Salt Iodine Level Research Articles

Prevalence of Goiter and Associated Factors Among Adolescents in Gazgibla District, Northeast Ethiopia.

BackgroundAlthough goiter is a major public health problem in Ethiopia and affects a large number of people, there was little evidence among adolescents particularly in Northern Ethiopia. This study was, therefore, aimed at investigating the prevalence of goiter and associated factors among adolescents in Gazgibla District, Northeast Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 596 adolescents from August 5–30, 2019. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Adolescents were assessed for goiter based on World Health Organization criteria. The level of iodine in household salt samples was tested using rapid test kit. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0 for statistical analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to control for all possible confounders and to identify predictors of goiter. Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated to measure the strength of the association. Level of statistical significance was declared at P ≤ .05.ResultsThe prevalence of goiter among adolescents was 42.5% (95% CI: 38.4%, 46.7%). Being a female (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.85), family history of goiter (AOR = 3.63, 95% CI: 2.31, 5.69), cabbage consumption at least once per week (AOR = 4.6, 95% CI: 2.42, 8.74), not consuming meat at all (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.17, 5.32), not consuming milk at all (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19, 4.03), and inadequate iodine level of household salt (AOR = 7.05, 95% CI: 3.83, 12.97) were significantly associated with the development of goiter among adolescents.ConclusionsThe prevalence of goiter was very high in the study area. Therefore, the health sector of the district should invest efforts on improving the community’s awareness through disseminating key messages about iodized salt and iodine-rich foods.

Estado nutricional de yodo en niños escolares mexicanos de zonas urbanas y rurales

IntroductionDeficient or excess iodine intake has effects on human health. Assessment of the prevalence and risk factors in children can therefore support effective prevention or treatment. MethodA cross-sectional probabilistic study in 631 children aged 5 to 12 years in whom iodine levels were measured in urine and salt samples. Results are reported by type of location and indigenous condition. Association of these variables to urinary iodine levels was assessed using a binary logistic regression. ResultsMedian urinary iodine level was 278.4μg/L (177.3-360.9, IQR), 13.2% of children assessed had iodine levels <100μg/L, and 41.8% had values ≥300μg/L. Indigenous schoolchildren had the greatest risk of urinary iodine levels <100μg/L (β = 2.29, CI 1.1-4.6, p <.05), while children from urban and non-indigenous localities had a high risk of iodine levels >300μg/L (β = 2.2, CI 1.3 -3.9, p <.01, and β = 3.8, CI 2.2-6.5, p <.01 respectively). Median iodine level in salt was 35.9ppm (29.1-42.4 IQR), and there were no differences in iodine levels in salt by type of location or ethnicity. ConclusionsIn Mexican schoolchildren living in rural and indigenous areas, iodine levels <100μg/L have not been eradicated. There was high prevalence of urinary iodine levels ≥300μg/L in schoolchildren living in urban areas which was associated to high sodium intake from processed food.

Validation and reproducibility of a new iodine specific food frequency questionnaire for assessing iodine intake in Norwegian pregnant women

BackgroundIodized salt is not mandatory in Norway, and the permitted level of iodine in table salt is low (5 μg/g). Thus, milk and dairy products, fish and eggs are the main dietary sources of iodine in Norway. Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant women has been described in several European countries, including Norway. There are few validated tools available to assess iodine intake in an efficient manner. The aim of the current study was to assess the validity and reproducibility of a new iodine-specific food frequency questionnaire (I-FFQ) in Norwegian pregnant women.MethodsAn I-FFQ consisting of a total of 60 food items and the use of supplements was developed to assess iodine intake and was administrated to 137 pregnant women at gestational week 18–19. Reference methods were a structured 6-days iodine specific food diary, urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (pooled sample of spot UIC from six consecutive days), and thyroid function tests. Correlation analyses, Cohen’s weighted kappa, Bland-Altman plots, and linear regression analyses were used to assess validity. Reproducibility of the I-FFQ was assessed in a subgroup (n = 47) at gestational week 35–36.ResultsThere was a strong correlation between estimated iodine intake from the I-FFQ and food diary (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and an acceptable correlation between the I-FFQ and UIC (r = 0.21, P = 0.018). There was no significant association between the I-FFQ and thyroid function tests. The I-FFQ estimated higher iodine intake compared to the food diary with a mean absolute difference 33 μg/day. The limits of agreement from the Bland-Altman plots were large, however few participants fell outside the limits of agreement (5.2–6.5%). There was no difference between the estimated iodine intake from the I-FFQ assessed at gestational week 18–19, and gestational week 35–36 (P = 0.866), and there was a strong correlation between the two time points (r = 0.63, P < 0.001).ConclusionIn summary, this study suggests that the I-FFQ can be used as a valid tool to estimate and rank iodine intake among Norwegian pregnant women. We further suggest that this I-FFQ may also be valid in other populations with similarly dietary patterns and where salt is not iodized.Trial registrationThe study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02610959).

