Salt Iodine Level Research Articles

СОСТОЯНИЕ ЗНАНИЙ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ О ФАКТОРАХ РИСКА РАЗВИТИЯ ХРОНИЧЕСКИХ НЕИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ В ПИЛОТНЫХ РЕГИОНАХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Significance. To date, there is a high prevalence of risk factors and insufficient awareness of their presence among the population. Identification of persons at risk and preventive counseling are the most important goals of public health. Knowledge of the regional profile of risk factors will provide for a targeted development of preventive programs with due regard to the identified features. The purpose of the study was to determine the current state of knowledge about risk factors of chronic non-communicable diseases in the pilot regions of the Russian Federation. Material and methods. A sociological survey was conducted in three pilot regions of the Russian Federation – the Tula Region, the Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Crimea, using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 33 questions concerning prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. The sample size equaled to 1,718 respondents. The results were processed in the statistical package SPSS 22.0. Results. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, high blood sugar (glucose) and high blood pressure had the highest values in the assessment of risk factors. The lowest value was registered for low iodine levels in salt. The results show that the assessment of the impact of a risk factor on own health is significantly lower than abstract knowledge about harmful effects of this risk factor on health. The respondents considered low iodine levels in salt, alcohol consumption, excessive salt intake and smoking to be the least secure risk factors. The study confirms that alcohol consumption is generally considered by the population to be a less significant risk factor than smoking. It is important that only a little more than 20% of the population monitor their blood pressure on a regular basis. Knowledge of the blood glucose (sugar) level is mainly characteristic of women and people over 60 years. Women and people aged 40-59 regularly monitor their sugar intake. Control over this parameter is lower in older people. In relation to the norms of consumption of vegetables and fruit, the female population adheres to a higher level than men, but in general about 60% of the population correctly understand the need to consume an adequate amount of vegetables and fruit. Almost half of the population consider it a necessary norm to walk for at least 1 hour a day. In general, more than 60% of the population believe that they are not well-informed about risk factors. Conclusion. Knowledge about harmful effects of a risk factor does not necessarily result in application of this knowledge in relation to one's own health and behaviour changes. Knowledge about harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol use does not prevent the abuse. The motivation to smoke tobacco cannot be changed only by public awareness campaigns about harmful effects of this risk factor to health. Building awareness should be primarily focused on males. Planning public awareness campaigns, one should pay more attention to rural population. The promotion of iodized salt consumption among all population groups should be strengthened. Scope of application. Developing approaches to raising public awareness regarding prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases at the regional level.

Time Series and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of the Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in China

ObjectiveTo recognize the spatial and temporal characteristics of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), China national IDD surveillance data for the years of 1995–2018 were analyzed. MethodsTime series analysis was used to describe and predict the IDD related indicators, and spatial analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of salt iodine levels. ResultsIn China, the median urinary iodine concentration increased in 1995–1997, then decreased to adequate levels, and are expected to remain appropriate in 2019–2022. The goiter rate continually decreased and is expected to be maintained at a low level. Since 2002, the coverage rates of iodized salt and the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt (the percentage of qualified iodized salt in all tested salt) increased and began to decline in 2012; they are expected to continue to decrease. Spatial epidemiological analysis indicated a positive spatial correlation in 2016–2018 and revealed feature regarding the spatial distribution of salt related indicators in coastal areas and areas near iodine-excess areas. ConclusionsIodine nutrition in China showed gradual improvements. However, a recent decline has been observed in some areas following changes in the iodized salt supply in China. In the future, more regulations regarding salt management should be issued to strengthen IDD control and prevention measures, and avoid the recurrence of IDD.

The Impact of Iodine Concentration Disorders on Health and Cancer.

