lands. It has a high pastoral value, numerous traditional uses, and it is an important industrial crop for food and cosmetics. A few chromosome counts are available for the species but to date, there is no information on its genome size. Apart from being a parameter useful in many aspects of plant systematic and evolutionary biology, knowing the nuclear DNA amount is a pre-requisite to any genome-sequencing program. In this paper, we present for the first time data on the nuclear DNA content in Argania spinosa, from two populations, and we confirm its chromosome number. Genome size was estimated as 2C = 1.48 pg (1C = 723.72 Mbp) in both studied accessions, revealing a small genome. The chromosome count (2n = 20) revealed that the species has the lowest basic chromosome number (x = 10) in the Sapotaceae, and suggests a descending dysploidy process in the family. The first morphological characterisation of Argania spinosa’s karyotype is presented here. In addition, fluorochrome banding, performed with chromomycin A3 and DAPI, showed the absence of AT-rich regions and the presence of GC-rich regions located in three chromosome pairs, bringing the first molecular cytogenetic data in the genus.

The development of traditional medicine needs to be carried out so that Indonesia's natural wealth can be utilized as effectively as possible to improve people's welfare. As with diabetes, some reputable traditional herbal medicines contain antidiabetic properties. Natural antidiabetic drugs derived from compounds isolated from plants can be used as an alternative to traditional medicine for diabetes because they have potential side effects. Diabetes can be treated alternatively by using various substances, especially those containing polyphenols, such as flavonoids. Sapodilla kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard) from the Sapotaceae family is a type of plant used in traditional medicine; leaves, roots and bark can be used to treat diarrhoea in children, seeds can be used as a febrifuge, anthelmintic, and as an antileprotic. Secondary metabolites in sapodilla kecik leaves are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids and glycosides. This research was carried out by characterizing and screening phytochemicals to determine the content of compounds in Sapodilla kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard) and carrying out antidiabetic tests on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. The results showed that sapodilla kecik leaves fulfilled the simplicia characterization requirements. Sapodilla leaves contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins and steroids. The ethanol extract of sapodilla kecik leaves at a dose of 500 mg/Kg BW starting from the 4th day of treatment, a dose of 250 mg/Kg BW starting on the 8th day of treatment, and a dose of 125 mg/Kg BW starting on the 12th day was able to reduce the KGD of induced diabetic rats with nicotinamide and streptozotocin.

Modelling the potential distributions of Sawo Kecik (Manilkara kauki (L.)) Dubard using MaxEnt to support conservations of historical and cultural vegeta-tions in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province. Reinwardtia 22(1): 55‒67. — Sawo kecik or Manilkara kauki (L.) Dubard, of the Sapotaceae family as it is formally known, is one of the species with significant cultural values in Yog-yakarta Province (DIY) culture because it symbolizes social righteousness. In connection with this, Yogyakarta's mu-nicipal and district governments have been encouraged to plant sawo kecik. Despite these efforts, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the possible range of this species, and this knowledge is essential to promoting the conservation of M. kauki in DIY. With the help of isothermality, precipitation of driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipita-tion of driest quarter, and precipitation of warmest quarter data, this study tries to simulate the probable distributions of M. kauki throughout cities and districts in DIY. The model estimated 1,275 km2 of DIY areas was suitable for M. kauki that concentrated in the central parts, spanning from the west to the east of DIY. Yogyakarta City followed by Sleman District has the largest areas categorized from high to very high suitable for M. kauki. While, Gunung Kidul followed by Kulonprogo Districts have the largest areas categorized as low suitable. To conclude, M. kauki can adapt areas with moderate precipitation as low as 20 mm during driest month and as low as 100 mm during driest quarter. During warmest quarter, M. kauki requires precipitation with value of 700 mm. The conservation effort and M. kauki planting should then concentrate on Yogyakarta City and Sleman District since such locations are thought to have high appropriateness for the species.

Review on Phytochemistry, Biology and Nano Formulations of Manilkara hexandra: An Update

Chrysophyllum albidum is a forest food tree species of the Sapotaceae family bearing large berries of nutrition, sanitary, and commercial value in many African countries. Because of its socioeconomic importance, C. albidum is threatened at least by human pressure. However, we do not know to what extent climate change can impact its distribution or whether it is possible to introduce the species in other tropical regions. To resolve our concerns, we decided to model the spatial distribution of the species. We then used the SDM package for data modeling in R to compare the predictive performances of algorithms among the most commonly used: three machine learning algorithms (MaxEnt, boosted regression trees, and random forests) and three regression algorithms (generalized linear model, generalized additive models, and multivariate adaptive regression spline). We performed model transfers in tropical Asia and Latin America. At the scale of Africa, predictions with respect to Maxent under Africlim (scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, horizon 2055) and MIROCES2L (scenarios SSP245 and SSP585, horizon 2060) showed that the suitable areas of C. albidum, within threshold values of the most contributing variables to the models, will extend mostly in West, East, Central, and Southern Africa as well as in East Madagascar. As opposed to Maxent, in Africa, the predictions for the future of BRT and RF were unrealistic with respect to the known ecology of C. albidum. All the algorithms except Maxent (for tropical Asia only), were consistent in predicting a successful introduction of C. albidum in Latin America and tropical Asia, both at present and in the future. We therefore recommend the introduction and cultivation of Chrysophyllum albidum in the predicted suitable areas of Latin America and tropical Asia, along with vegetation inventories in order to discover likely, sister or vicarious species of Chrysophyllum albidum that can be new to Science. Africlim is more successful than MIROCES2L in predicting realistic suitable areas of Chrysophyllum albidum in Africa. We therefore recommend to the authors of Africlim an update of Africlim models to comply with the sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of IPCC.