Determination of iodine level in consumer table salt from production to consumption: a cross-sectional study in occupied Palestinian territory

BackgroundIodination of table salt (salt for table use) is one of the best methods to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) and associated thyroid diseases. Iodate and iodide levels in table salt may vary for many reasons. There are no studies of the concentration of iodine in salt packs on the shelf and in use (open packs). This study aimed to quantify iodine in salt from twelve brands on the Palestinian market, either produced locally or imported, and both on the shelf and in use (opened). MethodsSamples of table salt (99) were collected from randomly selected market places and households in eleven governorates of the occupied Palestinian territory. From each household, three samples were collected; the first when the consumer started to use the salt package, the second when the package was half consumed, and the third when the package was almost empty. In addition, 12 salt packages were purchased from a local market, one package for each studied brand. The samples were treated and the absorbance of iodate in the sample was measured using a spectrophotometer at 665·6 nm, based on a previous method. In brief, a specific mass of salt was dissolved, then potassium iodide, hydrochloric acid, methylene blue, and acetate buffer (pH 4) were added. The solution was mixed and diluted. A reference solution using 99% sodium chloride was also created with this method. Finally, the absorbance of iodate was measured, and the iodate concentration obtained by subtracting the absorbance of the sample solution from that of the reference solution. The iodate content was then compared to the content printed on the salt package. Iodine content was also quantified for a number of samples after exposure to oven heat or being boiled or heated in water, as well as after exposure to light or dark. FindingsOf the 99 samples, 23 had lost 61% of their iodine content, 28 had lost 80%, and nine had lost all of their iodine. A little less than half (43 of 93) of the samples followed the Palestinian Standard regarding iodine content (3·5–5·5 mg per 100 g), and 70% (69 of 99) complied with the UNICEF recommendation (1·5 mg per 100 g). Iodine content in a newly opened pack (measured immediately after opening) was different from samples taken when the pack was half full, and when the pack was almost empty (0·023 mg/g, 0·0206 mg/g, and 0·0195 mg/g, respectively). The study also showed that up to 68% of iodine was lost during heating in a water solution, whereas dry heat led to a loss of 26%. Iodine loss was higher in light than in dark storage conditions (its concentration dropped from 48·2 mg/kg to 23·6 mg/kg in the dark, and decreased to 22·2 mg/kg in light). InterpretationA significant proportion of iodine is lost from salt after production and during consumption. There should be more awareness regarding the importance of using iodised salt, and education for consumers about salt storage. The iodine content in salt packages should be monitored by regulatory authorities. FundingNone.

Prevalence of goiter and its association with iodine status among the women of reproductive age group in coastal villages of Udupi Taluk, Karnataka, India.

Iodine deficiency is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies globally. Women in reproductive age group are vulnerable to develop iodine deficiency as there is an increase in demand for iodine, especially during pregnancy. The objective is to assess the prevalence of goiter and its association with iodine status and salt usage practices among the women of reproductive age group. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2015 to July 2017 among 1500 women of reproductive age group in five villages of Udupi Taluk. Stratified sampling design and proportion to population size of the reproductive age women in the study area was used to select the study participants. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Goiter was assessed clinically and graded as per the recommended criteria of the WHO. Salt samples from every household were collected for iodine estimation. Blood and urine samples were collected from subsample to estimate thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and urinary iodine excretion levels, respectively. The overall prevalence of goiter was 13% with 11.5% being Grade 1 and 1.5% being Grade 2. No significant association of goiter with urinary iodine, salt iodine levels, and salt usage practices was found. Median urinary iodine among the women with goiter indicates iodine sufficiency and no significant difference observed in urinary iodine levels between women with and without goiter.

