Salvia Tomentosa Research Articles

Effects of Salvia Tomentosa Ointment on Dermal Wound Healing in a Rabbit Model

This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing activity of an ointment containing the hydroethanolic extract of Salvia Tomentosa (S. tomentosa) in a dermal wound model using rabbits. Ointments with concentrations of 2.5% (w/v) and 5% (w/v) were prepared using the hydroethanolic extracts of S. tomentosa. An in vivo excisional wound model was embloyed with New Zealand rabbits (n = 35) to assess the wound healing activity of these ointments. Rabbits were randomly divided into five experimental groups: negative (received no treatment), vehicle (received only the ointment vehicle), positive control (treated with Fitokrem®), and those treated with 2.5% (w/v) and 5% (w/v) S. tomentosa ointments. Wound diameters were measured using calipers on the 4th, 8th, and 14th days, and histopathological examinations were conducted on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th days of treatment. The total phenolic content of the S. tomentosa hydroethanolic extract was determined to be 61.52 ± 2.33 μg of Gallic Acid Equivalents per mg of dry plant material. The total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the hydroethanolic extract of Salvia tomentosa were determined spectrophotometrically. In terms of wound closure, both 2.5% and 5% S. tomentosa ointments demonstrated wound healing activity comparable to that of Fitokrem®. In conclusion, S. tomentosa exibits a positive effect on dermal wound healing in rabbits.

Genetic Diversity of Salvia Officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) and its Related Species using TU-DAMD Analysis

Background: Salvia tomentosa Mill., Salvia fruticosa Mill., and Salvia officinalis L. are Mediterranean species with different pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. However, genetic relationships among these species are still unclear. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphism among S. officinalis L. (SO) and its related species S. tomentosa Mill. (ST) and S. fruticosa Mill. (SF) collected from different geographical regions in Syria. Methods: Touch-up directed amplification of minisatellite DNA (TU-DAMD) assay has been employed to assess genetic relationships among the studied Salvia species based on the estimated percent disagreement values (PDV). Results: Seventeen DAMD primers highlighted a mean of 90.419, 0.254, and 2.398% for polymorphism level (P%), polymorphic information content (PIC), and marker index (MI) values, respectively, across the three studied Salvia species. Unweighted Pair Group Mean Arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis revealed that the studied Salvia samples were clustered into three main clusters; each species was split into one cluster. Overall, moderate P% of 72.662 and 70.374% was recorded for SO and ST species, respectively. Whereas, low P% of 51.429% was recorded for SF species. Conclusion: TU-DAMD marker is a potential tool for studying genetic relationships among the three studied Salvia species.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potency of Aerial Parts of Salvia Tomentosa Miller

Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial potency and components of the aerial parts (leaf, stem, flower and mixture) of Salvia tomentosa Miller were determined qualitatively and quantitatively in this study. Aqueous extracts of Salvia tomentosa (ST) were prepared by using the flower, leaf and stem parts and all the above-ground parts of the plant (flower-leafstem mixture) for this purpose. The radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant/oxidant status, antimicrobial potential, phenolic substances and qualitative/quantitative analyzes of the components in the extracts were determined. ST-stem phenolic acid amount (599 ± 34 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract) was found to be close to the standard substance caffeic acid (651 ±3 1 mg GAE/g extract). Total antioxidant status of ST-mix (3.4 ± 0.1 mmol Trolox Equiv./L) and ST-stem (3.4 ± 0.1 mmol Trolox Equiv./L) and natural antioxidant Vitamin C (3.6 ± 0.1 mmol Trolox Equiv./L) were not statistically different. The extract produced by using S. tomentosa aerial parts (flower-stem-leaf) showed stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial activity than the aqueous extracts obtained separately from the flower, stem and leaf of the plant. However, it was determined that the components of the separately prepared flower, stem and leaf extracts and the extract components obtained from the aerial parts were largely similar. At the same time, it was observed that there were significant differences in the presence of these components.

