Bottled Drinking Water Samples Research Articles

Sensitive Determination of Alkali Metals by Liquid Anode Glow Discharge-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (LAGD-AES)

Liquid anode glow discharge-atomic emission spectrometry (LAGD-AES) was employed for the determination of alkali metals in brine and bottled drinking water samples. The results demonstrated that the optimum operating conditions are a discharge voltage of 630 V, a flow rate of 2.0 mL min−1, a supporting electrolyte solution of pH 1.7 HNO3, and a discharge gap of 0.5 mm. Alkaline-earth ions (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, and Sr2+) and Cr3+ interfere with the determination of alkali metals. The limits of detection (LODs) for the alkali metals, namely cesium (Cs), potassium (K), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and rubidium (Rb) are 135, 6.21, 3.15, 7.57, and 31.1 µg L−1, respectively. The relative standard deviations are less than 5%, and the power consumption is approximately 13 W. The obtained results are in good agreement with the certified standard value for Li in the certified reference material and are consistent with the values obtained by ICP-OES and reference standards for K and Na in real samples. The concentrations of the Cs and Rb are considerably below the LAGD-AES detection limit. Consequently, they can be considered negligible. The results of the spiked water analysis are broadly consistent with the spiked values, with recoveries from 82% to 112%. LAGD-AES is an excellent technique for the sensitive determination of alkali metals due to its compact design, no requirement for inert gas, and low energy consumption.

Determination of trace and heavy metals in bottled drinking water in Yemen by ICP-MS

This study assessed the concentrations of several trace and heavy metals in bottled drinking water. A total of 27 samples were collected from Yemeni markets. The ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) technique was utilized to analyze the levels of Li, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Rb, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb, and U. Furthermore, the study also examined the levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH in the collected samples. The concentrations of the elements in the bottled drinking water samples were compared to the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) values for these elements in drinking water, set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Yemen’s Ministry of Water and Environment (YMWE). The limit of detection (LOD) and recovery ranged from 0.0003 to 1.86 μg/l, 80 to 120 %, respectively. Only trace elements Mn and Pb were detected in all samples at concentrations below the LOD. Out of the elements examined, only Hg exceeded the acceptable limits defined by both the WHO and YMWE in most of the samples.

Modulation of the enzyme-like activity of CuAsp nanozyme by gallic acid and the selective detection of bisphenol A in infant food packaging.

The activity modulation of nanozymes with multi-enzymatic activities has both opportunities and challenges in practical applications. In this study, we found firstly that gallic acid erosion had a significant inhibitory effect on the peroxidase-catalyzed colorimetric reaction process of copper aspartate nanozyme prepared based on aspartic acid and copper (CuAsp), and the laccase-like catalytic activity remained almost unchanged. A sensing strategy for bisphenol A was then developed based on the laccase-like activity of GA-CuAsp synthesized by gallic acid (GA) acid erosion of CuAsp, which may have less interference due to the peroxidase-like activity. The developed sensing strategy had good selectivity and interference resistant ability, with a detection limit of 0.75 μmol L-1. In addition, the method was successfully applied to detecting BPA in plastic bottled drinking water samples and infant food packaging.

Ultra-trace analysis of chromium ions (Cr3+/Cr6+) in water sample using selective fluorescence turn-off sensor with natural carbon dots mixed graphene quantum dots nanohybrid composite synthesis by pyrolysis

This study was aimed to implement the one-pot pyrolysis for hybrid nanomaterial synthesis consisting of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) from solid citric acid and carbon dots (CDs) which was hydrothermally derived from the herbal plant extract of “Houttuynia cordata”, denoted as Carbon Dots mixed Graphene Quantum Dots (CDs@GQDs). The nanohybrid were structurally characterized by XPS, FT-IR, Fluorescence, and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy, and their morphological images were also analyzed by HR-TEM and FE-SEM/EDX. The quantum yield was found to be 15 %, higher than that of intact CDs or GQDs. Upon excitation at a maximum wavelength of 355 nm, and emission in the 450 nm. In this case, it was observed that the nanohybrid exhibit a high degree of selectivity towards Cr6+ ion when employed as a fluorescence quenching sensor from screening test with different metal ions. Therefore, the optimization conditions of solution pH, concentration of nanohybrid, H2O2 concentration as an oxidizing agent, reaction duration time with the aid of ultrasonication were carried out in details and the permissible limit of Cr3+ presence in the target analyte was all undertaken in order to enhance the detection of Cr6+ species. Its linear calibration curve was such y = 0.37x + 55.7, with a coefficient of determination (r2) value of 0.9816. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 17.2 nM, and 52.2 nM. Consequently, the nanohybrid as a green chelating agent in the selective assessment of ultra-trace amount of Cr6+ in spiked water sample model was also done with good recoveries in both bottled drinking water and tap water samples ranging from 102.86 to 114.23 %.