Knowledge attitude and practice on iodine deficiency disorder and iodine level in salt in retail and vendors among the rural population in south India: A community based observational and descriptive study

BackgroundAn Iodine deficiency disorder causes a major problem of brain damage in human beings and it is a major public health problem in India and worldwide. ObjectiveTo assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding use of iodized salt among households and to find the iodine content level at the traders and retail vendors in the rural study areas of the Marakkanam block. MethodsA community based descriptive study on IDD was conducted in Marakkanam block population, Tamil Nadu with a sample size of 1233 individuals. ResultsThe goiter prevalence was high in female gender when compared with male and higher goiter prevalence rate was found in the lower economic group. Among 1233 individuals, 796 (64.6%) were heard about iodized salt, whereas 437 (35.4%) were not heard about it. Only 294 (23.8%) of the respondents were aware that iodine deficiency caused some disease or health problem. Total of 525 salt sample packets was collected at the traders' level and it that 99% of the salt samples were iodized but most of them weren't adequately iodized. ConclusionFrom our present study, we have concluded that nearly one fourth of the study population didn't have enough knowledge about IDD and its consequences. To eliminate the lack of their knowledge on IDD by conducting an effective awareness programs. Try to eradicate IDD related diseases in the study areas by encouraging the community people to use iodized salt, encourage the retail shop owners, vendors to sell an adequate iodized salt packets and by reducing the cost of the iodized salt packets through Government of Tamilnadu or private Non – Governmental Organizations.

Related Factors with School Age Children’s Iodine Status in Indonesia

Background: The prevalence of iodine deficiency as the cause of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) in children in Indonesia increased from 12,9% in 2007 become 14,9% in 2013. The assessment of IDD is by iodine status via measuring Urine Iodine Excretion (UIE) and level of iodine salt. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between children’s characteristics, social economic characteristics of parents, and level of iodine in salt with iodine status in school age children in Indonesia. Methods: The research design of this study was secondary data analysis. This study used data of Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013. Data were analyzed by chi square, eta, and spearman correlation test. Results: The research showed that factor that there was a significant correlation with iodine status in school age children in Indonesia are children’s gender (p = 0,01), father’s education (p = 0,01; r = 0,09), mother’s education (p = 0,01; r = 0,11), father’s occupation (p = 0,01; r = 0,12), mother’s occupation (p = 0,01; r = 0,09), and level of iodine in salt (p = 0,01). Children’s age was no significant correlation with iodine status in school age children (p = 0,81). Conclusion: There was a correlation between children’s gender, social economic characteristics of parents, and level of iodine in salt with iodine status in school age children in Indonesia.

Has iodized salt reduced iodine-deficiency disorders among school-aged children in north-west Iran? A 9-year prospective study.

Low iodine intakes are associated with goitre and other iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) that have affected billions of people worldwide. We aimed to assess total goitre rate (TGR) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in schoolchildren between 2007 and 2015, percentage of iodized salt consumption by households, and salt iodine content at production, distribution and household levels in north-west Iran. Design/Setting/Subjects UIC assessed among schoolchildren in nine consecutive years; 240 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years selected by systematic random sampling each year in the West Azerbaijan Province. Median UIC was >100 μg/l in all years. More than 50 % of children had iodine deficiency (UIC≤99 μg/l) in 2010 and 2011, while this rate was approximately 15-35 % in other years. Proportion with UIC below 50 μg/l was <20 % in all years except 2010 and 2011. Excessive UIC (≥300 μg/l) rate was between 5·4 and 27·5 %. TGR decreased from 44 % in 1996 to 7·6 % and 0·4 % in 2001 and 2007, respectively. Regular surveys from 2002 to 2015 showed that 98 % or more of households consumed iodized salt. Iodine level ≥20 ppm was observed in 87·5, 83 and 73 % of salt at production, distribution and household level, respectively (data from national study in 2007). The last national study in 2014 showed that median iodine level in household salt was 27 ppm. Our focused data suggest that the universal salt iodization programme is improving the iodine status of schoolchildren in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Reduction of TGR to less than 5 % in schoolchildren indicates successful elimination of IDD as a major public health problem.

