Sample Survey Research Articles

Consumption Growth and Inequalities in Rural and Urban India

This article analyzes changes in monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) across Indian states between 2011–2012 and 2022–2023, using data from the National Sample Survey’s Household Consumption Expenditure Survey. During this period, rural MPCE grew by 40.4%, surpassing the 33.4% increase recorded in urban areas. Bihar posted the highest growth in both rural and urban segments. States with lower initial MPCE experienced faster growth, indicating a convergence in consumption levels across states in both rural and urban regions. The analysis highlights a persistent inverse relationship between total MPCE and the share of food expenditure. MPCE inequality remains more pronounced in urban areas and in non-food spending; however, it has declined over time, reflecting more inclusive growth—particularly for lower-income deciles. Overall, the findings suggest a broad-based rise in consumption, diversification of spending patterns and a gradual narrowing of well-being disparities, with food now accounting for less than 50% of total consumption. JEL Codes: D63, D31

Information intervention and farmers’ green technology adoption: evidence from perspective of risk perception

The adoption of green technology by farmers contributes to the green transformation of agricultural production. It is also crucial for ensuring the safety of agricultural products, and protecting the ecological environment. Based on a survey sample of 213 households in Henan province and using a difference-in-differences model, we investigate the effect of an information intervention on farmers’ green technology adoption. We find that the information intervention significantly promotes farmers’ green technology adoption. We also find that the information intervention changes farmers’ income risk perception, safety risk perception and health risk perception. Furthermore, the effect of the information intervention on green technology adoption is more pronounced for farmers with high information literacy and social learning than for those with low information literacy and social learning. Our finding reveals the mechanism by which information interventions influence farmers’ green technology adoption and provides some policy implications for green agricultural development from the perspective of information interventions.

Nuclear memories for the future: Gaps and forgetting in European publics’ understandings of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Using two novel surveys of representative samples of Europeans in nine countries, we identify two gaps in Europeans’ understandings of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. First, there is a gap in awareness of Hiroshima versus Nagasaki, which obscures the potential significance of the Nagasaki bombing for evaluating the morality and controllability of nuclear explosions. Second, there exists a gap between older and younger generations’ knowledge and perceptions of the bombing. Younger generations perceive the bombings as overall less impactful yet do not have alternative memories of nuclear events. The dominance of Hiroshima over both Nagasaki and other nuclear-historical events is explored in terms of its implications for Europeans’ ability to understand the possibility of future nuclear harms. We put forward global nuclear testing and cases of the lucky avoidance of nuclear explosions as productive ways to supplement currently existing memories and to connect them to the future.

The Mediating Role of Revenge on Perceived Psychological Contract Breach and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Academics in Ghana

The relationship between psychological contract breach (PCB) and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) in the context of the higher education sector is missing in the available literature. Through structural equation Model (SEM), this study seeks to bridge this gap by investigating the mediating role of revenge in the relationship between perceived PCB and CWBs among academics in higher learning institutions. A self-reported questionnaire and a survey sampling technique was used to collect data from 716 academics in selected Technical Universities in Ghana. The result established a positive significant relationship between PCB and revenge. PCB and revenge feeling positively affected both individual and organisational focus counterproductive work behaviours (CWB-IF and CWB-OF). Revenge partially mediates the relationship between PCB CWB-I and CWB-O. The effect of revenge feeling, and PCB on CWB-I is greater than on the CWB-O. Practical implications towards promoting a harmonious and productive work environment are discussed. Received: 28 April 2025 / Accepted: 28 June 2025 / Published: 08 July 2025

Research on Carbon Sink Performance of Blue-Green Landscape Spaces in the Wuhan Garden Expo Park

