Samanea Saman Research Articles

Adaptation and growth response of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr seedlings to iron exposure

One adaptive responses of plants to heavy metal exposure, including iron (Fe), is the exudation of organic acids. This study aims to determine the adaptation and mechanism of Samanea saman seedlings when exposed to Fe. The experiment used a completely randomized one-factor design (Fe concentration) with five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mM Fe), with three replications per treatment. Measured parameters included growth (height, root length, dry weights of roots, shoots, and total seedlings), chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, tolerance index, and the secretion and accumulation of organic acids. The findings revealed that Fe exposure significantly influenced the growth of S. saman seedlings. A concentration of 0.5 mM Fe enhanced root length (65 cm), root dry weight (0.28 g) and shoot dry weight (0.78 g). The tolerance index increased at 0.5 mM Fe (121.8%), surpassing the control, but declined with higher Fe concentrations. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were unaffected by Fe exposure, while MDA levels varied significantly across treatments and peaked at 2 mM Fe (40129.03 nmol/g FW). Fe exposure significantly impacted the secretion of organic acids, including lactic, acetic, and citric acids. Lactic acid, showing a linear increase with Fe concentration (R² = 0.8907), is suggested as a key Fe chelating agent. Malic acid secretion was observed only at 1.5 (0.246 mg/l) and 2 mM Fe (0.215 mg/l), while oxalic acid was secreted exclusively at 2 mM Fe (0.026 mg/l). The accumulation of acetic, lactic, malic, and oxalic notably higher at 2 mM Fe, with acetic acid showing the highest accumulation among the organic acids. These fundings suggest that the secretion of organic acids serves as an adaptive mechanism enabling S. saman seedlings to cope with Fe exposure.

The role of soil ameliorants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving the growth of <i>Samanea saman</i> (Jacq.) Merr seedlings in coal mine post-mining media

The role of soil ameliorants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving the growth of <i>Samanea saman</i> (Jacq.) Merr seedlings in coal mine post-mining media

Assessing Suitable Tree Species for Biochar Production and Their Performance in Enriching Soil Quality and Plant Growth of Oryza sativa L. and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth.

Aims: This study aims to identify suitable tree species for biochar production and evaluate their effectiveness in improving soil quality and the growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Akshmoni (Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth). The findings will help determine the most effective biochar feedstock for sustainable agroforestry practices in tropical regions. Study Design: The experiment was conducted using a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with six different tropical tree species as feedstock for biochar production. Biochar was applied as a soil amendment at a rate of 10 t/ha, with a control group for comparison. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the nursery of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST) in Sylhet, Bangladesh over a specific period, focusing on biochar production and its impact on soil properties and plant growth. Methodology: Six tropical tree species—Rain tree (Albizia saman), Kadam (Neolamarckia cadamba), Kathal (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Chambul (Terminalia arjuna), and Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)—were selected as feedstock for biochar production. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD Post Hoc Test were used to determine statistical significance (α = 0.05) in evaluating biochar yield, soil quality improvement, and plant growth performance. Results: Among the six species, Chambul (Terminalia arjuna) produced the highest biochar yield (41.6%) and exhibited the highest germination potential (88.3%). It also showed positive effects on plant growth performance. However, certain biochar types had adverse effects on plant growth, indicating that the choice of feedstock significantly influences biochar effectiveness. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate feedstock species for biochar production. Chambul (Terminalia arjuna) biochar demonstrated the most promising results in terms of yield, soil quality enhancement, and plant growth. However, careful selection of tree species is crucial before biochar application to ensure optimal benefits for soil and plant health.

Effects of Hardwood Biomass Variability on Biochar Properties: Insights from Wood Waste Utilization