Iodine Deficiency Disorder Among Filipino School Children, Pregnant and Lactating Women and the Elderly 20 Years After the Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide Law

Background: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is still a public health problem globally. In response to this, universal salt iodization (USI) has been implemented. This is the most cost-effective strategy to prevent and control it. In the Philippines, an Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN Law) was passed in 1995, in response to the increasing goiter rates. This paper describes the prevalence and severity of IDD among Filipino school-aged children (SAC), pregnant and lactating women and the elderly, 20 years after the implementation of the ASIN Law. Methods: Casual urine samples were collected from SAC, pregnant and lactating women and elderly of 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2013, of selected households of the National Nutrition Survey (NNS). Urinary iodine (UI) levels were determined using the acid digestion method. UI levels and prevalence of IDD in the 2013 NNS were compared with those in previous NNSs. Results: Iodine nutrition among the SAC has improved from mild deficiency with a median of 71 ug/L in 1998 to 201 ug/L in 2003. It has remained “optimal” till the 2013 NNS, almost 20 years after ASIN Law. UI was 107 ug/L among the elderly in 2008, but decreased to 80 ug/L in 2013, also indicating “mild” iodine deficiency. Among the lactating women, UI was 111 ug/L in 2003, indicating iodine sufficiency, but decreased to 81 and 77 ug/L in 2008 and 2013 NNS, respectively, indicating “mild” iodine deficiency. Median UI among the pregnant women was 142, 105 and 105 ug/L, also indicating the presence of IDD for the 2003, 2008 and 2013 NNS, respectively. Conclusion: Twenty years after ASIN Law, Filipino SAC have achieved optimum iodine status while the pregnant and lactating women and the elderly remain to be iodine deficient. Strict monitoring of iodization of salt at the production site should be implemented, since iodine levels in salt have remained at levels below the standard. J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;7(3):86-93 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem414w

THE SITUATION OF URINARY IODINE CONCENTRATION (UIC) AMONG SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN, WOMEN AT REPRODUCTIVE AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDONESIA: THE ANALYSIS OF RISKESDAS 2013

Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are the leading cause of goiter, cretinism, developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important public health issue as it is a preventable cause of intellectual disability. While elimination of iodine deficiency is imperative, it should be noted that excessive intake of iodine can also lead to adverse health effects. This paper analyzed the iodine status using median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of school age children (SAC), women of reproductive age (WRA), and pregnant women (PW) who live in the same household from Riskesdas 2013. The total number of households included in the analysis was 13,811 households, from which 6,149 SAC (aged 6 – 12 years), 13,218 WRA (aged 15-49 years), and 578 PW (aged 15-49 years) were enumerated. The national MUIC of SAC, WRA and PWwas in the normal range indicated that the iodine status was adequate using WHO epidemiological criteria. Iodine status in some sub-populations indicated deficiency, however, in terms of geographic characteristics people who live in the urban has better iodine status compared to rural areas. Similarly, populations in richer economic quintiles had better iodine status. Only pregnant women in the 1st and 2nd quintile were deficient. Almost all regions in Indonesia showed the MUIC was in the normal adequate range, except NTT-NTB, Maluku-Papua, and East Java for pregnant women who tend to have lower MUIC (&lt;150 µg/L). The status of iodized salt at the household was detected using both Rapid Test Kit/RTK as well as Titration. The result demonstrated a strong association between salt iodine level and iodine status. The MUIC for all three groups were lower when the iodine level in salt was lower, then increased when the levels of iodine content in salt increased. The iodine status of pregnant women consuming non-iodized salt was inadequate. The detrimental effect of iodine deficiency on the mental and physical development of children as well as on the women of reproductive age has been recognized. Indonesia still needs the salt iodization program to keep the iodine status in the normal range. In particular coverage with adequately iodized salt needs to be improved in order to improve the iodine status of pregnant women. For the prevention of Iodine disorders (insufficient), monitoring should be undertaken in regular basis to assess the MUIC, especially for pregnant women.