Investigating the carbon sink performance of urban blue-green spaces can help guide reasonable construction of urban carbon pools and enable to scientific assessment of carbon sinks. Among the existing studies, there are few mesoscale studies and comprehensive benefits of blue-green spaces are rarely investigated. Thus, this study attempted to perform a a long-term follow-up investigation of the Wuhan Garden Expo Park, which was built five years ago. In particular, attention was paid to the comprehensive assessment of the carbon sink capacity of blue-green spaces formed by water bodies and green spaces in the Park. Spatial and ecological data on the Park was acquired using ENVI and GIS software and was based on construction drawings and on-site sampling surveys. Vegetation, soil, and water environments in the Park were assessed with reference to the National Tree Benefit Calculator of the USA and the biomass estimation method. The main findings are as follows: ( 1) The total carbon sink in the blue-green space is about 111,485.4 tons; (2) Vegetation and soil are major contributors to the total carbon sink, accounting for 62.9% and 36. 96% ; (3) Vegetation with high carbon sink capacity, such as trees with strong carbon sinks, can significantly improve the carbon sink performanc of green spaces; (4) Permeable soils significantly contribute to carbon sinks; (5) Water in the blue-green space only accounts for 0. 14% of the carbon sink. However, aquatic vegetation in wetlands can improve the carbon sinking potential of water bodies. This study provides a reference for future mesoscale research on carbon sink performance assessment in urban areas.

How Does the Unified Model of Electronic Government Acceptance and Service Quality Frame Rural Citizens’ Continuous Behavioural Intention and Attitudes Towards E-government Services in the Indian Context

This research study employed the Unified Model of Electronic Government Acceptance (UMEGA) theoretical model to examine rural citizens’ attitudes and continuous behavioural intentions towards e-government service to enhance sustainable livelihood in Karnataka, India. The present studies employed quantitative and convenient sampling methods to collect 497 self-reported survey samples from rural citizens in Karnataka, India. A partial least square-structural equation modelling method was used to analyse survey data and hypothesis testing. Findings suggest that performance expectancy, information quality, social influence, trust in village-level entrepreneurs (VLEs), service quality and facilitating conditions significantly influence rural citizens’ attitudes towards the continuous intention of digital public service. Hence, perceived risk negatively affects rural citizens’ attitudes towards the continuous intention of e-government services. Furthermore, rural citizens’ trust in VLE factors moderates between attitudes and continuous intention. This study was the first to explore an integrated analysis of UMEGA, service and information quality and trust in framing rural citizens’ continuous behavioural intention towards e-government services. These findings contribute to government, appointing agencies, academic, rural social communities and local panchayats to implement policymaking decisions to reach more accessible Grama One public service to rural and remote area peoples in the Indian context.

Older Adults’ Behaviors and Preferences for Seeking Sexual Health Information

Objectives Sexual expression is important to many older adults, but this population may be overlooked by sexual health campaigns and services. This study sought to understand the sexual health information-seeking behaviors and preferences of older adults, including whether and where they seek this information, the characteristics associated with seeking it, as well as satisfaction, preferences, and reasons for not seeking it. Methods The data were gathered in 2021 via a cross-sectional online survey of Australians aged 60 and over. There were seven quantitative outcomes and one set of free-text comments. Quantitative outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2 test, and logistic regression. The free-text comments were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results The survey sample was comprised of 1,470 respondents with an equal balance of men (49.9%) and women (49.7%) and a median age of 69 years (range of 60–92 years). Findings showed that 41.2% (602/1,461; 95%CI 38.7–43.7) had sought information, and 63.6% were satisfied with the information found. Being male, STI testing, online dating, age 70–79, and urban-living were associated with information-seeking. Healthcare providers were the most utilized and trusted information source, and many respondents were willing to look online. One in five did not seek information when they needed it, outlining various barriers preventing them from doing so. Conclusions Many older adults seek sexual health information, and with some experiencing access barriers and one-third unsatisfied, there is room for improvement. Relevant, accessible information should be provided by healthcare professionals and credible websites.

