The Salvia genus, comprising nearly 1,000 species, displays extensive diversity in its growth forms and secondary compounds globally. This study examined the terpenoid constituents of essential oils from the fresh aerial parts of four Salvia species (S. leucantha Cav., S. hians Royle ex. Benth, S. lanata Roxb., and S. coccinea L.), collected from various elevations in Uttarakhand, Himalayas. Analysis using GC and GC-MS revealed distinct chemical profiles. S. leucantha's essential oil was characterised primarily by sesquiterpenoids, with spathulenol as the dominant compound, alongside monoterpenoids constituting 36.9% of the oil, notably bornyl acetate. S. coccinea was identified by a predominant presence of 1,8-cineole. Conversely, S. lanata and S. hians also contained sesquiterpenoids, exhibiting considerable variation in their content compared to other Salvia species investigated. The oils of S. lanata and S. hians were rich in germacrene-D, though other terpenoid components showed both qualitative and quantitative differences. Furthermore, Salvia extracts demonstrated dose-dependent antimicrobial activity, with higher concentrations resulting in greater inhibition. S. coccinea displayed the broadest and strongest activity, followed by S. leucantha, while S. hians and S. lanata exhibited more specific, albeit narrower, potency. Generally, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi proved more susceptible than Gram-negative strains.

Antinociceptive effect of salvinorin A from the extract of Salvia divinorum in formalin-evoked trigeminal pain behavior in mice: Underlying mechanisms.

A revolutionary change in contemporary therapeutic paradigms may be seen in the renewed interest in psychedelic plant remedies. Psychedelic plants like psilocybe mushrooms, ayahuasca, iboga, and salvia divinorum, which have long been valued for their spiritual and therapeutic qualities in a variety of cultures, are now the subject of intense scientific research. According to recent clinical research, they have great promise for treating a variety of illnesses, such as addiction, PTSD, anxiety, and depression. This resurgence is fuelled by mounting evidence that these drugs may support profound psychological healing, emotional resilience, and neuroplasticity when used under careful supervision. Technological developments in ethnobotany, neurology, and psychopharmacology are revealing the intricate processes by which these herbal psychedelics work, particularly via serotonergic pathway regulation and the amplification of introspective experiences. The regulatory environment is gradually changing, indicating a cautious sense of hope about the incorporation of these traditional medicines into contemporary medical treatment. But there are still issues to be resolved, such as standardising botanical formulations, guaranteeing patient safety, and tackling the social stigma attached to psychedelics. This study highlights the need for multidisciplinary cooperation in furthering this exciting field by examining the historical origins, molecular foundations, therapeutic uses, and potential future developments of psychedelic plant medicines. Psychedelic herbal treatments provide a rare chance to rethink mental health therapy by fusing ancient wisdom with modern research, paving the door for more individualised and holistic approaches to recovery.

BackgroundDiviner’s sage (Salvia divinorum; Lamiaceae) is the source of the powerful hallucinogen salvinorin A (SalA). This neoclerodane diterpenoid is an agonist of the human Κ-opioid receptor with potential medical applications in the treatment of chronic pain, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Only two steps of the approximately twelve step biosynthetic sequence leading to SalA have been resolved to date.ResultsTo facilitate pathway elucidation in this ethnomedicinal plant species, here we report a chromosome level genome assembly. A high-quality genome sequence was assembled with an N50 value of 41.4 Mb and a BUSCO completeness score of 98.4%. The diploid (2n = 22) genome of ~ 541 Mb is comparable in size and ploidy to most other members of this genus. Two diterpene biosynthetic gene clusters were identified and are highly enriched in previously unidentified cytochrome P450s as well as crotonolide G synthase, which forms the dihydrofuran ring early in the SalA pathway. Coding sequences for other enzyme classes with likely involvement in downstream steps of the SalA pathway (BAHD acyl transferases, alcohol dehydrogenases, and O-methyl transferases) were scattered throughout the genome with no clear indication of clustering. Differential gene expression analysis suggests that most of these genes are not inducible by methyl jasmonate treatment.ConclusionsThis genome sequence and associated gene annotation are among the highest resolution in Salvia, a genus well known for the medicinal properties of its members. Here we have identified the cohort of genes responsible for the remaining steps in the SalA pathway. This genome sequence and associated candidate genes will facilitate the elucidation of SalA biosynthesis and enable an exploration of its full clinical potential.