Wood is an abundant and renewable resource with considerable potential for upcycling into high-value products such as biochar, thereby facilitating the conversion of waste into useful materials. The structural and compositional diversity among wood species significantly influences the properties of the resulting biochar. This study aimed to investigate the properties of biochar derived from five distinct hardwood species, all sourced from the same tropical region and produced under standardized pyrolysis conditions using a patented furnace. The hardwood species examined were Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) de Wit.), paper flower climber (Getonia floribunda (Roxb.) Lam.), rain tree (Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.), climbing wattle (Albizia myriophylla Benth.), and Siamese blachia (Blachia siamensisGagnep.). The investigation focused on fundamental properties of the biochar, including morphology, elemental composition (C, H, N, O), water-holding capacity, aromaticity (H/C ratio), polarity (O/C and (O+N)/C ratios), and the C/N ratio. Results indicated that all five biochar types were of high quality, with carbon contents ranging from 66.64% to 84.76%, a high degree of aromaticity (H/C < 0.7), low polarity, and enhanced stability. The biochars exhibited a range of pore structures from macropores to mesopores, with pore volumes of 0.010–0.074 cm³/g and specific surface areas ranging from 2.92 m²/g to 144.59 m²/g. These structural attributes influence their water-holding capacities; however, the relationships among polarity, pore volume, pore size, and water-holding capacity remain unresolved. The findings highlighted substantial variability in the properties and morphology of the biochars, despite their production under identical conditions. This variability underscores the need for further in-depth studies to elucidate the factors governing biochar properties and to enable the tailoring of biochar for specific applications. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2025-06-01-02 Full Text: PDF

Anthelmintic Activity of Acacia (<i>Samanea Saman</i>) Leaves Extract Against <i>Ascaris Lumbricoides</i>

Over the years, researchers have come up to the discovery of anthelmintic drugs, albendazole, which can eliminate the presence of a soil-transmitted worm named Ascaris lumbricoides in our body. However, reports of its reduced-efficacy and side effects have come to existence which leads to the detection of many researchers of the potential anthelmintic compounds of medicinal plants. Species of Acacia such as catechu and farnesiana, and nilotica and auriculiformis were reported to be effective against Pheritima postuma and Trichuris trichiura respectively. Samanea saman, acacia specie, is a medicinal plant that can be found locally. The tree has components such as tannins, saponin, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids in its different parts. The study therefore determined the components of the plant’s leaves extracted with ethanol and tested its anthelmintic activity against A. lumbricoides. This research can serve as a basis in the development of anthelmintic drugs as well as a new source for the upcoming studies. The testing was done at the Cagayan Valley Herbal Processing Plant utilizing an experimental design. The phytochemical screening revealed that S. saman’s leaf is positive in the constituents namely flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Results of the anthelmintic activity reavealed that the S. saman leaves extract is effective in all of its concentration (50, 100, and 200 mg/mL). Furthermore, the one-way ANOVA also revealed that 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL of the S. saman leaves extract have no significant difference even when compared to the positive treatment 50 mg/mL albendazole. Therefore, the study reveals that using S. saman leaves extract leads to comparable anthelmintic activity with the drug albendazole.

Carbon Stock Assessment of Nueva Vizcaya State University (NVSU)-Agricultural Innovation Center (AIC), Singian Hills, Tuao South, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya

This study assessed the carbon stock at the Nueva Vizcaya State Uni-versity Agricultural Innovation Center in Singian Hills, Tuao South, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya. The study covered a 100% inventory of trees with a diameter at breast height of at least 10 centimeters and above. Brown’s formula was used to compute the carbon stock of the species. Trees with a diameter at breast height of less than 70 cm and greater than 70 cm were computed separately. A total of 383 trees with 39 tree species were found in the area. It was found that a total of 910,460.10 kilograms was being sequestered equivalent to 564, 485.26 kilogram of carbon stock. The most abundant and recorded as the largest in terms of diameter breast height in the area is the Rain tree (Samanea saman) followed by Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) and Mangga (Mangifera indica). The rain tree that has the largest diameter breast height has a record of 119 cm with an aboveground biomass of 16,107.45 kg and a carbon stock of 9,986.62 kg. The study concludes that increasing tree volume leads to greater carbon dioxide seques-tration, emphasizing the importance of tree planting and forest con-servation for climate change mitigation and addressing global warm-ing.

Species Diversity and Carbon Storage of Tanah Grogot Urban Forest in Paser Regency of East Kalimantan

Abstract Urban development has a negative impact on environmental quality and contributes to increased carbon emissions. Green open spaces, like urban forests, are essential for maintaining a harmonious balance between development and the environment. The study focuses on evaluating the Tanah Grogot Urban Forest’s species composition and carbon stock. Carbon stocks are calculated using a census tree inventory that covers an area of 0.85 hectares and measures the diameter and height of the trees. The study found that Samanea saman and Terminalia catappa have the maximum Important Value Index (IVI) scores between all types. These urban forests have moderately of species diversity, according to the Shannon Index (H’). Samanea saman, Terminalia catappa, and Tectona grandis were the trees with the greatest ability to store carbon. These tree species were widely distributed and had extensive tree diameters. Enrichment planting is needed in urban landscapes to enhance species diversity and increase carbon storage.