Assessment of risk factors for the development of osteoporosis among the population of Petropavlovsk

This article is devoted to the study of risk factors for the development of osteoporosis, focused on the survey of patients assigned to polyclinics. The authors carried out a comprehensive analysis of the influence of age, gender, genetic predisposition, level of physical activity and nutrition on the likelihood of developing osteoporosis in patients of various age and sociodemographic groups.The methodology of the study included a survey of a large sample of patients visiting polyclinics, followed by summarizing the final data in the form of diagrams. As a result, key risk factors and their interrelationships with the development of osteoporosis were identified. The data obtained are presented in a visual form, which provides ease of interpretation and allows you to highlight the most significant aspects.Based on the conducted research, the authors conclude that it is necessary to take these factors into account when assessing the risk of osteoporosis and developing individualized approaches to prevention and treatment. The results of the work can be useful for general practitioners specializing in the prevention and early diagnosis of osteoporosis, as well as for the development of social programs to improve public health.

Understanding health knowledge failures: uncertainty versus misinformation

Studies of health literacy often employ knowledge measures and typically focus on the correct answers as reflections of the level of (accurate) knowledge and literacy. The wrong answers are treated as failures but usually without further consideration. This paper argues for the importance of distinguishing two forms of knowledge failure—being uninformed(uncertain about information) and being misinformed(believing objectively wrong information)—because of their differing effects on communication responses and associated judgments and decisions. A measure is developed from the incorrect answers indicating error due to uncertainty versus error due to misinformation. In a survey of a representative sample survey of Swiss adults, the uninformed are more likely than the misinformed to hold positive beliefs and attitudes toward vaccination, recommend them to others, and received more vaccinations themselves. The effects are distinguished from those of objective knowledge and suggest that the misinformed form a distinctive group. The importance of separately measuring and understanding knowledge failures to consumer judgement, decision, and welfare are discussed.

Vaccination behaviour of immigrants and native Icelanders during COVID-19

This article examines the COVID-19 vaccination behaviour of immigrants in Iceland by comparing it to the behaviour of native Icelanders. Little to no information has previously been available on this subject in Iceland. However, mapping the situation is an important prerequisite for guiding further research in this field, as well as providing insight into whether and to what extent vaccine hesitancy among immigrants constitutes a public health issue in Iceland. The data used in this analysis come from the fifth round of the Directorate of Health's survey Health and Well-being, conducted in 2022. The survey was a sample survey, and in this round, the sample was expanded to include both native Icelanders and a sample drawn from the population of foreign nationals aged 18 and older who had resided in Iceland for three years prior to the survey. The results show a significant difference in vaccination behaviour between native Icelanders and immigrants, particularly among immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe. Only 32% of Polish immigrants and 43% of other immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe received three doses of the vaccine, compared to 73% of Icelanders. Trust in the Directorate of Health, economic status, and social participation predict vaccination behaviour, whereas trust in the media or the healthcare system as a whole does not. Greater emphasis should be placed on strengthening trust in vaccination authorities, such as the Directorate of Health and the Chief Epidemiologist. Additionally, economic status and social participation of specific groups should be considered to effectively influence the vaccination behaviour of immigrants.

Digital Literacy and Food Consumption Structure: Evidence from Rural China.

Background/Objectives: Healthy diets and proper nutrition are fundamental for human survival. With economic development and rising incomes, the food consumption structure of rural residents in China has noticeably changed. However, substantial disparities still exist in the quality of food consumption between urban and rural areas, and the dietary structure of rural populations remains imbalanced. Methods: This study uses 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) samples of rural residents for analysis since it asked residents questions about their digital literacy and food consumption. A total of 2827 valid rural resident samples were finally obtained, and the participants had a mean age of 54.844 years. This study employs the ordinary least squares (OLS) model and the two-stage least squares (2SLS) method to examine the impact of digital literacy on the food consumption structure of rural households and its underlying mechanisms. Results: Based on the regression analyses, digital literacy significantly improves the food consumption structure of rural residents (p < 0.05). Heterogeneity analysis shows that at the regional level, digital literacy has a stronger impact on the food consumption structure of rural residents in southern China (β = -153.255, p < 0.05); at the individual level, its impact is more pronounced among rural residents with lower educational attainment (β = -427.506, p < 0.01) and among middle-aged and elderly populations (β = -212.705, p < 0.05). The mechanism analysis reveals that digital literacy can enhance the food consumption structure of rural residents by increasing their awareness of dietary health and food safety. Conclusions: These findings highlight the necessity of integrating the optimization of food consumption structures with enhancements in digital literacy into policy-making and provides valuable insights for developing policies aimed at improving the nutritional health of rural residents.