Iodine deficiency is an ongoing problem. The implementation of salt iodization has significantly reduced the effects of iodine deficiency worldwide in recent years, and the remaining iodine deficiency is mild to moderate. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. It can also act as an antioxidant, as well as an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic factor. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children are particularly affected by iodine deficiency. It leads to thyroid diseases and metabolic and developmental disorders, as well as cancer. However, an excessive iodine intake may, similarly to iodine deficiency, lead to the development of goiter, and toxic amounts of iodine can lead to thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, and even to the development of papillary thyroid cancer. Correcting iodine deficiency potentially reduces the chance of developing malignancies. Additional research is needed to better understand both the effect of iodine on carcinogenesis and the clinical outcome of iodine deficiency compensation on cancer patients’ prognosis. The upcoming public health challenge appears to be reducing salt consumption, which could result in a lower iodine intake. Thus, an iodine enrichment vehicle other than salt could be considered if salt iodine levels are not increased to compensate, and urine iodine levels should be monitored more frequently.

Iodine concentration level of iodized dietary salt and its associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundIodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The availability of adequate iodized dietary salt at the household level is immensely important. Hence, this review aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of adequate iodine concentration level of iodized dietary salt at the household level and its associated factors in Ethiopia.MethodsWe searched the literature using electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Embase) and gray literature from January 9, 2022, to February 25, 2022. The rapid test kit was used to measure the adequacy of iodine level of dietary salt. The quality of studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. Heterogeneity between studies was checked using I2 test statistics and publication bias was checked using funnel plot and Egger’s statistical test at a 5% significance level. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of the outcome variable and its determinants in Ethiopia.ResultsThe search identified 149 studies of which 18 studies were included with a total of 10,556 participants. The pooled prevalence of adequate iodine levels of iodized salt in Ethiopia was 44.37% (95% CI: 35.85-52.88). Women who had formal education (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.99 (95% CI: 1.47–2.48)), good knowledge of women (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.36–3.36), packed iodized salt (AOR = 3.85 (95% CI: 1.88–7.87)) and storage of iodized salt at home for less than 2 months (AOR = 2.66 (95% CI: 2.11–3.35) were the significant factors.ConclusionThis review suggests that the pooled prevalence of adequate iodine levels was low. Our finding highlights the need for considering the educational status, knowledge, and duration of salt storage to enhance the prevalence of adequate levels of iodized salt at the national level.

The Effectiveness of Pamphlet toward Consumption Behavior Changing of Iodized Salt among Housewives: A Quasi-experimental Study

BACKGROUND: Prenatal and postnatal growth is affected by iodized salt. Poor management of iodized salt when cooking food or vegetables can reduce iodine levels in salt.
 AIM: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of pamphlets to increase behavior toward consumption of iodized salt among housewives.
 METHODS: Study design quasi-experiment with the control group. The intervention group attached to media pamphlet on a kitchen wall or cooking area (The brochure contains how to process iodized salt properly), while the control group was given a leaflet (The leaflet contains how to manage iodized salt properly). The total number of samples was 76 (each group had 38 samples). Before implementing the attached pamphlet media in the kitchen wall, each group measured iodized salt management behavior (pre-test). After four months of intervention, the iodized salt management behavior was measured again. After collecting the data, it was analyzed using logistic regression.
 RESULTS: The results of the study showed that there was a difference in the proportion in the group that intervened with pamphlets compared to leaflets in the management of iodized salt, it’s illustrated from the exponent value (β) or Odds Ratio (OR) 3.37 CI: (0.63-17.92) after being controlled by other variables.
 CONCLUSION: The attached pamphlets in the kitchen area effectively increase consuming iodized salt among housewives, so the media should be placed where the behavior will appear to change the desired behavior.

Determine the iodine content of salt at the household level and its predictors in Bahirdar Town, Northwest Ethiopia.