Iodine Deficiency Disorder Among Filipino School Children, Pregnant and Lactating Women and the Elderly 20 Years After the Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide Law

Background: Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is still a public health problem globally. In response to this, universal salt iodization (USI) has been implemented. This is the most cost-effective strategy to prevent and control it. In the Philippines, an Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN Law) was passed in 1995, in response to the increasing goiter rates. This paper describes the prevalence and severity of IDD among Filipino school-aged children (SAC), pregnant and lactating women and the elderly, 20 years after the implementation of the ASIN Law. Methods: Casual urine samples were collected from SAC, pregnant and lactating women and elderly of 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2013, of selected households of the National Nutrition Survey (NNS). Urinary iodine (UI) levels were determined using the acid digestion method. UI levels and prevalence of IDD in the 2013 NNS were compared with those in previous NNSs. Results: Iodine nutrition among the SAC has improved from mild deficiency with a median of 71 ug/L in 1998 to 201 ug/L in 2003. It has remained “optimal” till the 2013 NNS, almost 20 years after ASIN Law. UI was 107 ug/L among the elderly in 2008, but decreased to 80 ug/L in 2013, also indicating “mild” iodine deficiency. Among the lactating women, UI was 111 ug/L in 2003, indicating iodine sufficiency, but decreased to 81 and 77 ug/L in 2008 and 2013 NNS, respectively, indicating “mild” iodine deficiency. Median UI among the pregnant women was 142, 105 and 105 ug/L, also indicating the presence of IDD for the 2003, 2008 and 2013 NNS, respectively. Conclusion: Twenty years after ASIN Law, Filipino SAC have achieved optimum iodine status while the pregnant and lactating women and the elderly remain to be iodine deficient. Strict monitoring of iodization of salt at the production site should be implemented, since iodine levels in salt have remained at levels below the standard. J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;7(3):86-93 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem414w

Iodisation of Salt in Slovenia: Increased Availability of Non-Iodised Salt in the Food Supply.

Salt iodisation is considered a key public health measure for assuring adequate iodine intake in iodine-deficient countries. In Slovenia, the iodisation of all salt was made mandatory in 1953. A considerable regulatory change came in 2003 with the mandatory iodisation of rock and evaporated salt only. In addition, joining the European Union’s free single market in 2004 enabled the import of non-iodised salt. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of salt iodising in the food supply. We examined both the availability and sale of (non-)iodised salt. Average sales-weighted iodine levels in salt were calculated using the results of a national monitoring of salt quality. Data on the availability and sales of salts were collected in major food retailers in 2014. Iodised salt represented 59.2% of the salt samples, and 95.9% of salt sales, with an average (sales-weighted) level of 24.2 mg KI/kg of salt. The average sales-weighted KI level in non-iodised salts was 3.5 mg KI/kg. We may conclude that the sales-weighted average iodine levels in iodised salt are in line with the regulatory requirements. However, the regulatory changes and the EU single market have considerably affected the availability of non-iodised salt. While sales of non-iodised salt are still low, non-iodised salt represented 33.7% of the salts in our sample. This indicates the existence of a niche market which could pose a risk of inadequate iodine intake in those who deliberately decide to consume non-iodised salt only. Policymakers need to provide efficient salt iodisation intervention to assure sufficient iodine supply in the future. The reported sales-weighting approach enables cost-efficient monitoring of the iodisation of salt in the food supply.

Goiter prevalence in school-going children: A cross-sectional study in two border districts of sub-Himalayan Jammu and Kashmir.

Introduction:Iodine deficiency disorder remains one of the major public health problems, despite it being easily preventable. Initially thought as the disorder of Himalayan goiter belt, the disorder has been found to have a pan-India presence. The study was planned with the aim to assess the prevalence of goiter among 6–12 years school-going children and to identify levels of iodine in salt consumed at the household level in the study area.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted among 3955 school-going (2162 children from Rajouri and 1793 children from Poonch) children age 6–12 years in Rajouri and Poonch districts of Jammu Province. The children were examined clinically to detect and grade the goiter. Salt samples were collected from subsample (n = 400) to estimate iodine content in the salt.Results:The prevalence of goiter in the study population was found to be 18.87% and 9.70% in Rajouri and Poonch districts, respectively. Goiter prevalence was higher in 9–12 years age group as compared to 6–9 years age group and the difference in goiter prevalence in males of these two age groups was statistically significant (P = 0.02). Estimation of iodine content of the salt samples revealed that all of them (100%) had adequate iodine content.Conclusion:Despite the implementation of Universal Iodization Program and adequate content of iodine in salt consumed by the families, the goiter prevalence in both the districts is high. The future research should focus on identifying the reasons for this high prevalence.