Effect of Explant Origin and Medium Plant Growth Regulators on In Vitro Shoot Proliferation and Rooting of Salvia tomentosa, a Native Sage of the Northeastern Mediterranean Basin

Salvia tomentosa is a perennial sage of the maquis vegetation, strongly aromatic, with medicinal and ornamental value. Aiming to facilitate the promotion of the species in the floriculture sector, its micropropagation was studied in terms of the effect of explant origin and medium plant growth regulators on in vitro cultures establishment, shoot proliferation and rooting. Shoot tip or single node explants excised from either in vitro grown seedlings or greenhouse plants grown from cuttings of mature plants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) at concentrations 0.0–3.2 mg L−1 in combination with 0.0, 0.01 and 0.1 mg L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Infections were the biggest problem for establishing cultures from greenhouse plants, while explants from in vitro seedlings showed hyperhydricity, especially the nodal ones. In the multiplication stage, high BA concentrations reduced explant response to produce shoots as well as the length of shoots produced, and although they increased shoot number per responding explant, a large number of shoots were hyperhydrated especially in explants of seedling origin. In general, the highest multiplication indexes, relevant to normal shoots, were given by the hormone-free medium or one with low BA concentration, and by shoot tip explants originated from greenhouse adult plants. The highest rooting rates (70–78%) were achieved either at full or half strength hormone-free or with 0.1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) medium. Increasing IBA resulted in an increase in root number, but a decrease in rooting rate and root length. Ex vitro acclimatization was highly successful (92–96%) in peat-perlite (1:1 v/v) substrate. The micropropagation protocol developed will contribute to the promotion of S. tomentosa in the floriculture and pharmaceutical industry and will be a tool for breeding programs targeting high value products.

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils Of Salvia Spp. Leaves

The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils of four Salvia spp. were analysed by GCMS. Three of them (Salvia aramiensis Rech. fil., Salvia fruticosa Mill., Salvia tomentosa Mill.) analyzed in this study grow naturally in the Hatay flora. On the other hand, S. aramiensis is an endemic plant in Hatay flora. Fourth species (Salvia officinalis L.) is not growing in the flora of Turkey, but is only cultivated. The highest essential oil content (5.31%) was found in S. aramiensis and the least 1.68% was detected in S. officinalis. Eucalyptol was the main constituent for S. aramiensis, S. fruticosa and S. tomentosa. While this component was 58.65% in S. aramiensis, it was determined as 44.70 and 34.97% in S. tomentosa and S. fruticosa, respectively. In S. officinalis, the main constituent was determined as δ-Thujone (33.83%) and camphor (21.46%). Eucalyptol has been identified as the main composition in sage species which is grown in flora. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(4): 1173-1180, 2021 (December)

A Research of Color and Fastness Values on Silk, Wool and Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Pulp of Oregano (Origanum onites) and Sage (Salvia tomentosa)

One of the most important problems of natural dyeing is lack of raw material. In the recent years, researchers are aimed to solve the deficiency of raw material. The pulp of plants which are obtained from the steam distillation, are used as a dyestuff. We assume that the dyestuff in pulp of oregano and sage after steam distillation remain stable. Wool yarns and silk fabrics have been dyed in previous works done as a master and a Proficiency in Art thesis. The results were showed that our assumption is correct. Based on these results further researches were done. The textile materials were dyed with %100 of pulp of oregano and sage. Mordant dyeing method was applied and three different mordant materials were applied with pre-mordant process. Alum [Kal(SO4)2.12H2O], ferrous (II) sulphate [FeSO4.7H2O] and potassium dichromate [K2Cr2O7] were used as a mordant and potassium bitartrate [KC4H5O6] as an auxiliary agent in alum mordanting. Rubbing (dry and wet) and washing fastness values were determined. Also the depths of shade were evaluated in terms of K/S and CIELAB colour difference values of the dyed fabric samples. According to the results obtained from the dyeing, the capability of pulp of plants is adequate and will supply the lack of the dyestuff. While the colors obtained from silk and wool fabrics are more vivid and dark, the colors of cotton fabrics are quite pale. This study will allow other pulp of plants to be evaluated in this way.