Study of interfacial competitive distribution and synergistic permeation in nanofiltration separation of Salvia divinorum acids from the aqueous extract

Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogenic plant native to the Oaxaca in Mexico. The active ingredient for psychotropic effects in this plant is salvinorin A, a potent and highly selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. Salvinorin A is distinct from other well-known opioids, such as morphine and codeine, in that it is a non-nitrogenous diterpenoid with no affinity for μ-opioid receptor, the prime receptor of alkaloidal opioids. A terpene opioid that selectively targets a new opioid receptor (κ-opioid receptor) can be instrumental in developing alternative analgesics. Elucidation of the salvinorin A biosynthetic pathway can help bio-manufacture diverse semi-synthetic derivatives of salvinorin A but, to date, only two enzymes in the Salvinorin A pathway have been identified. Here, we identify CYP728D26 that catalyzes a C18 oxygenation on crotonolide G, which bears a clerodane backbone. Biochemical identity of CYP728D26 was validated by in vivo reconstitution in yeast, 1H- and 13C-NMR analyses of the purified product, and kinetic analysis of CYP728D26 with a Km value of 13.9 μM. Beyond the single oxygenation on C18, collision-induced dissociation analysis suggested two additional oxygenations are catalyzed by CYP728D26 to form crotonoldie G acid, although this carboxylic acid form is a minor product. Its close homologue CYP728D25 exhibited a C1-hydroxylation on the clerodane backbone in a reconstituted yeast system. However, CYP728D25 showed no activity in in vitro assays. This result implies that catalytic activities observed from overexpression systems should be interpreted cautiously. This work identified a new CYP catalyst and advanced our knowledge of salvinorin A biosynthesis.

IntroductionKambó is considered an “ancestral medicine” by the indigenous tribes of the western region of the Amazon.ObjectivesThrough this clinical case, the aim is to present the particularities of the symptoms and management of patients with consumption of not so common substances, such as Kambo or salvia divinorum, as well as the evolution that will occur in a patient with a previous diagnosis of a Depressive Episode.MethodsWe present the case of a 23-year-old male, Gestalt therapy student. History of tobacco, THC, and recent use of salvia divinorum and Kambo. He began follow-up by psychiatry in a private setting three years ago due to a severe depressive episode, having required treatment with antidepressants, antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, and having been triggered by a serious assault. The episode is resolved and follow-up is discontinued. Family history of depressive syndrome and suicide.He resumed contact through the Emergency Department, requiring hospital admission due to symptoms compatible with a manic episode with psychotic symptoms. It begins with behavioral alterations and global insomnia that are related to the consumption of some substance, initially unknown to them, making the skin lesions they presented suspect the consumption of kambo.ResultsWe assess the risk of consuming these substances, which are sometimes used as alternative therapies, and especially in this type of patient, who is more vulnerable and perhaps seeks a way out of the problems they present.ConclusionsIn our case, it triggered a manic episode with psychotic symptoms, which consisted of delusional ideation of mystical content accompanied by auditory hallucinations. The episode took about a month to subside, despite treatment. Subsequently, there have been more episodes with similar characteristics, and they have not been associated with the consumption of kambó, but have been linked to the consumption of “natural medicinal substances.”Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Biocompatible nanobiocomposites, made of a biopolymer matrix reinforced with inorganic or organic fillers in nanodimensions, are used in food packaging to preserve food and extend its shelf life through their antibacterial qualities. And they reduce and resolve biological problems. This work examined the mechanical and antibacterial characteristics of a starch nanobiocomposites supplemented with silver metal nanoparticles and salvia plant extract. Using the casting procedure, samples containing salvia plant extract and silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% were created, and antibacterial tests were performed on the microorganisms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, to test their mechanical characteristics such as thickness, tensile test, swelling, water vapor transmission, and the transmission and absorption of visible and ultraviolet light. The enhanced intermolecular interaction between the starch matrix, salvia extract, and silver nanoparticles was shown by the FTIR spectra. The distribution of nanoparticles in the nanobiocomposite film is clearly visible in the SEM pictures. The results of this study demonstrated that nanobiocomposite films made of starch, silver, and salvia extract nanoparticles had better mechanical qualities and were more successful in preventing bacterial growth than pure starch films. This finding is supported by the possibility of using biocomposite films in antimicrobial food packaging.