Chamotte Clay: A Natural Adsorbent for Separation and Preconcentration of Aluminium

The adsorption behavior of aluminium ions on chamotte clay has been studied in this study. Chamotte clay has been used for the first time for determination of trace levels of aluminium in aqueous solutions. Quantitative adsorption and recovery of aluminium were both rapid and reached an equilibrium in 30 minutes. Aluminium was detected based on the formation of the highly fluorescent Al(III)-morin complex. Two linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range of 0.5-10 µg L-1 and 10-100 µg L-1 with the detection limits of 0.12 µg L-1 and 1.12 µg L-1, respectively. Chamotte clay was characterized by scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Different isotherm models were evaluated and the results showed that the adsorption study was fitted to Freundlich isotherm and a favorable and multilayer adsorption of aluminium was occurred on the heterogeneous surface of the chamotte clay. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of aluminium adsorption were also investigated. Various experimental parameters were optimized and the method has been applied to tap and bottled drinking water samples and quantitative recoveries were obtained. The results demonstrated that the chamotte clay, as a natural clay, was expected to be a promising adsorbent for the determination and preconcentration of the trace levels of analyte in real samples.

Distance-based paper analytical device for the determination of dissolved inorganic carbon concentration in freshwater

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) levels in freshwaters play a key role in the equilibrium of the carbon cycle between the atmosphere, water and living beings. Standard classical methods for DIC determination generally involve bulky and expensive equipment used in centralized laboratories, resulting in time-consuming processes that do not allow for adequate monitoring in the field. In order to address this challenge, we have developed a distance-based paper analytical device (PAD) for on-site determination of DIC in water. The portable, cost-effective and easy-to-use device was based on the miniaturization and integration of a classical acid-base colorimetric titration on a paper channel, enabling an accurate determination of DIC in less than 20 min. The length of the blue colored line in the detection channel after being filled with the sample was related to the DIC concentration in the sample. The reagent solution used to modify the titration channel was optimized so that DIC concentrations in the range 50–1000 mg L−1 could be measured. The long-term stability of the paper-based device was also evaluated, demonstrating a working stability for more than 70 days after their fabrication, an important characteristic for in-the-field analysis. Finally, the PAD was validated with different water samples, i.e. tap water, commercial bottled drinking water and water samples from a mine, with excellent agreement between the results obtained from the PAD and the standard method. This demonstrates the high potential of the proposed paper analytical device to quantify DIC in situ by minimally-trained personnel without the need for peripheral equipment, which represents an important advance compared to the current limited analysis systems.

Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Areas of Lahore

Access to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered) from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional 45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli, Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E. coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7 (15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%) bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards.

Determination of trace cobalt ions in bottled drinking water samples from Fiji Island by spray-assisted fine droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction based on simultaneous complexation and extraction before flame atomic absorption spectrometer measurement

In this study, a green, simple and effective preconcentration method named as spray-assisted fine droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (SAFDF-LPME) before the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) measurement for cobalt determination was developed. The method reduces the external dispersive solvent usage by using a simple spraying apparatus to obtain fine droplets of the extraction solvent. SAFDF-LPME method also consists of simultaneous complexation and extraction which indicates the environmental benevolence of the developed method. This method minimized the relative errors with high repeatability and accuracy by reducing the experimental steps. The influential parameters such as buffer type, buffer solution volume, extraction solvent/ligand solution volume (spraying cycle), and mixing period were systematically optimized by the univariate optimization procedure. With the optimum parameters applied, the detection power of the FAAS system was enhanced to about 110-folds with respect to 2.2ngmL-1 detection limit calculated for the proposed method. Bottled drinking water samples from Fiji Islands were used to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method for the accurate determination of trace cobalt in real sample matrices. Percent recovery results obtained between 95.5 and 88.5% showed the suitability of the developed method in the determination of cobalt at trace levels even in complex sample matrices.

Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water and Food in a Rural Community

Safe water and food are essential for good human health. The contamination of water with infected fecal bacteria is common in areas with poor standards of hygiene and sanitation. This study investigated total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E.coli in drinking water and food stalls using water from a rural community, where the rural living conditions increase the risk of water-related diseases. In total, 40 samples of bottled drinking water, 50 water samples from vending machines, 30 samples of household drinking water, 30 food samples were collected from household food, and 60 food samples were collected from food stalls, and coliform bacteria contamination was determined using the most probable number (MPN) technique. The results revealed that all the water and food samples contained coliform bacteria contamination, while all the water samples and 50% of the food samples contained fecal coliform bacteria. The numbers of household food samples contaminated with coliform bacteria and E.coli were 29 (97%) and 12 (40%), respectively. Entrepreneurs should be regularly maintaining clean drinking water vending machines. The government sector should be urgently solving the problem of drinking water standards to ensure suitable consumer safety.