Growth of trembesi (Samanea saman) seedlings on waste growing media which modified with organic matter

Growth of trembesi (Samanea saman) seedlings on waste growing media which modified with organic matter

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Trees in Urban Green Spaces at Sahyadri College Campus of Shivamogga City, Karnataka, India

The primary objective of this study is to enhance comprehension of the functions played by urban green spaces in promoting urban sustainability. This will be achieved by the documentation of tree diversity and the assessment of their capacity for carbon sequestration at Sahyadri College Campus in Shivamogga city. Tree species diversity was assessed by the quadrat method. Tree species having a diameter  10cm were selected in the Sahyadri college campus. The measurement of Diameter at Breast Height was conducted using a non-destructive method. The tree girth is taken into consideration for measurement of biomass and carbon sequestration potential. The total biomass and total carbon sequestration was calculated by standard equations. The diversity of trees in urban green spaces of college campus was surveyed using 25 sample sites. A total of 378 tree individuals from 53 distinct species belonging to 23 different families were recorded. Total carbon sequestration recorded was 67663.89 kg/tree. Samanea saman species with high girth size was found to be dominant sequestrated 23591.41 kg/tree of carbon and having 25 trees followed by Tectona grandis 11469.65 kg/tree having 62 trees. The species Cassia fistula has lowest carbon sequestration potential i.e. 6.29 kg/tree. The study concludes that Sahyadri College Campus vegetation is relatively high in terms of both diversity and carbon sequestration potential. The findings highlight the major functions of urban green spaces in reducing pollution by carbon capturing and storing in safer biomass and also supporting biodiversity and regulating the microclimate, all of which contribute to Shivamogga city’s urban sustainability.

Mini Review: The Strategic Approach of Saponin to Reducing Methane Emissions

Ruminant production is facing a critical period within global agriculture due to unique digestive systems allowing them to utilize low-quality fibre-rich feed, producing the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) as a by-product. Methane is eliminated from the atmosphere by eructation. Saponins are secondary metabolites in plant seeds, leaves, bark, and roots. Some saponins were found from legumes and microbial populations, including Quillaja saponaria, Yucca schidigera, Camellia sinensis and Samanea saman. Saponin consists of a lipophilic triterpene or steroid aglycone attached to one or more hydrophilic sugar moieties. Their structural variety has appeared in their chemical and biological properties. Numerous pharmacological aspects of saponin include antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-microbial, and anti-methanogen effects. More factors are related to the rumen microbe’s power to mitigate the antiprotozoal activity of saponins, such as breeds of animals and the environment. Tannin and saponin having plant species, such as alfalfa are widely utilized because of their beneficial matter and clearly can decrease methane production. The membrane-disrupting action of saponins illustrates their harmful influence on protozoa and the formation of complexes with sterols found in the protozoal cell wall, thereby causing cell lysis. This review aims to understand saponin structural features and focus on the prospect of being a useful resource for researchers in using saponin extract as a bioactive compound in ruminant diets to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

Mitigasi Bencana Abrasi Berbasis Keanekaragaman Vegetasi Mangrove di Pesisir Pantai Bagik Batu, Jerowaru

Mangrove vegetation has an important role in maintaining the stability of coastal ecosystems in preventing abrasion. One of them is in the Bagik Batu Beach Coastal area, Jerowaru with various types of mangrove vegetation. This study aims to determine the density level of mangrove vegetation types in mangroves in abrasion mitigation on the coast of Bagik Batu Beach. The research uses the Belt Transect method. In each plot, 3 measuring plots were made, namely 10 x 10 m (for trees) with a diameter (20 ≤ DBH < 35 cm), 5 x 5 m (stakes) with a diameter (2 ≤ DBH < 20 cm), and 2 x 2 m (for seedlings) with a diameter (DBH < 2 cm). Based on the results of the study, 9 species of mangroves were found, namely 5 species of true mangroves (Major) and 4 species of mangroves (Minor), including; Avicennia alba, sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Calotropis gigantea, Lumnitzera racemosa, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Samanea saman and Azadirachta indica. Avicennia alba with the most species with the relative density of seedlings (39.68%), relative density of stakes (22.45%), relative density of trees (17.06%).