The aim of the paper was to examine the allelopathic influence of aqueous extracts of herbs and medicinal plants on the quality parameters of aged soybean seeds. The research was carried out at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad on aged seeds of two soybean varieties, NS simba and NS viseris. The seeds were aged for 20 months. In order to determine the allelopathic effect, the seeds were primed in aqueous plant extracts: geranium (Geranium sinense), dill (Anethum graveolens), andy everlasting (Helichrysum arenarium), creeping thyme (Thymus serpyllum), celery (Apium graveolens), oregano (Origanum vulgare), basil (Ocimum basilicum), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), peppermint (Mentha x piperita), sage (Salvia officinalis), and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). The results show that it is not possible to talk about the universal application of a particular aqueous extract, because the effect of the allochemicals was significantly influenced by the variety. In the variety NS viseris, all aqueous extracts except Melissa officinalis, significantly reduced GE, GP, and VI. The most negative effect was achieved with the use of Apium graveolens, Thymus serpyllum, and Ocimum basilicum. Apium graveolens and Thymus serpyllum also had the greatest impact on quality reduction in the NS simba variety. However, in the NS simba variety, a significant increase in seed quality was achieved in addition to the reduction. The use of the aqueous extract of Salvia officinalis increased GE and GP by 13.7%, and VI by 10.21%. A positive effect was achieved with the use of Melissa officinalis. All aqueous extracts had a significant effect on T50 in both varieties, even the aqueous extracts that had a negative effect on GE and GP.

ABSTRACT Background In psychedelic therapy, the importance of set and setting is a fundamental but under-researched assumption. The aim of this study is to correlate variables of set (psychedelic use motivation) and setting (psychedelic use location and type of companion) with psychopathology, wellbeing and personality variables. Research design and methods A sample of 1022 participants of the Spanish-speaking population was collected through an online survey. A novel instrument, the Psychedelic Use Scale (PUS), was developed to measure substance use variables of LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, DMT, 5-Meo-DMT, ketamine, Salvia divinorum, ibogaine and MDMA. Various personality, well-being and psychopathology instruments were implemented to measure outcome variables. Results Growth motivations, natural settings and presence of significant others predicted less psychopathology, greater wellbeing and meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences, whereas problematic motivations predicted greater psychopathology, lower wellbeing and did not predict meaningfulness of psychedelic experiences. Conclusions Based on these results, we suggest experimental hypotheses for future clinical trials and longitudinal studies with potential clinical implications.