Introductioniodine deficiency remains a foremost public health problem in developing countries. About 66 million populations were at risk from iodine deficiency, 28 million people suffer from goiter and more than 50,000 prenatal deaths are related to iodine deficiency each year in Ethiopia. Besides, studies from different parts of Ethiopia have shown that a low proportion of households use adequate iodine concentration and varied from one household to another. Despite increased coverage, the quality of available salt is poor. To ensure safe and effective levels of iodine consumption, monitoring the levels of iodine in salt and the iodine status of the population is critical. However, kinds of literature are scant in Ethiopia particularly; no study is conducted in the current study area. Thus, the study aimed to determine the iodine content of salt and associated factors at the household level in Bahir Dar Town, Northwest Ethiopia.Methodsa community based cross-sectional study design was carried out in Bahir Dar Town from September to October 2015. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 706 study participants. A pre-tested, structured questionnaire and laboratory were used to collect data. A laboratory test, gold standard iodometric titration method was used to measure individual availability of adequately iodized salt. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was fitted to identify factors associated with the content of iodine. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval was computed to show the strength of association. In multivariable analysis, a p-value of <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.Resultsa total, of 690 participants were included in the study. About 70.1% (95%CI: 63.41, 76.76) of the households were used adequate iodized salt (≥15 ppm). The result of the multivariate analysis revealed that respondents with secondary school (AOR=3.05; 95%CI: 1.51,6.18), age 30-44 years (AOR=1.99; 95%CI: 1.08,3.69), good knowledge (AOR=3.34; 95% CI: 2.09,5.32) and being in the highest wealth status (AOR=4.35,95% CI: 2.43,7.8) had higher odds of availability of adequately iodized salt at the household compared to the counterpart. Besides, using covered salt (AOR=6.10, 95% CI: 3.78, 9.87) and storing salt in a dry place (AOR=4.17; 95% CI: 2.21, 7.86) were positively associated with the availability of adequately iodized salt.Conclusionthe availability of adequately iodized salt in the household is still low. Further institutionalizing iodized salt regulation and awareness creation will require to improve safe iodine consumption through the community.

Estimated contribution of most commonly consumed industrialized processed foods to salt intake and iodine intakes in Sri Lanka.

In Sri Lanka dietary patterns are shifting towards increased consumption of industrially processed foods (IPF). This study aimed to estimate the contribution of IPF to salt and iodine intake and assess the possible impact of salt reduction on iodized salt intake. The assessment was conducted using guidance published by the Iodine Global Network. National nutrition and household income expenditure surveys were used to estimate adult per capita consumption of household salt and commonly consumed salt-containing IPF. Industry and laboratory data were used to quantify salt content of IPF. Modelling estimated the potential and current iodine intake from consumption of household salt and using iodized salt in the identified IPF. Estimates were adjusted to investigate the likely impact on iodine intake of achieving 30% salt reduction. IPF included were bread, dried fish and biscuits, with daily per capita consumption of 32g, 10g and 7g respectively. Daily intake of household salt was estimated to be 8.5g. Potential average national daily iodine intake if all salt in these products was iodized was 166μg. Estimated current daily iodine intake, based on iodization of 78% of household salt and dried fish being made with non-iodized salt, was 111μg nationally, ranging from 90 to 145μg provincially. Estimated potential and current iodine intakes were above the estimated average requirement of 95μg iodine for adults, however, current intake was below the recommended nutrient intake of 150μg. If the 30% salt reduction target is achieved, estimated current iodine intake from household salt, bread and biscuits could decrease to 78μg. The assessment together with data for iodine status suggest that current iodine intake of adults in Sri Lanka is adequate. Recommendations to sustain with reduced salt intake are to strengthen monitoring of population iodine status and of food industry use of iodized salt, and to adjust the salt iodine levels if needed.

Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households

Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.

Stabilizing 30ppm Iodine in Iodized Salt: The Effect on Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in Children

Background: Salt iodization considers an effective way of ensuring iodine sufficiency, but a wide variation range of household salt iodine levels existed. Research in iodized salt intervention on preschool-age children had not been found. Objective: Analyse the effect of stabilizing 30 ppm household iodized salt for six months on iodine nutrition status and thyroid function. Method: This was a pre post-test experiment study, with 76 preschool-age children in a replete iodine area in Purworejo Regency. Iodized salt at 30ppm was given for six months. Thyroid function (TSH and FT4) were assessed at 0 and 6 months. Iodine status (UIE) were assessed at 0, 3, and 6 months. ANOVA RM mixed methods were used to interpret the result. Results: Before the study, 51.9% of households had an inadequate level of iodized salt. There were a significant increase of TSH (t=-3.184; p