The effect of fermented raintree (Samanea saman) seed meal with yoghurt in feed on protein efficiency ratio and growth rate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in controlled containers

This study aims to determine the effect of adding fermented raintree (Samanea saman) seed meal to the feed on the protein efficiency ratio and growth rate of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments with 3 replications. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA (analysis of variance) at a 5% significance level, followed by Duncan's test. Treatment A: non-fermented raintree seed meal (control), Treatment B: raintree seed flour fermented with 4 mL/100g of yoghurt, Treatment C: raintree seed meal fermented with 6 mL/kg of yoghurt, Treatment D: raintree seed meal fermented with 8 mL/kg of yoghurt, and Treatment E: raintree seed meal fermented with 10 mL/kg of yoghurt. The main parameters observed were protein efficiency ratio and daily growth rate in length and weight. The study results indicated that the addition of fermented raintree seed meal in the feed showed a better protein efficiency ratio and daily growth rate in length and weight compared to the treatment without the addition of fermented raintree seed flour in the feed. The best protein efficiency ratio and daily growth rate in length and weight were obtained with the addition of 4 mL/kg of fermented raintree seed meal in the feed of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus).Keywords: Fermentation; Oreochromis niloticus; Protein efficienci ratio; Samanea saman; Yoghurt

Analysis of Biocharcoal Briquette Characteristics with the Addition of Trembesi (Samanea saman) Dry Leaf Bioadditives

Biocharcoal briquettes are new and renewable biomass energy products. The addition of rain tree leaf bioadaptive to biocharcoal briquettes can increase high carbon compounds. By adding these materials, it can increase the calorific value and produce better energy. The main ingredients in this study were coconut shells, corn cobs, tapioca flour, and betel leaf bioadditives. The research characteristic test was conducted to determine the levels of bound carbon, ash content, volatile matter content, calorific value, and water content. The results showed that the best composition was BBB 4 with a volatile matter content of 0.921%, water content of 2.0%, ash content of 7.9%, calorific value of 5943 cal/g, and bound carbon of 89.179%.

Litterfall variation and soil nutrient dynamics in Swietenia macrophylla, Samanea saman and Bambusa blumeana woodstands: Implications for nutrient cycling and soil fertility

This study addresses the knowledge gap regarding litterfall dynamics in university wood stands, focusing on Tarlac Agricultural University and its diverse tree species. While extensive research exists on soil dynamics and litterfall in large-scale plantations and forested areas in the Philippines, university wood stands remain understudied. The research assesses and compares litterfall variation among Swietenia macrophylla, Samanea saman and Bambusa blumeana, exploring implications for nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and amelioration. Litterfall was collected using the catch net method, followed by soil nutrient analyses to establish correlations. Results indicate significant variations in litterfall quantity, organic matter, phosphorus, and nitrogen across akasya, mahogany, and kawayang tinik woodstands. S. macrophylla (mahogany) shows the highest litterfall production (39.97 gday-1), while S. saman (akasya) exhibits the highest organic matter content in both top and subsoil layers (2.23% and 1.69%). B. blumeana (kawayang tinik) woodstands demonstrate elevated nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the topsoil (0.09% and 27 ppm) while S. saman showing the highest levels in the subsoil (0.08% and 18 ppm). The study also highlights the influence of leaf senescence seasonality on litterfall production and species-specific nutrient composition in soil layers. Notably, kawayang tinik shows promise for soil amelioration due to its substantial litterfall production and positive soil quality impact. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into litterfall and soil nutrient dynamics in university wood stands, emphasizing the role of plant species and offering practical implications for soil management strategies. B. blumeana emerges as pivotal for enhancing soil fertility and amelioration, with broader implications for sustainable agriculture practices.

Structural stability analysis of rain trees (Samanea saman) subjected to dead, live, and wind loads combination

Structural stability analysis of rain trees (Samanea saman) subjected to dead, live, and wind loads combination

The Phenology of Coffea arabica var. Esperanza L4A5 Under Different Agroforestry Associations and Fertilization Conditions in the Caribbean Region of Costa Rica