BackgroundAn intramuscular (IM) injection into gluteal muscle can lead to iatrogenic trauma to sciatic nerve. The drugs can be injected directly into sciatic or into the tissue adjacent to the nerve. Besides the direct damage to nerve due to needle and drug entrance to nerve tissue, the chemical nature of each drug activates immune system near healthy peripheral nerves in order to remove damaged tissues and start healing process. This immune system response has a great role in creating pathological pain and it makes functional recovery as a major challenge. Material methodIn this study, 25 adults male Fischer- Wistar rats were used. An analgesic drug (diclofenac) was injected in the muscles near sciatic nerve (4 groups) and also in sciatic nerve (1 group, nerve control group). For clinical assessment of sciatic nerves integrity, sciatic functional index test (SFI test) was done before, 1 day and 7 days after surgery. Treatments with meloxicam, dexamethasone and extract of Salvia Officinalis were started for 3 muscle groups and 1 group remained as a control muscle group. After 1 week, all the animals were euthanized under deep anesthesia and the sciatic nerves with surrounding muscles were removed and sent to histopathological examination. Resultsall three treatment groups showed decreased inflammatory process and increased repair regeneration in compare to control group. Although, the amount recovery in the dexamethasone group was significantly higher in compared to the control and other treatment groups. ConclusionThis study showed That IM injection of analgesic drug (Diclofenac), without direct damage to sciatic nerve, causes activation of the immune system and iatrogenic sciatic neuropathy. This study also showed therapeutic effects of two common drugs (NSAID and corticosteroids) and an extract of Salvia Officinalis. Treatment with all three drugs, decreased inflammatory response at injury site and increased recovery but Long-term usage of corticosteroids and NSAIDs can be challenging. The Salvia extract also have showed acceptable improvement effects with minimal side effects.

Regarding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, this research article wants to study some herbals as the probable therapy for this disease. Cinnamon leaves, curcuma longa (turmeric), ginger, mentha pulegium (pennyroyal), rosemary, salvia divinorum and thyme including some principal chemical compounds of cynnamil, curcumin, gingerol, pulegone, rosmarinic acid, salvinorina A and thymol, respectively, as a probable anti COVID-19 receptor have been selected. The possible roles of these medicinal plants in COVID-19 treatment have been carried out through quantum sensing methods. Formation of hydrogen bonding between principal substances selected in COVID-19 natural drugs bound to Tyrosine-Methionine-Histidine (Tyr-Met-His) or (TMH) (the database amino acids fragment) as the active area of the COVID-19 protein has been evaluated. In fact, it has been exhibited the role of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms in the active sites of these anti-virus medications towards hydrogen bonding in the active site if “TMH” protein. The physical and chemical attributes of nuclear magnetic resonance, vibrational frequency, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, partial charges and spin density and have been accomplished using density functional theory (DFT) method and 6-311+G (2d,p) basis set by Gaussian 16 revision C.01 program toward the industry of drug design. This research has exhibited that there is a relative agreement among the results that these medicinal plants could be efficient against COVID-19 symptoms.

Now, the trend has begun to use some types of herbs, including salvia sage, in the development of medicines and medicinal drugs instead of synthetic drugs because they are antimicrobial and are considered preservatives against food spoilage. Sage is also an aromatic material used as a food flavoring. This work represented examining the antibacterial impact of the sage extract on four types of pathogenic and drug-resistant bacteria in vitro, like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas eruginosa, besides Klebsiella pneumonia, Providencia, and Burkholderia. On the other hand, cytotoxic effects of the ethanol extract of Salvia showed antitumor activity on MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner as the cell viability against MCF-7 cells was decreased with an IC50 of μg/ml. The experimental study of the antibacterial influence of extracted sage plants from ethanol on the evolution of multi-drug resistant bacteria was fulfilled with good diffusion at different concentrations: 50, 150, 200 mg/mL, and microdilution methods. Disclose the impact of the sage methanol extract on MCF-7 cell viability. In our study, Ethanol extracts of sage in the good diffusion method displayed obvious notable inhibitory against bacterial growth. These results refer to the inhibitory impacts of ethanol extract of sage with MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration)=8 mg/mL owing to S.aureus, MIC=5 mg/mL for E. coli, MIC=4.4 mg/mL owing to P. aeruginous, MIC=4.2 mg/mL owing to Burkholderia, MIC=5.7 mg/mL owing to Klebsiella pneumonia. The impact found with Providencia. Results indicated a dose-dependently growth inhibition (63.18% at 250 µg mLG1 ). Concerning the antibacterial impact of ethanol extracts of Sage on the multi-drug impervious to bacteria, the use of herbs as a replacement to antibiotics after pharmacological studies for treatment is recommended. Methanol extract of sage exhibited profound cytotoxicity activity against the MCF-7 cell line. Keywords: Salvia sclarea, sage, Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, MCF-7 cell line.