Carbon/Alginate/Chitosan Composite as a Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction and Preconcentration of Cu(II)

Carbon/Alginate/Chitosan Composite (CAC) as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of Cu(II) (pre-concentration) with atomic absorption spectrometry for analysis was successfully prepared. The sorbent was made with a mass ratio of chitosan:alginate:carbon = 1:1:1. CAC sorbents were characterized using FTIR for functional group analysis while SEM-EDX characterization was performed to determine surface morphology and percentage of elements. SPE parameters were optimized for adsorption-desorption efficiency under various conditions, i.e. of pH 5, Cu(II) concentration of 4 mg/L, the flow rate of Cu(II), and Na2EDTA eluent at 5 mL/min, the volume of Cu(II) sample and Na2EDTA eluent 25 mL and 1.0 M of Na2EDTA eluent concentration. Applying CAC-based SPE for Cu(II) analysis in water samples at optimum conditions gave 80.9–83.6% recovery. In bottled drinking water samples, a pre-concentration factor of 2.5–5 times was obtained, and the Cu(II) concentration of 0.017–0.020 mg/L was detected.

Assessing microplastic characteristics in bottled drinking water and air deposition samples using laser direct infrared imaging

There is an urgent need for data on microplastics (MPs) in uptake media relevant to humans. Here we apply Laser Direct Infra-Red (LDIR) spectroscopy for the rapid analysis of MP> 10 µm in clean matrices such as bottled drinking water and (deposited) air samples, using strict QA/QC criteria. Nine water bottles of three different brands were found to contain on average 96 particles/L (range 7–364, median 44 particles/L) with polymer abundances in the order polyethylene terephthalate and/or polyurethane > polyamide > polyvinylchloride. Further, for laboratory and household rooms, MP deposition rates were measured, ranging from 0 to 573 particles m−2 h−1. For household deposition samples, these rates translate to 7 MP (range 0–16) consumed in an average meal. Polyethylene terephthalate and/or polyurethane > polyamide > polypropylene were the most abundant polymers. We find a statistically significant positive relationship between the total surface area of textile per unit of room volume (m2/m3) and the deposition of MP. Power law distributions for particle width, height, area, volume and mass were constructed for both sample types, with slopes ranging from 1.9 to 3.8. LDIR appears to be a relatively fast MP measurement method, with MP recovery during sample preparation as a potential improvement point.

Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements in Bottled Drinking Water-Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risks Assessment in Adults via Ingestion.

The presence of potentially toxic elements in drinking water can be dangerous for human health because of their bioaccumulation and toxicity, which is a huge concern for many researchers. In the case of bottled water, the exposure to toxic elements is achieved, especially by ingestion, leading to disorders of important functions of the human body. The aim of this study was the detection of some potentially toxic elements, from 50 samples of bottled drinking water, available on the Romanian market. Based on obtained concentrations, an assessment of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk was performed. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements analyzed were below the maximum allowable limits, for all contaminants, excluding Pb and Fe. Moreover, the results of total risk via ingestion, showed that 30% of samples had an Hazard Quotient (HQ) < 1, and 70% had an HQ > 1; which implies a potential risk following the consumption of those samples. Concerning total cancer risk, 28% of the samples are in the acceptable level, while 72% of the samples are considered harmful and can lead to a type of cancer after repeated exposure. The study concluded that long term use of bottled water of poor quality may pose a hazard to human health; it is helpful for inhabitants to avoid ingestion of contaminated water.

Potentially toxic element contamination of drinking water consumed in Cappadocia region (Turkey) and health risk assessment

