Sand Brick Research Articles

Effect of Biodiesel Waste on Brick Absorption and Strength

This study investigates the use of the spent bleaching earth pozzolanic, a byproduct of biodiesel production, as a sustainable partial substitute for a cement into cement sand bricks. Growing environmental concerns, along with waste disposal challenges and high carbon emissions from traditional cement, underscore construction industry’s need for eco-friendly alternatives. Spent bleaching earth pozzolanic offers a potential solution, enhancing the brick performances while addressing these issues. The purpose of this research is to assess how varying spent bleaching earth pozzolanic content (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) impacts key properties of cement sand bricks, aiming to identify the optimal replacement level for the structural applications. Laboratory evaluations conducted to analyze the testing of moisture content, water absorption, wet and dry density, initial rate surface absorption (at 1 to 3 minutes), and compressive strength in both wet and dry states. Results demonstrated that cement sand bricks with 20% SBEP replacement performed the best. Specifically, these bricks showed moisture contents are between 134 and 245 grams, water absorption from 5.1% to 9.4%, wet densities ranging from 2444 to 2840 grams, and the dry density of 1.8 kg/m³. Initial rate surface absorption between 0.27 and 2.2 g/mm²/min, while the compressive strengths reached 7.1 MPa (wet) and 8.6 MPa (dry). The findings indicate that incorporating 20% spent bleaching earth pozzolanic into cement sand bricks produces eco-friendly, load-bearing bricks with sufficient structural integrity. Research highlights spent bleaching earth pozzolanic potential as an alternative material supports sustainable construction by reducing waste, environmental impact while maintaining material performance. This study contributes valuable insights into the feasibility of the spent bleaching earth pozzolanic as partial cement substitute, advancing the sustainable development in the construction industry.

Effect of Strength and Carbonation Sand Cement Brick Containing Fly Ash under CO2 Curing

Carbonation offers a helpful approach to store CO2 inside the cement-based product, which is reduces greenhouse gas emissions and the consequent decrease in global temperature. This study aimed to assess the effects of CO2 curing on the physical and mechanical properties of cement sand brick made using combination fly ash (FA) and Portland cement as cement binary systems. Cement sand brick underwent air curing and accelerated carbonation. The cement sand brick moulds size of 215 mm length x 103 mm width x 65 mm. FA was used to replace cement with substitution of 0, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40%. After mould, the cement sand bricks were subjected to a 24 and 48 hours for air curing and high concentration of CO2 curing chamber. Every mixture made using the binary cement mixed that included FA was lower compared to the control sample. However, strength of brick using carbonation-cured was 14% higher than that of air-cured brick. This improvement is ascribed to the increased concentration of calcium carbonate, a carbonation-related byproduct, in the pore matrix brick. It shows that the carbonation cured had a slightly lower water penetration depth compared to sample by air cured specimens. It is anticipated that the carbonation-cured specimens will have a denser surface layer. The surface layer of mortar that resists water penetration becomes less porous because of the carbonation of the mortar, which densifies the microstructure of the mortar. It can be concluded that CO2 curing process is a technologically advanced method of sequestering CO2 that insignificantly give a negative impact to the strength and durability of cement sand brick.

Sustainable Use of Spent Bleaching Earth as Partial Cement Substitute in Cement Sand Brick

This study investigates a use of spent bleaching earth pozzolanic, byproduct of biodiesel production, as sustainable substitute in the cement mortar. As a waste material, spent bleaching earth pozzolanic present viable solution for enhances construction materials while reducing environmental impact. The study aims to assess spent bleaching earth pozzolanic effectiveness as a partial cement replacement in a cement mortar, focusing on its effect on material properties and structural performance at varying replacement levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Tests conducted include the sieving analysis, water absorption, and compressive strength. The results indicate Portland limestone cement in 75 µm pan sieve weighed for 69 g, and a spent bleaching earth pozzolanic weighed for 77 g, with respective indicating a potential for improved particle packing. By increasing the spent bleaching earth pozzolanic in Portland limestone cement with river sand for cement sand brick, reduce the water absorption values of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% spent bleaching earth pozzolanic for 9.8%, 9.6%, 9.4%, 9.2%, 9.1%, and 9% at 28 days. The packing packed of Portland limestone cement, spent bleaching earth pozzolanic, and river sand showed as spent bleaching earth pozzolanic increased, the water demand slightly decreased, resulting in compressive strength values suitable for load-bearing application. Finding suggest spent bleaching earth pozzolanic effective as binder at 20% replacement, providing enhance performance without compromising cement sand brick strength, thus supporting the material’s potential in the eco-friendly construction. This research contributes to the sustainable utilization of the industrial byproducts, proposing spent bleaching earth pozzolanic as viable ingredient in building materials that balances mechanical properties with environmental benefits.