Effective reinforcement of plasticized starch by the incorporation of graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide

In this essay, the author details their own original experiments with using the qualities of psychedelic experiences, specifically those brought on by the atypical psychedelic, salvia divinorum, to inform game design. It discusses the brief history of games designed with varying levels of influence from psychedelic drugs and culture. It details the benefits of this approach, such as the development of design strategies that are potentially useful in creating simulations that provoke empathy for symptoms of mental illness, suggesting paths for future exploration.

Sheep wool waste has become a problem affecting the environment, as today the wool of most species has no commercial application and is considered a waste product. Sheep’s wool is mainly composed of keratin which, due to its protein nature and multiple functional groups, has attracted great interest in applications such as support materials in tissue engineering, bioactive materials, and targeted drug delivery. Support materials can be fabricated by 3D printing by syringe extrusion. However, keratin is not suitable for this technique as it does not present proper rheological characteristics. Alginate, a biopolymer derived from brown seaweed, offers a wide range of viscosities at room temperature and offers good performance in 3D printing. Thus, keratin and alginate-based mixtures, due to their properties and ecoefficiency, are interesting candidates to prepare 3D-printed scaffolds. The aim of this work was to develop fully biobased printable inks containing keratin, alginate, salvia extracts, and cellulose nanofibers. In a first stage, keratose, an oxidized form of keratin, was obtained from sheep wool by a clean extraction methodology, and the miscibility and viscosity of keratose-alginate mixtures were assessed. In a second stage, biobased inks were prepared parting from miscible keratose-alginate mixtures. Flow analysis, spectromechanical analysis, and recovery tests were carried out to analyze the effect of the ink formulation over rheological parameters and printability. Mesh and cylinder geometries were 3D printed and their mechanical properties, as well as shape fidelity and self-standing ability, were assessed.

ABSTRACT Smoking a potent concentration of salvia divinorum (hereafter salvia) has the capacity to dissolve one’s ego and sense of self. Due to the catatonic state a strong dose of salvia produces, the substance has been considered alarming by claims-makers including politicians, media officials, police, and citizen groups. This paper examines news media accounts of salvia use in Canada and salvia’s regulation by the Canadian federal government. Providing a qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles spanning 1991–2019 regarding claims made about salvia, we draw from literature on moral panics and drugs to conceptualize the police and political response to salvia in Canada. We trace the shifting claims made by an array of claims-makers, showing how the focus changed from curiosity to claims about risk. The banning of salvia in Canada displays the hallmarks of a moral panic, though in this case the claims-making about the harm and risk of salvia went on for years before the substance was made illegal. We apply the notions of slow panic and panic policy to salvia regulation in Canada and reflect on the implications for literatures regarding drug panics and the new psychedelic renaissance.

Background:Past research reports a positive relationship between experience with classic serotonergic psychedelics and nature relatedness (NR). However, these studies typically do not distinguish between different psychedelic compounds, which have a unique psychopharmacology and may be used in specific contexts and with different intentions. Likewise, it is not clear whether these findings can be attributed to substance use per se or unrelated variables that differentiate psychedelic users from nonusers.Aims:The present study was designed to determine the relative degree to which lifetime experience with different psychedelic substances is predictive of self-reported NR among psychedelic-experienced users.Methods:We conducted a combined reanalysis of five independent datasets (N = 3817). Using standard and regularized regression analyses, we tested the relationship between degree of experience with various psychedelic substances (binary and continuous) and NR, both within a subsample of psychedelic-experienced participants as well as the complete sample including psychedelic-naïve participants.Results/Outcomes:Among people experienced with psychedelics, only past use of psilocybin (versus LSD, mescaline, Salvia divinorum, ketamine, and ibogaine) was a reliable predictor of NR and its subdimensions. Weaker, less reliable results were obtained for the pharmacologically similar N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Results replicate when including psychedelic-naïve participants. In addition, among people exclusively experience with psilocybin, use frequency positively predicted NR.Conclusions/Interpretation:Results suggest that experience with psilocybin is the only reliable (and strongest) predictor of NR. Future research should focus on psilocybin when investigating effects of psychedelic on NR and determine whether pharmacological attributes or differences in user expectations/use settings are responsible for this observation.