YODISASI GARAM RAKYAT DENGAN SISTEM SCREW INJECTION

Retno Hartati, Edy Supriyo, Muhammad Zainuri, in this paper explain that many salt industry is currently undergoing a inefficiencies process in the production system. Declining quality of salt from the salt ponds and lack of homogeneity in the iodine content of salt briquettes and much KIO3 wasted. So it is necessary to increase the iodine levels in salt. This activity aims to design, create and test a iodized salt machine with a capacity of 1-2 tons per hour and perform quality control on products. Community service activities have been successfully implemented by creating iodized salt machine. The process is done by means of iodized salt machine in the salt product becomes higher and meet ISO standards, in which prior to iodized salt machine the content of KIO3 is 0 ppm and become 50 ppm after using KIO3. Keywords : yodization, salt,screw, injection

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Goitre among 6-12-year-old Children in a Rural Area of Karnataka in South India.

In India, endemic goitre is present in sub-Himalayan region and in pockets in states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Gujarat. Being a public health problem amenable for prevention, the assessment of prevalence of endemic goitre in an area helps in understanding whether the preventive strategies under National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Program (NIDDCP) have any impact on the control of endemic goitre. Hence, the current study was carried out to determine the prevalence, distribution and factors associated with iodine deficiency goitre among 6-12-year-old children in a rural area in south Karnataka. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 838 children, using a questionnaire adopted from Iodized Salt Program Assessment Tool and the tools prescribed by WHO for goitre survey. The prevalence of goitre in the study area was 21.9% (95% CI 19.2-24.8). There was higher prevalence of goitre among those having salt iodine <15 ppm than those with >15 ppm (P = 0.01; OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.10-2.29). In 10% of the children, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was assessed and prevalence was higher among those with <100 μg/l of UIE than those with normal UIE, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.8, OR 1.36; 95% CI 0.62-2.96). Multiple logistic regression revealed that gender (P = 0.002; OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.21-2.35) was an independent variable associated with goitre. The study area was found to be moderately endemic for goitre based on the WHO criteria. Higher prevalence of goitre was found to be still associated with consumption of low iodized salt (<15 ppm) necessitating emphasis on monitoring of salt iodine levels in the study area. Though NIDDCP is being implemented since five decades in India, the burden of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) is still high demanding further impetus to the monitoring systems of the programme.

AVALIAÇÃO DA ADEQUAÇÃO DO TEOR DE IODO EM AMOSTRAS DE SAL REFINADO E DE SAL GROSSO COMERCIALIZADO EM OURO PRETO-MG, BRASIL

Introduction : Salt iodization has been recommended as the primary public health measure for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), due to its safe application and satisfactory cost-benefit ratio (ou results). . Under Brazilian law, salt for human consumption should contain iodine in the proportion of 20mg to 60mg per kilogram of product. Thus, continuous monitoring and surveillance is needed to keep the level of iodine in salt within these limits. Objective : Iodization was assessed in samples of refined salt and rock salt in Ouro Preto-MG, Brazil. Material and Methods: Sixty-six samples from 16 different brands were collected; 40 of which were refined salt and 26, rock salt. As indicated in the Analytical Standards of the Adolfo Lutz Institute, iodine concentration was measured using a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate in triplicate samples. Results: Statistical analysis on the type of salt and on iodine concentration in the samples indicated that 7.5% of the refined salt samples, 53.85% of rock salt samples and 25.76% of all salt samples did not meet the Brazilian legislative requirements. Conclusion: Compared to previous studies, iodine levels in refined salt samples indicate improvement in the salt iodization monitoring, which is considered an effective public health action to prevent and control IDDs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2015.13481