Sustainable Cement Sand Bricks: Utilizing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Cockle Shells as Cement and Sand Replacements for Enhanced Performance and Eco-Efficiency

Abstract Sustainable bricks are vital for eco-efficiency and green building. Their popularity is rising in construction due to raw material shortages, the environmental impact of cement, and sand depletion in brick production. This study aims to evaluate the compressive strength, water absorption, and initial rate of absorption of sustainable bricks made from POFA and cockle shell waste, following American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for non-load bearing bricks. POFA replaced 10% of the cement, while cockle shells replaced 10%, 20%, and 30% of the sand. The cement/sand ratio was 1:6, and the water/cement ratio was 0.5. Water curing was used for the brick samples. Results indicated that the optimal mix with 10% POFA and 20% cockle shell yielded the highest compressive strengths of 19.2 MPa on day 7 and 27.2 MPa on day 28, while the mix with 10% POFA and 30% cockle shells showed the lowest water absorption at 8.17% and initial absorption rate at 13.40 g/min/193.55 cm² on day 28. In conclusion, POFA and cockle shell waste are promising materials for sustainable brick production.

Effect of recycled brick sand on mechanical and transfer properties of roller compacted concrete “RCC” used for dams

ABSTRACT This study explores the impact of incorporating recycled brick sand as a partial replacement for natural sand on the mechanical and transport properties of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) for dam construction. RCC mixtures were prepared with varying brick sand replacement levels and two different water/cement (W/C) ratios with cement dosages. Workability was assessed using the Vebe apparatus, while compressive and tensile strengths were evaluated at different ages. Additionally, porosity, water permeability, capillary absorption, and thermal conductivity were measured over time. Microstructural was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that brick sand has minimal influence on the RCC Vebe time. Compressive strength improves with brick sand incorporation, particularly in the long term, with an optimal substitution level of 25%. However, porosity and sorptivity increase at higher replacement levels, negatively affecting durability. Water permeability and thermal conductivity decrease with greater brick sand content, enhancing RCC’s resistance to fluid penetration and thermal properties. Variations in cement dosage and W/C ratio had a limited impact on the brick sand RCC performance. These findings suggest that partial replacement of natural sand with brick sand can enhance RCC properties while promoting sustainable material reuse in dam construction.

Recycling of Brick and Road Demolition Waste in the Production of Concrete

Construction and public works sites generate a significant amount of waste that is often costly to dispose of. To reduce the environmental impact and promote sustainability, recycling and recovering this waste is increasingly being recognized as a viable solution. This paper presents the findings of an experimental program investigating the feasibility of using brick and road demolition waste as concrete components. By substituting a portion of sand and cement with recycled materials, this study compares the properties of the reference concrete with concrete containing varying amounts of brick waste and road demolition debris. The obtained results demonstrate that the produced concrete with up to 40 % recycled content achieved a compressive strength exceeding 20 MPa after 28 days. This study suggests that recycled brick and road demolition waste could be a sustainable and economical substitute for conventional aggregates. Incorporating these materials into concrete reduces the cement content while maintaining or even improving the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. However, it is crucial to limit the use of road demolition sand to 10 %, crushed brick fines to 20%, and brick sand (CBS) to 30% to ensure optimal performance.

Boosting mortar performance: use of recycled brick sand for enhanced mechanical properties

The construction industry is constantly seeking ways to become more sustainable. One area of exploration is mortar technology, where researchers are looking at replacing traditional components with alternative materials and adding a superplasticizer to improve mechanical strength and reduce the use of natural resources. The present study focuses on substituting brick waste sand in mortar at different replacement ratios of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. The main objective is to investigate the effect of this substitution material on the properties of the mortar. The researchers have conducted compression and flexural tensile tests on prismatic specimens (4 x 4 x 16 cm³) at various curing periods (2, 7, and 28 days). The results showed that replacing 50% of sand with brick wastes significantly improved mortar properties. However, replacing more than 50% of the sand hurt the workability of the mortar. This study highlights the potential of using brick waste sand as an alternative to sand in mortar production, promoting resource conservation and sustainable construction. The findings suggest that while a 50% replacement ratio is beneficial, it is essential to carefully consider the mix design to maintain workability and overall performance.