Essential Oil Composition of Salvia candidissima Vahl. occidentalis Hedge, S. tomentosa Miller and S. heldreichiana Boiss. Ex Bentham from Turkey

Previous reports clearly indicate that different chemotypes of Salvia heldreichiana, S. tomentosa and S. candidissima are present. In current study we have investigated essential oil composition of Salvia candidissima ssp. occidentalis, Salvia heldreichiana from Konya and Salvia tomentosa from Eskisehir, Turkey. In GC/MS analysis 89.30 ± 1.034 % (n=3) of the S. heldreichiana oil was identified which corresponds to 83 compounds. Main components of the oil were α-pinene 9.57 ± 0.406 %, borneol 9.21 ± 0.193 % and caryophyllene oxide 7.58 ± 0.052 %. Seventy-seven compounds were identified in aerial parts essential oil of S. candidissima ssp. occidentalis that sums up to 62.00 ± 0.962 % (n=3) of the oil. Main components were hexadecanoic acid 4.73 ± 0.022 %, m-cymene 4.00 ± 0.152 % and manool oxide 3.65 ± 0.057 %. One hundred-four compounds were identified in the aerial parts essential oil of S. tomentosa which corresponds to 89.91 ± 0.444% (n=3). The main components were, α-pinene 15.25 ± 0.621 % and borneol 7.88 ± 0.273 %. Present study revealed α-pinene/borneol/caryophyllene oxide/terpinen-4-ol chemotype of S. heldreichiana, α-pinene/borneol chemotype of S. tomentosa as well as chemical composition of S. candidissima ssp. occidentalis essential oil for the first time.

Medicinal plants in traumatic brain injury: Neuroprotective mechanisms revisited.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most prevalent health problem affecting all age groups, and leads to many secondary problems in other organs especially kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and heart function. In this review, the search terms were TBI, fluid percussion injury, cold injury, weight drop impact acceleration injury, lateral fluid percussion, cortical impact injury, and blast injury. Studies with Actaea racemosa, Artemisia annua, Aframomum melegueta, Carthamus tinctorius, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Crocus sativus, Cnidium monnieri, Curcuma longa, Gastrodia elata, Malva sylvestris, Da Chuanxiong Formula, Erigeron breviscapus, Panax ginseng, Salvia tomentosa, Satureja khuzistanica, Nigella sativa, Drynaria fortune, Dracaena cochinchinensis, Polygonum cuspidatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rheum tanguticum, Centella asiatica, and Curcuma zedoaria show a significant decrease in neuronal injury by different mechanisms such as increasing superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin 1 (IL-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, and IL-6 expression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of medicinal plants in central nervous system pathologies by reviewing the available literature.

Türkmen Dağı’ndaki bazı odun dışı orman ürünlerinin potansiyel dağılımı

The aim of this study was to model the potential distribution of non-wood forest products in the Turkmen Mountain of Turkey. Cistus laurifolius, Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna, Crataegus orientalis, Rosa canina, Salvia tomentosa and Thymus longicaulis species were selected due to their economic value. Field data were collected from 693 sample plots. Elevation, slope, aspect, parent material, topographic position index, radiation index and bioclimatic variables were used as explanatory variables. Generalized Additive Model (GAM) and Classification and Regression Tree technique (CART) were applied in the modeling processes. The most accurate distribution models for all species were obtained with GAM. Elevation became the most descriptive variable within the distribution models. In addition, parent material, precipitation seasonality (Bio15) and topographical position index played important roles in the model construction process. Visualizations of the distribution models were performed by Geographical Information System software.

Ecological properties of Turkish Oregano (Origanum onites L.) and balsamic sage (Salvia tomentosa Miller) in the Ovacık Mountain district of the Mediterranean region

Bu calisma Ovacik Dagi Yoresi’nde Origanum onites L. (Turk kekigi) ve Salvia tomentosa MILLER (Buyuk cicekli adacayi) turlerinin potansiyel dagiliminda etkili olan faktorleri belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Calismada 92 ana ornek alan, her bir ana ornek alan icerisinde de 9 alt ornek alan olmak uzere 828 ornek alandan veri toplanmistir. Turlerin potansiyel dagilim modellerini elde etmek icin siniflandirma agaci yonteminden faydalanilmistir. Siniflandirma agaci modelini Origanum onites L. icin RI (Radyasyon Indeksi), TPI (Topografik Pozisyon Indeksi), YUKSLT (Yukselti) ve SI (Sicaklik Indeksi) degiskenleri olustururken, Salvia tomentosa MILLER icin YUKSLT ve TPI degiskenleri olusturmustur.