Validation of a 24 h recall questionnaire culturally modified for use in rural south Indian populations

Validation of a 24 h recall questionnaire culturally modified for use in rural south Indian populations

Prevalence and associated factors of goiter among rural children aged 6-12 years old in Northwest Ethiopia, cross -sectional study

BackgroundGoiter, an indicator of chronic iodine deficiency, is a major public health problem for populations living with iodine deficient environment, particularly for young children. It is a threat to the social and economic development of many developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of goiter among rural children aged 6-12 years, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study was employed from July to December 2012 in Lay Armachiho district. A total of 698 children aged 6-12 years were included in the study. Multistage sampling was used. Children were examined for the presence/absence of goiter using a criterion set by World Health Organization. The level of Iodine of the salt was estimated by using spot testing kits. Descriptive and summary statistics were employed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors. The degree of association was assessed by using Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were computed to see the presence and strength of association.ResultsTotally 694 children were included in the analysis. The prevalence of goiter was found to be 37.6%. Goiter of grade 1 was 28.5% and that of grade 2 was 9.1%. 29.7% of the samples had adequate iodine content. The age of child (AOR: 1.24,95% CI: 1.12, 1.36), being female (AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.38-2.85), salt iodine level (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.71), family history of goiter (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI: 2.08, 4.858), fish consumption (AOR = 0.42, 95% CI; 0.22, 0.80) were factors associated with goiter.ConclusionChronic iodine deficiency was a severe public health problem in the study communities. Ensuring the consumption of iodized salt and promotion of fish intake at the household level are highly recommended.

Iodine deficiency in children: A comparative study in two districts of south-interior Karnataka, India.

Introduction:Iodine is an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland that are essential for mammalian life. Although goiter is the most visible sequelae of iodine deficiency, the major impact of hypothyroidism as a result of iodine deficiency is impaired neurodevelopment, particularly early in life. According to the World Health Organization, it is the single most preventable cause of mental retardation and brain damage. The simplest, most effective and inexpensive preventive method is the consumption of iodized salt.Objectives:The objective of the following study is to estimate the prevalence of goiter in children in the rural areas of Mysore and Coorg districts in India and estimate iodine levels in salt samples.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study in the age group of 6-12 years, using population proportionate to size systematic sampling method. The total sample size was 10,082: out of which 5337 was from Mysore and the rest from Coorg district. Clinical examination of the thyroid gland was done and salt samples collected for the estimation of Iodine.Results:The total prevalence of goiter was 19.01% in children of 6-12 years in Coorg district and 8.77% in Mysore district and it was more in females than in males.Conclusions:It was observed that iodine deficiency disorders is endemic in both districts, with a prevalence of 19.01% in children aged 6-12 years in Coorg district and 8.77% in Mysore district. Analysis of salt samples suggested that most of the samples were inadequately iodised (73.92% in Coorg and 45.92% in Mysore).

A Review on Iodine Determination Methods in Salt and Biological Samples

Context: Iodine is an essential micronutrient, particularly because of its role in the structure of the thyroid hormone. Many people live in iodine deficient regions of the world, and hence need dietary iodine supplement. Though, iodine analysis of biological samples, especially urine, is a method for the evaluation of iodine status in consumers. This paper presents a review of the most common methods used to determine iodine levels in salt and biological samples. Evidence Acquisitions: We conducted a literature review of published English articles in various parts of the world using databases from PubMed, World Health Organization between 1934 and 2012. Results: A total of 2030 articles were identified and after eligibility criteria based evaluation, 63 articles were included in this literature review. The titration method is the most commonly used method for quantitative evaluation. The two main methods used to determine iodine levels in urine and milk are as follows: The instrumental method and the colorimetric methods in association with Sandell and Kolthoff reaction. Conclusions: Despite the high risk of bias of many included studies, the results suggested the Sandell and Kolthoff reaction methods to determine iodine in milk and urine, methods are now technically very simple and have been used by many laboratories to measure iodine levels for many years. The titration method remains the reference method to determine iodine concentrations in salt. Other methods should be standardized against the titration method. Dried whole blood spots Triglycerides (TG) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are sensitive indicators of iodine deficiency.