Advancing building technology: Utilizing recycled brick sand, geopolymer mortars, robotics, computer vision, and sustainable low carbon emission strategies

Advancing building technology: Utilizing recycled brick sand, geopolymer mortars, robotics, computer vision, and sustainable low carbon emission strategies

Experimental study on a combined sand barrier: Integration of porous mesh plate and novel porous sand-fixing bricks

Experimental study on a combined sand barrier: Integration of porous mesh plate and novel porous sand-fixing bricks

Plastic Sand Bricks as an Alternative Sustainable Building Material: Panacea to Affordable Housing for Low Income in Nigeria

Housing shortages are one of the key issues in Nigeria, low-income earners are disproportionately affected. Themajority of the low cost housing designed for this population is out of reach because of high cost of constructionmaterials, among other things. This study examined bricks made of plastic sand as a substitute for building materials.A questionnaire was used to gather data for the study utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Atotal of 169 questionnaires were systematically disseminated to professionals in the built environment to acquiretheir opinions on the sustainability principles and the idea of plastic sand brick. The information gathered was thenanalyzed using tables and percentages. The study's findings indicate that the majority of respondents 40.5% and16.0%, respectively strongly agree and agree that the material will address Nigeria's housing predicament, while only8.0% and 5.5%, respectively, strongly disagree and disagree. 30% remain neutral. The study recommends, amongother things, that Nigeria's government at all levels establish a domestic technology-driven economy, especially inthe area of alternative building materials like plastic sand bricks.

Feasibility of Treated Sand Brick Waste with Silica Fume Based Geopolymer for Coarse Aggregate Application

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) management should focus on reducing CDW or properly recycling the materials since this waste is now a global problem. Sand brick waste, a component of a building’s structure, is one type of CDW. To be used as recycled aggregate, these wastes are invariably categorised as low grade. Due of the improved qualities provided, geopolymer research has recently become more popular. The objective of this study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of recycled sand brick aggregate (RSB) treated with silica fume based geopolymer coating. Additionally, the effectiveness of the treated RSB will be applied in concrete as coarse aggregate. The sample was made using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8. At 2.5 and 10 M, alkaline activator is a constant variable. Testing of specific gravity, water absorption, and aggregate impact value were analysed. The treated RSB concrete will then be evaluated against normal concrete. In terms of density, water absorption, and compressive strength, natural concrete performs better than treated RSB concrete. In comparison to natural concrete, treated RSB concrete absorbs 5.8% more water. Treated RSB concrete has a density of 1815 kg/m3, compared to natural concrete’s 2080 kg/m3. The compressive strength of concrete made using treated RSB aggregate is 18.1 MPa after 7 days, and 27.1 MPa at 28 days. The testing revealed that the treated RSB aggregate concrete met the specifications. As a result, treated RSB aggregate concrete offers an advantage over natural OPC concrete while saving the environment.

The study of cement sand brick containing kenaf fine particles as sand replacement materials

The study of cement sand brick containing kenaf fine particles as sand replacement materials

Eco Friendly Plastic Sand Bricks

Abstract: Since the large demand has been placed on building material industry especially in the last decade owing to the increasing population which causes a chronic shortage of building materials, civil engineers were challenged to transform waste to useful constructing and production substances. Recycling of such waste as raw materials alternatives might also make a contribution inside the exhaustion of the herbal assets; the conservation of non renewable sources; development of the population health and protection preoccupation with environmental matters and discount in waste disposal expenses. Use of plastic has grown substantially in recent years all over the world. It is inexpensive and without problems available and can be moulded into any form. But, plastic is non-biodegradable; it causes pollutants and create problems in coping with even for a wealthy kingdom., because of this have a look at changed into to investigate the surroundings-pleasant capacity use of plastic and display usefulness of plastic sand bricks as opportunity structural elements, replacing well known clay brick physical and mechanical homes of plastic sand bricks have been studied in distinctive plastic sand ratios.

Manufacturing of Bricks by using Waste Foundry Sand

The foundry is an industrial sector where various iron, scrap steel, and ferroalloys are melted down in arc furnaces or cupolas, shaped in sand, ceramic, or metal moulds, and the cast, steel, nodular, and tempered foundry products needed in industry are produced as raw or processed materials. Especially in establishments such as factories and workshops that produce parts of the automotive, construction, and machine and in steel industry, foundry sand is used to mould foundry products (iron-steel industry and aluminium- and copper-based alloys).Foundry sand is used to prepare metal foundry moulds. For 1 ton of production, 4-5 tons of sand is required. This ratio may be changed based on the type of the metal that needs to be casted, part size, and moulding technique. Sands that contain more than 90% of silica and 7–15% clay (bentonite or kaolinite clay) and have a sintering temperature of over 1500°C are defined as foundry sands. Foundry sand disposal is a herculean task for the industrial sector in today’s scenario. In order to overcome this problem to some extent, it is required to convert it into some useful products. Hence, this project gains its importance for the effective utilization of foundry sand into foundry sand bricks

Brick sand particles as an adsorbent in column chromatography to remove heavy metals from solution

The column chromatography method was used with brick sand particles as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals (Cr, Fe, and Pb) from the aqueous solution. These metals can pollute water, and soil and also come in contact with the food chain, causing life-threatening health issues in the human body. The pore volume and the specific surface area of the brick sand particles were determined using the standard method which was 44.41% and 29.4 m2/g respectively. The different concentrations of toxic metals in the water solution were considered to determine the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. The adsorption methods were able to remove about 94% of Cr, 24% Pb, and 69% Fe from the aqueous solution. From the investigation results, we may conclude that raw brick sand particles can play a vital role as an adsorbent in the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater. Moreover, the saturated adsorbent can be used as an element of construction materials to prevent further pollution. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 59(1), 47-54, 2024

A Feasibility Study on the Development of Eco- Friendly Compressed Recycled Sand Brick Stabilized with Low Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Content

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License CTCSE.MS.ID.000746.