ABSTRACT In this study, the concentrations of anions and potentially toxic elements in thirty-four drinking water samples consumed in the Nevşehir province located in the Cappadocia region were determined to assess their chemical quality for human consumption using an ion chromatography system and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The average concentrations of Cl, F, NO3, and SO4 2 analysed in tap and bottled drinking water samples were found as 19,485, 521, 31,840 and 34,456 μg L−1 and 2290, 35, 2631 and 5242, μg L−1, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, Sr, Hg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn analysed in tap water samples were found as 5.2, 2.4, 2.4, 429.0, 1.7, 12.7, 94.7, 1.7, 1.3 and 199.5 μg L−1, respectively. The chemical analysis results obtained were compared with permissible maximum concentrations set by the national and international regulations. The Pb concentrations analysed in two tap water samples are above the maximum concentration of 10 µg L−1. The Hg concentrations analysed in 54% and 62% of tap and bottled drinking water samples are above the maximum concentration of 1 µg L−1, respectively. Also, average daily dose (ADD), health quotient (HQ), and cancer risk index (CRI) were estimated for adults to assess the health hazards caused by potentially toxic elements in drinking water samples. The HQ values estimated for selected potentially toxic elements are below the risk limit of 1 and there is no significant non–carcinogenic risk to the exposed adults. The average values of CRI estimated for As in three tap water samples and Cd in tap and bottled water samples exceeded the safe index range and these elements can pose a significant carcinogenic risk to the exposed adults.

A sensitive approach for screening acetylcholinesterase inhibition of water samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive assay was developed to evaluate inhibitory effects of aqueous solution on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity via measuring hydrolysis rates of acetylcholine (ACh) based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Upon having identified precursor ions and product ions of the ACh and its hydrolysis products choline (Ch), the separation chromatogram for these two analytes has been established using a 50 mm reverse-phase BEH Shield RP18 column. The total chromatographic separation time is 7 min; limits of detection (LODs) for ACh and Ch are 0.14 µg L−1 and 0.12 µg L−1, respectively. A simple method for inactivation of AChE and optimization of operational parameters were then sequentially performed. It was found that adjusting solution pH to 2.5 not only can terminate the enzymatic reaction but also solve band shifting and broadening caused by aqueous matrices in chromatographic separation during UPLC-MS/MS detection. Under conditions of 0.00075 U mL−1 AChE, initial concentration of ACh at 100 µg L−1 and 20 min observation time, IC50 values of the proposed assay for chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon, methidathion oxon, omethoate and paraoxon were 3.5 nM, 16.8 nM, 2.4 nM, 6.8 nM, 270 nM and 36.9 nM, respectively. They are 4.5–51.9 times smaller than those reported in a LC-MS based method, and >120 times lower than those obtained by the traditional Ellman method. The results suggested that, the proposed assay significantly increases the sensitivity of commercial AChE. In addition, inhibition efficiencies of three surface waters, a groundwater and four commercial brands of bottled drinking water samples on AChE activity were firstly measured using this UPLC-MS/MS based method. These water samples were proved to have different inhibitory effects on AChE activity, and the inhibition efficiencies dependent on concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) but are independent of UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) values. These results indicate that the proposed method has advantages of high sensitivity over all other conventional methods. It may become a promising AChE inhibition assay for assessing toxicity of aqueous solution containing neurotoxicity contaminants such as organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) at low levels, or used to evaluate potential inhibition effects of natural waters on AChE activity.

Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Areas of Lahore

Access to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered) from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional 45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli, Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E. coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7 (15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%) bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards.

A Novel Hydrogen Fluoride Assisted-Glass Surface Etching Based Liquid Phase Microextraction for the Determination of 4-n-Nonylphenol in Water by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Matrix Matching Strategy.

A novel extraction method named hydrogen fluoride assisted-glass surface etching based liquid phase microextraction (HF-GSE-LPME) was proposed to determine 4-n-nonylphenol at trace levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After the evaluation of system analytical performance for the HF-GSE-LPME-GC-MS system, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were calculated as 7.1 and 23.8 ng/g, respectively. Enhancement in detection power of the method was determined to be 22 fold when LOD values of the GC-MS and HF-GSE-LPME-GC-MS systems were compared with each other. Applicability and accuracy of the established method were checked by performing spiking experiments. A matrix matching calibration strategy was applied to boost the accuracy of quantification in both matrices, and the percent recovery results obtained for bottled drinking water and dam lake water samples were in the range of 98 - 107 and 90 - 117%, respectively.

Nitrite and Nitrate Levels in Groundwater, Water Distribution Network, Bottled Water and Juices in Iran: A Systematic Review.