This study focused on the phenology of Coffea arabica var. Esperanza L4A5, an F1 interspecific hybrid obtained by crossing commercial varieties with wild genotypes from Ethiopia and Sudan. Most phenological studies on C. arabica have been conducted in traditional high-altitude regions, leaving a gap in the understanding of its behavior in non-traditional areas such as the Caribbean region of Costa Rica. To establish a baseline on the phenological behavior of the Esperanza L4A5 hybrid in this region, we conducted a four-year study examining the effects of different agroforestry associations: (1) Albizia saman; (2) Hymenaea courbaril and Erythrina poeppigiana; (3) Anacardium excelsum and Erythrina poeppigiana; and coffee plots under full sun. Additionally, the phenology of the coffee plants was evaluated under differentiated fertilizations (physical, chemical, and without fertilization), considering meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall. The observed variables included the development of floral nodes, pre-anthesis, anthesis, and fruiting stages. To analyze the relationships between environmental factors, tree cover, fertilization, and the phenological stages, we employed multiple linear regression (MLR), which revealed that both tree cover and physical and chemical fertilizations had significant effects on the presence of developed floral nodes and, consequently, on fruit production. Furthermore, the random forest (RF) model was applied to capture complex interactions between variables and to rank the importance of meteorological factors, tree cover, and fertilization practices. These analyses demonstrated that the Esperanza L4A5 hybrid exhibited viable phenological development under the atypical conditions of the Caribbean region of Costa Rica, suggesting its potential to adapt and thrive in non-traditional coffee-growing areas.

The effects of fermented raintree (Samanea saman) seed meal substitution in feed the digestive enzyme activity of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The effects of fermented raintree (Samanea saman) seed meal substitution in feed the digestive enzyme activity of pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Plant Growth Promotion in Solanum lycopersicum through Endophytic bacteria Isolated from Flower of Samanea saman

Plant Growth Promotion in Solanum lycopersicum through Endophytic bacteria Isolated from Flower of Samanea saman

Growth and physiology responses of Samanea saman inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in silica post-mining soil media using biodegradable pots

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biodegradable pots are environmentally friendly and enhance plant growth in adverse soil conditions. These studies explored AMF interactions and biodegradable pots in physiology, growth, and the uptake of nutrients in Samanea saman seedlings. The present research interactive effects of biodegradable pots with different compositions and raw material sizes with and without AMF inoculation on S. saman grown in silica post-mining soil media. Results indicated AMF inoculations significantly improved leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, heights, diameters, biomass, as well as nutrient absorption of S. saman as compared with non-inoculated plants in biodegradable pots. AMF and biodegradable pots composed of 15% used newspaper, 70% compost, 5% cocopeat, and 10% rock phosphate showed the best results and increased the leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, height, diameter, and total biomass of the plants by 161.1%, 208.7%, 263.6%, 118.1%, and 269.9%, respectively, compared to biodegradable pots composed only of used newspaper. Additionally, uptake of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, and magnesium increased by 365%, 800%, 369%, and 250%, respectively. By the fourteenth week after transplanting, the C/N ratio of the organic pot decreased significantly. Thus, AMF and biodegradable pots containing compost and rock phosphate interact positively and enhance the growth of S. saman under adverse soil conditions. These findings suggest that biodegradable pots containing compost and rock phosphate show potential as more environmentally friendly replacements for plastic bags (polybags) as growth medium containers for seedling production.

Growth and Productivity of Coffea arabica var. Esperanza L4A5 in Different Agroforestry Systems in the Caribbean Region of Costa Rica

This study focused on evaluating the growth and productivity of Coffea arabica var. Esperanza L4A5 in different agroforestry systems in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica, a non-traditional area for coffee cultivation due to its low altitude and challenging climatic conditions. Three tree coverages were investigated, in combination with two types of differentiated fertilization (physical and chemical), comparing the results with full sun coffee plots as a control: (1) Albizia saman, (2) Hymenaea courbaril + Erythrina poeppigiana, and (3) Anacardium excelsum + Erythrina poeppigiana. The results showed that tree associations significantly reduced the mortality of coffee plants and increased both the height and mature cherry production compared to full sun treatments. In particular, the tree coverages associated with chemical and physical fertilization achieved the highest growth and production rates, with A. excelsum + E. poeppigiana and H. courbaril + E. poeppigiana standing out with maximum mature cherry productions of 3.35 t/ha and 3.28 t/ha, respectively. Growth analysis revealed that rapid initial growth, especially under chemical fertilization, is crucial for maximizing productivity, although a rapid slowdown in growth was also observed after reaching the peak. These findings underscore the importance of combining tree coverages with appropriate fertilization strategies to optimize coffee production in agroforestry systems, particularly in low-altitude areas like the Costa Rican Caribbean. This study concludes that agroforestry systems not only improve the resilience of coffee crops to adverse environmental conditions but can also be a viable strategy for increasing productivity in non-conventional regions. This suggests the need for further research to assess the long-term impacts on soil health, biodiversity, and the economic viability of these systems.