Geopolymer using different size fractions of recycled brick-based mixed demolition waste

Geopolymer using different size fractions of recycled brick-based mixed demolition waste

Potential of Pressmud Waste from Sugar Industry in Brick Manufacturing for Green Business and Sustainability

The construction industry in Malaysia is currently witnessing sustained expansion, as seen by the rising demand for residential properties, commercial structures, and other infrastructures throughout our country. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify suitable materials and proportions for manufacturing lightweight bricks utilizing industrial waste materials. This study investigates the feasibility of using pressmud, a sugarcane refinery waste, as a fine bio-aggregate for the production of construction materials. Binary blended cement-pressmud bricks were formed by mixing Ordinary Portland cement with pressmud at various weights percentages (50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10%). Various experiments were undertaken to investigate and compare the characteristics of pressmud bricks and commercial sand bricks. The experiments focused on density determination and compression tests (standard brick). The compression tests demonstrated that cement-pressmud bricks with a weight ratio of up to 20% exhibited a compatible strength to standard brick, with values ranging from 17.16 MPa to 23.01 MPa. The pressmud bricks exhibited reduced weight, with 10% and 20% variants weighing 17-23% less than the standard brick. Thus, it can be concluded that pressmud possesses significant potential as a bio-aggregate for producing lightweight and cost-effective construction materials when used in appropriate proportions.

Efficient and cost-effective adsorbent brick sand nanoparticles used for removal of heavy metals

ABSTRACT We are introducing cost effective, easily available brick sand nano-particles (BSNP) (44.208 nm) as an adsorbent in batch process for removal of heavy toxic metals such as Pb, Cd, and Cr from aqueous solution. We used two types of adsorbents, one is acid treated BSNP and other one is untreated BSNP, and investigated adsorbent properties with function of contact time, temperature, and pH. The efficiency or performance of adsorbent was characterized by AAS for percentage of removal from solution, EDS for elemental analysis to confirm the metals adsorption. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Hill De Boer, Elovich, and Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherms were studies to find out the quality of the adsorbent. At 5.68 to 7.6 pH, the maximum removal percentages of Pb, Cd, and Cr were 97% from the aqueous solution. The temperatures at 40℃ to 60℃, the Pb, Cd, and Cr experiments were carried out at their highest possible percentages (98%). The reaction process was pseudo-second order model and several thermodynamic factors, including Intraparticle diffusion, Elovich kinetic model, Boyd kinetic model, activation energy, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy change, and entropy change ensured the adsorbent efficiency of brick sand nanoparticles. The results of present research indicated that Brick Sand Nano-Particles (BSNP) may play a vital role as a cost-effective, efficient, and easily available adsorbent for the removal of Pb, Cd, and Cr from wastewater.

Mechanical Property Comparison of Geopolymer Brick Dried by Electrical and Passive Solar Devices with Phase Change Material (Paraffin Wax)

In geopolymer bricks (GPBs), fly ash content, which is waste from power plants, is converted into bricks by chemical treatment. GPBs can be dried by using appropriate curing methods. Conventionally, electric oven curing is one of the prominent methods. Using a solar dryer instead of an electric oven provides the added advantage of saving high-grade electrical energy. So, in this work, a solar dryer with the phase change material (PCM) paraffin wax and without a PCM is used for curing applications. GPBs gain an added advantage when compared to conventional bricks like cement and sand bricks in terms of strength. A GPB has been taken as a specimen for comparing the compressive strength, tensile split strength, and flexural strength of electrical-energy-based curing and solar-energy-based curing. It has been experimentally observed that solar-energy-based curing with and without a PCM exhibits higher compressive strength, higher tensile split strength, and flexural strength when compared to electrical-energy-based curing. Solar curing with a PCM shows higher compressive strength, higher tensile split strength, and higher flexural strength when compared to solar curing without a PCM. Open solar curing is a traditional technique, but nowadays, aggressive climatic conditions can lead to severe damage to geopolymers. The novelty of this work is the study of the effect of PCMs like paraffin wax in solar drying on the curing time and the mechanical properties of GPBs.