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThis paper represents the first large-scale ethnobotanical study in the Alaşehir and its surrounding (Manisa/Turkey). There are scarcely any studies for using plants. There is urgency in recording such data. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are done by ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) method. This study aimed to identify plants collected for medicinal purposes by the local people of Alaşehir, located in the Aegean Region of Turkey, and to document the traditional names, preparation and uses of these plants. Materials and methodsField study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 years (2010–2012) in Alaşehir. During this period, 137 vascular plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, local plant names, utilized parts and preparation methods of the plants were investigated and recorded. In the scope of the study, medicinal plant species and related information were collected; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were entitled. Field research was conducted by collecting ethnobotanical information during structured and semi-structured interviews with native knowledgeable people in territory. In addition, the relative importance value of species was determined and ICF was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study. ResultsA total of 137 medicinal plants belonging to 58 families were identified in the region. Among them, 105 species are wild and 32 species are cultivated plant. The most dominant medicinal plant families were Asteraceae (>13%), Lamiaceae (>11%), Rosaceae (>7%), and Fabaceae (>4%), again; the most common preparations were infusion and decoction. It was found that Origanum onites L., Urtica urens, Thymus zygioides Griseb., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Cerasus avium (L.), Tilia argentea Desf. ex DC., Hyoscyamus niger L., Urtica pilulifera L., Anethum graveolens L., Euphorbia rigida Bieb., Hypericum perforatum L., Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Rosa canina L., Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollman, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Elymus repens (L.) Gould and Juglans regia L. were the most commonly used species. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment respiratory tract diseases (14.1%), gastro-intestinal diseases (10%), kidney problems (7.3%), diabetes (7.1%), cholesterol (5%), rheumatism (4%), cancer various (4%), cardiovascular problems (3.1%) and burn (3%). ConclusionGathering, processing and consuming wild edible plants are still practiced in all the studied Alaşehir areas. These plants, used in the treatment of many different diseases, are freely harvested in this region at abundant amounts. Due to the increasing health service facilities in the area, herbal medicine, seemed to be more related to health care and disease prevention than cure.

Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Salvia tomentosa Miller: effects of cultivation, harvesting year, and storage

Salvia tomentosa is a common medicinal plant, and it is consumed as an herbal tea in some Mediterranean countries. It has been extensively collected from its natural habitat, and careless collection has caused the recent extinction of some plants. The present study was undertaken to cultivate S. tomentosa and compare the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of wild and cultivated plants. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of S. tomentosa ranged between 49.27 and 66.15 mg GAE g^{-1} dry weight (dw), 36.27 and 40.83 mg catechin g^{-1} dw, and 1.77 and 2.29 mg dw mg^{-1} DPPH, respectively. Total phenolic content of the cultivated samples was higher than that of wild samples. Seventeen different phenolic compounds, comprising 7 phenolic acids and 10 flavonoids, were identified and quantified in S. tomentosa. As with the many Salvia species, rosmarinic acid was quantified as the main component of S. tomentosa. It was followed by caffeic acid, morin, p-coumaric acid, and myricetin. Chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, morin, kaempferol, hesperetin, and apigenin were increased through cultivation; gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, catechin, and epicatechin were decreased. During the 6-month storage only caffeic acid changed significantly.