Association between dietary intake and urinary concentrations of caffeine and caffeine metabolites and elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) among men at risk for prostate cancer.

Prostatic chronic inflammation has been found to be associated with prostate cancer risk. Caffeine intake has shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. The relationship between caffeine and prostatic inflammation remains not known. We examined whether dietary intake and urinary concentration of caffeine and its metabolites are associated with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, a surrogate marker of prostatic inflammation, among prostate cancer-free men. Cancer-free men, aged ≥ 40years, with dietary caffeine intake and serum PSA results were identified from the 2001-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Elevated serum PSA was based on age- and race-specific definitions. Weighted logistic regression analysis with survey sample weights was used to examine the association between dietary intake and urinary concentration of caffeine and its metabolites and elevated serum PSA. There were 5,456 men included. Approximately 6.4% of them had an elevated serum PSA. Men with an elevated serum PSA (geometric mean: 63.4mg) had statistically significantly lower dietary caffeine intake compared to men with a normal serum PSA (geometric mean: 80.9mg) (p value < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, dietary caffeine intake and urinary caffeine and its metabolites concentrations were not statistically significantly associated with elevated serum PSA. Men with elevated serum PSA had lower dietary caffeine intake compared to men with a normal serum PSA. However, dietary caffeine intake and urinary caffeine concentration were not associated with elevated serum PSA, after adjusting for confounders. Prospective studies that investigate relationships among caffeine intake and prostatic inflammation are warranted.

Driving Factors of the Digital economy Under the Moderating Impact of Social Factors: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam

In the context of the intense global wave of digitalization, with data and technology playing a leading role, the digital economy has become a key factor in the development of countries. The digital transformation process is accelerating to build a robust digital economy with global competitiveness in emerging markets like Vietnam. This research aims to identify the factors driving the digital economy in Vietnam. Using 355 survey samples and quantitative analysis methods such as reliability testing, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and MMR hierarchical regression analysis, combined with regulatory variable testing on the Macro Process. The results reveal that digital infrastructure, R&amp;D and innovation, enterprise capacity, international economic integration, government policies, the market, and human capital have a direct impact on driving the digital economy in Vietnam. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that social factors not only positively moderates the relationships between these factors and the digital economy but also directly impacts it. Based on these results, several implications are suggested to optimize existing potentials and further promote the development of the digital economy in Vietnam.

Impact of Federalism on District Market: A Case Study of Charikot

This study aims to examine the factors that contribute to establishment of business sustainability to the long-term survival of businesses in the markets of Dolakha district, specifically in Charikot bazaar after the adoption of federalism. The study uses descriptive research design including questionnaires and field observations tools. The major source of data is sample survey. The main findings of the study show the existing ongoing business in Charikot market, status of involvement of businessmen, the type of business, the returns earned from the existing businesses founded at different times using various funding sources, and the state of interest rates. Furthermore, with the introduction of federalism, the market is influenced by several causes such as market decentralization, increasing interest rates, diminishing business, low return, high rental rates and so on, which had an impact on the continued operation of businesses in the market. Eventually, the study indicates that federalism has both positive and negative effects on district markets, influencing aspects such as market competitiveness, local governance arrangements and economic possibilities. However, the study also found that implementing federalism confronts challenges. To overcome those challenges, the local government must enforce the reviving measures of migrated and discontinued business through formulate effective policies and policymaker must improve the trade policy. Promoting tourism destinations, establishing high-quality educational institutions, providing lower interest rates, and extending payment periods to support ongoing commercial operations are the major reviving measures of business sustainability in Charikot market.