Nitrate and nitrite can get into the body through the consumption of contaminated water either directly or indirectly. The accumulation of these compounds in the body, in the long run, leads to health problems, for example, digestive disorders, cancers, and even death threats in children. The aim of this review was to investigate nitrate and nitrite pollution levels in drinking water and fruit juices in Iran. In this review, data were collected through searching the Scientific Information Database, Science-Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Magiran databases using the keywords Nitrate, Nitrite, Drinking water, Drinking Water Resources, Juice and Iran. Finally, the location of the studies was geocoded through the Google My Maps (https://www.google.com/mymaps) software. Studies clearly indicated that the juices are safe in terms of nitrate. Nitrate and nitrite values were less than the national and international standards in all samples of bottled drinking water except for a few of the studies. The results of the reviewed studies also indicated that the nitrate content was higher than that written on the label in 96% of the samples, and nitrite was not labeled in 80% of them. The nitrate quantity was higher than the permissible limit in the water distribution network of Bushehr, Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. Talesh, Ardabil, Hashtgerd, Divandareh, and Kerman cities had high nitrate levels in more than 50% of wells. Using nitrogen fertilizers and the lack of a wastewater treatment system were the main reasons for the presence of nitrate and nitrite.

ANALISA ORGANOLEPTIK DAN MIKROBIOLOGI AMDK DAN AMIU YANG DIJUAL SEKITAR KAMPUS UMKU

This study is intended to find the quality of bottled drinking water (AMDK) and drinking water (AMIU) sold around University of Muhammadiyah Kudus, in terms of organoleptic and microbiological parameters in drinking water according to SNI 01-3554-2006 and PMK No. 492 of 2010. The test is carried out using 10 sample of drinking water. They are 7 sample of AMDK (Ades, Airmu, Aqua, Cleo, Crystalin, Le mineral and Vit) and 3 sample of AMIU (Pasuruhan, Prambatan and Purwosari depots). The research consists of organoleptic and mikrobiologi (TPC, presence of E. coli and total coliform). The results of research shows that the organoleptik of all samples is in normal condition. Whereas, microbiologically, the TPC results before dilution were only Cleo and Ades which were suitable for consumption because they were absent from bacterial contamination. While the TPC results after dilution, testing the difference between E. Coli and Total coliform resulted in 7 samples of bottled drinking water which were safe and feasible as drinking water according to SNI 01-3553-2006 and 3 samples AMIU does not fulfil PMK No. 492/2010, as drinking water requirements.

Determination of optimal PSA for the measurement of gross alpha and beta radioactivity in ‎water samples by LSC

Measurement and determination of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in water are important in all societies and countries of the world because of their adiobiological risks and is part of the goals of standards and public health organizations. Liquid scintillation counting technique is one of the best methods for simultaneously measuring alpha and beta-particle-emitting in water. In this technique, due to the overlap of spectra of alpha and beta, evaluation of the alpha and beta interference and the appropriate PSA value is very important for sample counting rate. The purpose of this work is to measure the activity concentration of gross alpha and beta in bottled water and compare them with the allowable limit and international standards. To achieve the goal of this research, the work was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, the alpha and beta interference and the appropriate PSA are obtained using two standard solutions of americium-241 and strontium-90 with activity of 21 and 40 Bq. In phase 2, The 10 bottled drinking water samples from different brands are analyzed using LSC. The results of the sample counting showed appropriate PSA value of 110 for the measurement of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in water. The measurement results showed that the gross alpha and beta activity concentrations were 41-62 mBqL-1 and 57-85 mBqL-1 which are below the allowable limit by comparing the standard limits.

Simultaneous extraction of six phthalic acid esters from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottled water using poly (ionic liquid) functionalised silica coated-iron oxide nanoparticles: a risk assessment study

ABSTRACT In this research, a poly (ionic liquid) functionalised silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles were synthesised for the first time and utilised as a novel adsorbent for the simultaneous extraction of six phthalic acid esters from polyethylene terephthalate bottled drinking water samples. The adsorbent was prepared by grafting poly (1-benzyl-3-vinyl-1 H-imidazol-3-ium chloride) onto silica-coated Fe3O4nanoparticles via Cu(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerisation method. Various techniques were used to characterise the synthesised nanomaterials. A qualitative analysis was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple–quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimise the extraction procedure and the optimised condition for each factor was; pH of3.9, 22 mg of adsorbent, 3.5 min extraction time, 3 min desorption time, 340 µL of elution solvent (methanol).The results of the validation of the method indicated its acceptable accuracy (88.6-100.1%), good linearity (r > 0.995), satisfactory repeatabilities (RSDs ≤ 6% for intra- and inter–day precisions) and high enrichment factors (535–572). The limits of detection and limits of quantification of the proposed method achieved were 1.1-4.6 ngL–1and 3.6-15.3 ngL–1, respectively. In this study, six common PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n–octyl phthalate, were found in PET bottled water within the range of 0.21-0.94 μgL–1, under different storage conditions. Nevertheless, only a negligible risk is caused by the PAEs in PET bottled water for consumers following the recommendations, such as storing at a common place (25°C), in a short period away from the sun.