Genomic DNA extraction from seed induced callus and explants in Salvia L. species for utilization in secondary metabolite production

Salvia, the largest genus of Lamiaceae, includes about 900 species, widespread throughout the world. This genus is represented, in Turkish flora, by 88 species and 93 taxa, 45 of which are endemic. Some members of this genus are of economic importance since they have been used as flavoring agents in perfumery and cosmetics. Despite the medicinal potential of plants in Turkey being considerable, knowledge of this area and studies on these crops is scarce. Including Salvia L. species, in some medicinal plants low callus production, especially leave-based ones, is the main problem in in vitro culture, due to phenolic compounds. Callus induction, therefore, from plant's non-specialized tissues, for example, seeds, is inevitable. The six species of Salvia L. growing naturally in Anatolia (Salvia aetopis L., Salvia cadmica Boiss., Salvia candidissima Vahl ssp. occidentalis Hedge, Salvia cryptantha Montbret etAucher ex Bentham (endemic to Turkey), Salvia tomentosa Miller and Salvia verticillata L. ssp. verticillata L.) were selected. Callus of the seeds of the aforementioned species was initiated on MS basal media supplemented with combinations of indole-butyric acid (IBA) and picloram. Varied mass callus induction was observed in all media but, Salvia tomentosa Miller was found to be most efficient species in callusing. Moreover, applying the Lefort method, the extracted genomic DNA for all the samples was pure and ideal. Key words: Callus, genomic DNA extraction, in vitro culture, Salvia L. species

Biological screening of various medicinal plant extracts for antibacterial and antitumor activities

Bioassays of 2 types (antibacterial and antitumor) were performed to show the biological activities of 16 different plants grown in Bolu, Turkey: Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare L., Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Frey & Bornm.) Bornm., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Mentha pulegium L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr., Melilotus alba Desr., Medicago lupulina L., Galega officinalis L., Xeranthemum annuum L., Cichorium intybus L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. subsp. major, Fumaria officinalis L., Galium palustre L., Echium vulgare L., and Sambucus nigra L. For each plant, 3 different extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and methanol) were obtained, and a total of 48 extracts were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was evaluated with 10 bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae by disk diffusion method. All plants except M. alba, M. lupulina, X. annuum, G. palustre, and S. nigra showed inhibitory activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The best inhibitory activity was observed with aqueous extract of M. officinalis (22.5 mm); it performed better than all positive controls (erythromycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol; 7-20 mm) against P. aeruginosa. Antitumor activity was evaluated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced potato disk tumor assay. The best antitumor activity was obtained with the methanolic extract of M. alba and aqueous extract of F. officinalis (100% tumor inhibition).

In vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of Extracts of five Turkish Lamiaceae Species

The in vitro antiprotozoal activities of crude methanolic extracts from the aerial parts of five Lamiaceae plants (Salvia tomentosa, S. sclarea, S. dichroantha, Nepeta nuda subsp. nuda and Marrubium astracanicum subsp. macrodon) were evaluated against four parasitic protozoa, i.e. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium falciparum. The cytotoxic potentials of the extracts on L6 cells were also evaluated. Melarsoprol, benznidazole, miltefosine, chloroquine and podophyllotoxin were used as reference drugs. All crude MeOH extracts showed antiprotozoal potential against at least three parasites, so they were dispersed in water and partitioned against n-hexane and chloroform to yield three subextracts that were screened in the same test systems. The n-hexane extract of N. nuda was the most active against T. brucei rhodesiense while the CHCl3 extracts of S. tomentosa and S. dichroantha showed significant activity against L. donovani. All organic extracts displayed in vitro antimalarial and moderate trypanocidal activities against T. cruzi with the n-hexane extract of S. sclarea being the most active against the latter. The extracts displayed low or no cytotoxicity towards mammalian L6 cells.

Erratum to “Appraisal of scopolamine-induced antiamnesic effect in mice and in vitro antiacetylcholinesterase and antioxidant activities of some traditionally used Lamiaceae plants” [J. Ethnopharmacol. 122 (2009) 327–332

Please note that a new botanical identification of the plant; Salvia triloba L. used in our study has led to conclusion that this plant sample s Salvia tomentosa Mill. The identification was performed by Prof. Dr. Ekrem Sezik (Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, azi University, Ankara, Turkey). A correctly identified voucher specimen has been preserved at the Herbarium of Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, azi University, Ankara, Turkey (GUE 2627).