In recent years, national laboratories have identifiedseveralplant-derived materials as concerns to public health because of theirpsychoactive effects, potential for abuse, and the lack of federalregulation of their use. One of these is Salvia divinorum (aka Salvia), which has received focused attention due to its increasingrecreational use and the ease by which it can be acquired. Traditional chromatographic approachesfor the detection of the major psychoactive component of Salvia (i.e.,salvinorin A) typically require time-consuming sample pretreatmentprior to identifying the presence of salvinorin A in plant materialunknowns. In this study, direct analysis in real time–high-resolutionmass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) was used to rapidly screen for Salviaplant material. This approach facilitated the analysis of bulk materialin its native form, thereby bypassing sample pretreatment steps. Inaddition, a validated DART-HRMS method was developed for the quantificationof salvinorin A in commercial Salvia products (e.g., raw plant materials,enhanced leaf extracts). In this regard, cholesterol was found tobe a suitable internal standard. The average salvinorin A contentin raw Salvia leaves was determined to be 1.54 mg/g, while the salvinorinA quantified in enhanced Salvia leaf extracts was between 13.0 and53.2 mg/g.

Abstract Background The inadvertent observation of a substantial population reduction of greenhouse whiteflies infecting Salvia divinorum plants grown in a polyhouse sparked a flurry of inquiries on the cause of the population decline. The entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) (Alternaria alternata strain VLH1) infecting greenhouse whitefly on S. divinorum plants was isolated and morphologically and molecularly characterised using multilocus sequence typing. Results The fungus was found to be highly virulent against sucking pests; with LC50 values ranging from 1.7 × 104 to 2.5 × 106 spores per ml for the Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach) and soybean sucking bug (Chauliops choprai Sweet and Schaeffer), respectively. In the lepidopteran larvae treated with a concentration of 3 × 105 spores per ml, the fungus induced developmental abnormalities such as aberrant larval to pupal moulting, defective pupae, and deformed adults. Pathogenicity studies on the two beneficial insects (Coccinella septempunctata (Linn.) and Apis mellifera L.) and 11 host plants revealed no disease signs, indicating that it is safe for use in pest management in hill agriculture. The chitinolytic activity of the fungus and its crude protein extracts was reported in studies conducted against target insect pests, with the highest chitinase enzyme production (117.7 U/ml) on the fourth day of inoculation. Furthermore, over a 96-h period, third instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) larvae fed on a protein fraction-amended artificial diet showed a significant decrease in nutritional physiology indices such as relative growth rate, relative consumption rate, efficiency of ingested food conversion, efficiency of digested food conversion, and approximate digestibility. Moreover, the polyhouse and open-field studies against two sucking pests; Myzus persicae (Sulz.) infesting capsicum in polyhouse and L. erysimi infesting Indian rapeseed in open-field conditions showed, 81.14% and 63.14% mortality rates, respectively, at 3 × 107 spore/ml concentration. Conclusions Entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) was reported to be an effective biocontrol agent, which caused direct mortality in sucking pests to developmental abnormalities in lepidopteran insects. Despite positive findings in in vitro and in vivo bioassay investigations against various insect pests, the fungus still has to be inspected before it can be used on a broad scale for biological pest management.