Assessment of Soil Physical Properties of Barog Dhillon Watershed in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh under Different Land Uses

The present investigation was conducted to assess the physical characteristics of soils under various land uses—agricultural land, forest land, grassland, and scrubland, in a project and non-project areas of the Barog-Dhillon watershed Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. A survey of random sampling was carried out, and representative soil samples were collected from two profiles of depth: 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm. Indicators for soil physical health assessment included bulk density, particle density, porosity, aggregate size distribution, maximum water holding capacity, ccumulative infiltration and infiltration rate characteristics of soil .The highest bulk density was observed in scrubland, with mean values of 1.57 and 1.60 g cm⁻³ in the surface and sub-surface soils of the watershed project and non-project areas, respectively. In contrast, grassland exhibited the lowest bulk density, with values of 1.30 and 1.32 g cm⁻³ in surface and sub-surface soils of the respective areas. Similarly, the highest particle density was recorded in scrubland soils (2.67 and 2.72 g cm⁻³) while grassland soils showed the lowest, at 2.35 and 2.40 g cm⁻³, in the project and non-project areas, respectively. The highest average porosity values, 45.95% and 44.98%, were recorded under forest land use in both soil layers. The proportion of soil aggregates larger than 5 mm was greatest in forest land, with average values of 8.23% and 7.97% (surface) and 8.31% and 8.05% (sub-surface) in the project and non-project areas, respectively. Scrubland soils had the lowest values (2.58%, 2.30% and 2.30%, 2.02%, respectively). Maximum water holding capacity was also highest in forest land (45.25% and 46.26%) in surface and sub-surface layers of the project and non-project areas, while the lowest was noted in scrubland (38.91% and 41.38%). Infiltration rate followed a similar trend, highest in forest land (9.1 and 6.6 cm hr⁻¹) and lowest in scrubland (2.8 and 2.0 cm hr⁻¹). Cumulative infiltration was also greatest in forest soils (45.8 and 33.0 cm) and lowest in scrubland (14.00 and 10.20 cm), across both watershed categories. The study clearly indicates that soils within the watershed project area possess superior physical properties compared to the non-project area, highlighting the positive impacts of watershed management practices.

HERDEIROS DA PANDEMIA: ATRASO ESCOLAR E NOVAS DESIGUALDADES EDUCACIONAIS SEGUNDO A PESQUISA NACIONAL POR AMOSTRA DE DOMICÍLIOS (PNAD) – 2024

This article analyzes the educational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, with an emphasis on academic delays and social, racial, and territorial inequalities expressed in data from the 2024 Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD Contínua). Using a qualitative approach based on documentary and statistical analysis, the study examines how the health crisis interrupted educational processes and intensified exclusions that were already present in the Brazilian educational structure. Indicators such as illiteracy, age-grade gap, net enrollment rate, and school dropout rates among young people aged 14 to 29 are discussed. The results indicate that, despite advances in years of study and literacy, there was stagnation or regression in goals set by the National Education Plan (PNE), especially with regard to the universalization of Basic Education and inclusion in Secondary and Higher Education. The analysis reveals that educational losses hit vulnerable groups more severely – blacks, browns, populations from the North and Northeast, and low-income young people. Furthermore, the article discusses the overload of teaching work during the pandemic and the fragility of public policies to guarantee conditions for students to remain in school. It is concluded that the school delay in 2024 is not limited to a temporary consequence of the pandemic, but rather highlights a process of reproduction of educational inequalities, requiring structural measures to restore learning and guarantee the right to education.

Influence of socioeconomic position on the relationship between long COVID and health-related quality of life: A nationwide random sampling survey in France in autumn 2022.

Influence of socioeconomic position on the relationship between long COVID and health-related quality of life: A nationwide random sampling survey in France in autumn 2022.