Production of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids by Callus Cultures of Salvia Tomentosa Mill.

ABSTRACTCallus cultures of Salvia tomentosa Mill. were induced and analyzed for their capacity to produce oleanolic and ursolic acids. The obtained callus lines showed high variability in their biosynthetic potentials. Flow cytometric investigations showed that this variability was due to polyploidization of plant cells in calli. Polyploidization of callus cell seems to be promoted by the growth regulators used for callus induction. One octaploid line (consisting of 8C, 16C and 32C cells) was selected as prospective producer of oleanolic (991.57 μg/g DW) and ursolic (641.85 μg/g DW) acids. To our knowledge, this is the first report for obtaining of triterpenes producing callus culture of S. tomentosa Mill.

Characterization of Essential Oils of Some Salvia Species and Their Antimycobacterial Activities

The compositions of the essential oils of 5 Turkish Salvia species, namely Salvia aucheri Bentham var. aucheri (endemic for Turkey), Salvia aramiensis Rech. fil., Salvia fruticosa Mill., Salvia tomentosa Mill., and Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) Bornm., were studied. Water distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of Salvia species from Turkey were analysed by GC and GC/MS. Salvia aucheri var. aucheri, Salvia aramiensis, and Salvia fruticosa oils have the same main constituent: 1,8-cineole (39.2%, 55.6%, and 52.8% respectively). \alpha-Pinene (25.1%), camphor (14.9%), and borneol (13.2%) were identified as the major components of Salvia tomentosa. The main constituents, \beta-pinene (21.4%) and 1,8-cineole (16.1%), were also the major constituents in the oil of Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca. S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca, S. aucheri subsp. Aucheri, and S. tomentosa showed activity (MIC 196 µg/mL), while S. aramiensis and S. fruticosa did not. This is the first study of the antimycobacterial activity of these 5 plants.

TheIn VitroAntimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of Some Lamiaceae Species from Turkey

In this study, antimicrobial activities of the essential oils obtained by using the hydrodistillation method from some lamiaceous plants--Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson ssp. longifolia, M. longifolia (L.) Hudson ssp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides, Mentha pulegium L., Salvia fruticosa Miller, Salvia tomentosa Miller, Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi ssp. glandulosa (Req.) P.W. Ball, Nepeta cadmea Boiss., Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas, and Ziziphora tenuior L.--were determined by using the disc diffusion method. The plants used in this study were collected from different localities of Muğla Province, Turkey. All the essential oils isolated from the plants were very effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which included multiple-antibiotic resistant strains, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Pseudomonas fluorescens MU 87. The essential oils of the plant species, except S. tomentosa and S. fruticosa, were very effective against Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activities varied depending on the species, subspecies, or variety. In fact, essential oils of some plants belonging to the same taxa but collected from different localities showed different levels of antimicrobial activities.

Characterization of the phenolic composition and antimicrobial activities of Turkish medicinal plants

In this paper, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity of five Labiatae plant methanol extracts, commonly used for treating cold, stomachache, and sore throat, Salvia fruticosa Mill., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Sideritis albiflora Hub.-Mor. (endemic), Sideritis leptoclada O. Schwarz & P.H. Davis, (endemic), and Origanum onites L., were investigated, and their phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC. Antibacterial activity was analyzed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimycobacterial activity was assayed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The best antibacterial activity (MIC 640 μg/mL) was shown against S. typhimurium and E. aerogenes by S. fruticosa; E. coli, and S. typhimurium, E. aerogenes by S. tomentosa; S. typhimurium, and E. aerogenes by S. leptoclada and S. typhimurium, E. aerogenes and S. epidermidis by O. onites, respectively. The best antimycobacterial activity (MIC 196 μg/mL) was shown by S. tomentosa. S. fruticosa (MIC 392 μg/mL) and O. onites (MIC 784 μg/mL) showed moderate activity against M. tuberculosis. S. albiflora, with low level rosmarinic acid and carvacrol content, showed inhibition against bacteria except K. pneumoniae, B. cereus and M. tuberculosis. The correlation between in vitro activity and ethnobotanical usage was evaluated.