The Impact of Social Support and Resilience on Cognitive Function in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To evaluate the relationship between social support and resilience in cognitive functioning in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The increase in the number of older adults with MCI poses a serious public health problem. Existing studies suggest that psychosocial factors, such as social support and resilience, can maintain or delay cognitive decline, but the mechanism behind this is not entirely clear. A convenient sampling survey of 330 patients with MCI in the community, who were screened from February 2022 to December 2022, was conducted using the General Information Questionnaire, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-5), and the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). SPSS 25.0 and AMOS26.0 software were used for descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation model, and confirmatory factor analysis. The scores of cognitive function, resilience, and social support were 22.56±1.40, 25.15±3.60, and 35.96±3.76, respectively. Resilience, social support, and cognitive function were all strongly correlated, and resilience mediated between social support and cognitive function. Social support and resilience scores are relatively low among Chinese older adults with MCI, which is influenced by various sociodemographic factors. In addition, the findings suggest that social support affects cognitive function through the mediating effect of resilience. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the degree of social support for the elderly with cognitive impairment, enhance the level of resilience, promote healthy behaviors, and delay the occurrence of MCI.

Разнообразие водной фауны в устье канала Котону в Бенине

Species diversity is usually considered one of the key factors that takes into account the number of different species in an ecosystem – the so-called biological diversity found in the environment. It consists of two components: species richness and uniformity. In this context, the physico-chemical parameters were analyzed and a list of 2,322 individuals was compiled, divided into 28 families and 34 species that are often found in the Cotonou estuary. The accepted methodological approach revolves around data collection, real-world research, data processing, and results analysis. The sample sizes varied depending on climatic and meteorological factors. The data were obtained as a result of sample surveys for the period from September 2019 to May 2020. Indicators of diversity are the Shannon–Weaver diversity indices, the Pieloux uniformity indices, and the frequency of occurrence. These indices range from 3.49 to 4.6 bits, from 0.69 to 0.85 and from 12 to 88%, respectively, which indicates a high diversity of the population of the studied environment. Communities of three stations are identified: one corresponds to a shallow part with a depth of less than 2 m, the second is located in the middle of the front line of a moderately deep mouth, and the third is deeper than the other two, located on a site near the port of Cotonou. During the study period, changes in the diversity indices reflect changes in the total abundance and structure of biomass. An increase in the indices is associated with a reduction in this structure and is not necessarily a sign of an improvement in the ecosystem due to various reasons for the rarity or extinction of certain endemic species.

ImproviNg Tic services in EnglaND: a multi-method study to explore existing healthcare service provision for children and young people with tics and Tourette syndrome

Background Timely access to diagnostic assessment and treatment is essential to improve function and mitigate the risk of poor long-term outcomes in children and young people (CYP) with tics. Objective This study aimed to explore (i) how tic services for CYP in England are currently organised, including access to assessment and treatment and (ii) healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) experiences of assessing and treating tics. Methods Two methodologies were used to examine tic service provision. First, two freedom of information (FOI) requests were sent to Integrated Care Boards (FOI1) and service providers (FOI2) to gather data on referral and assessment processes, and treatments offered. Second, a national survey of HCPs explored their experiences and training needs when assessing and treating tics. Findings FOI responses indicated that 12 of 62 services (19.4%), primarily located in the London area, offered a full pathway for the referral, assessment and treatment of tics in CYP. The national survey sample (n=184) included psychologists, paediatricians, neurologists and mental health nurses. Most described services as poorly structured and reported a need for additional resources and training in the assessment and treatment of tics. Conclusions Inconsistent and underfunded tic service provision across England limits HCPs’ ability to support CYP with tics effectively. There is an urgent need to develop clear service pathways offering both assessment and treatment, and to equip HCPs with sufficient training and resources to provide appropriate care. Clinical implications Current tic service provision does not meet the healthcare needs of CYP in England. Without improvements, CYP are at increased risk of poorer long-term outcomes.