Analysis of Iodine Level (KIO3) based on the Formation of Amylum-Iodine Complex using UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Iodine is an important component that needed by the body in the synthesis of thyroid hormones in order to maximize humans’ growth and development. Besides, iodine also plays a role in the regulation and metabolism system in the human body. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is one of the nutritional problems which is an inhibiting factor in the development of human resources because it can cause disruption of mental development and human intelligence. Iodine in food is found from table salt, it found in the form of KIO3 with a standard level of iodine in table salt that is 30ppm-80ppm. This research aims to determine the iodine levels in the four kinds of table salt using spectrophotometric methods based on the formation of the starch iodine complex. The formation of the starch iodine complex performed by reacting I- with the oxidizer IO3- in an acidic atmosphere with starch indicator. The resulting blue color was analysed by visible spectrophotometry and produce absorbance data. The measured iodine content is equal to samples A, B, C, and D showing results less than 30 ppm so it can be concluded that iodine in table salt still does not meet the SNI standards that should be around 30ppm-80ppm

Iodine Level of Salt and Associated Factors at Household Level in Gidami District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Iodine Level of Salt and Associated Factors at Household Level in Gidami District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Iodine intake among pregnant mothers residing in hilly terrains of two districts of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Under programmatic settings, routine monitoring and evaluation of household consumption of iodized salt are recommended to track the reach of universal salt iodization strategy. The program needs evaluation in different settings and locations. The objective of this study was to assess urine-based estimation for recent iodine intake among pregnant women living in hilly terrains of two districts of northern state of India. A community-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted during September- December 2019 among 202 randomly selected pregnant women in two districts of Himachal Pradesh. With a predesigned schedule, data regarding sociodemographic and behavioral factors and salt consumption were collected by interview. Iodine level of salt was assessed by spot iodine testing kit and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured using ammonium persulfate digestion using spectrophotometer. Women had a mean age of about 26 years, and the period of gestation was of mean 163.7 days. The consumption of iodized salt (>15 ppm) at family level was found to be 83.7%, and the median UIC was 169.0 μg/L. Among assessed, 26.7% had an acceptable level of UIC, whereas 41.1% and 32.2% of women had less (<150 μg/L) and excessive (>250 μg/L) level of UIC, respectively. Recent iodine intake among pregnant women was observed to be adequate, but efforts are to be done to assess the reasons for less and excessive UIC among women.

An Assessment of Iodine Deficiency in School Age Children in ChikkaballapuraDistrict of Karnataka State – A Cross Sectional Study

Background Iodine deficiency has been one among the nutrition problems in India. The deficiency of this micro-nutrient leads to a wide spectrum of disorders from the intrauterine life extending through childhood and adult life with serious health and social implications. Lack of iodine in the diet leads to visible and invisible spectrum of health consequences collectively called Iodine Deficiency Disorders IDDs. Globally India has the been the country with a very large number of children born vulnerable to iodine-deficiency. In India IDD has been identified as a public health problem with 200 million people at risk. Iodine Deficiency Disorders are among the easiest and least expensive of all nutrient disorders to prevent. The addition of a small constant amount of iodine to the salt that people consume daily is all that is needed. Objectives The study aimed to assess the prevalence of Goiter in children aged 6-12 years to determine the median Urinary Iodine Excretion UIE among these children and the salt iodine levels at consumer level in District of Chikkaballapura.Methodology The school officials were informed to request all the children aged 6-12 years to bring salt samples from their residence 3-4 teaspoon of salt in a plastic cover on the day of survey. On the day of survey 90 children 45 boys and 45 girls aged 6-12 years were selected by disproportionate stratified random sampling class studying as the stratum for clinical examination of goiter by doctors.Results A total of 2774 children from 30 schools were screened for thyroid enlargement. A total 368 urine samples were collected of which only 350 samples were analysed for urinary iodine concentration. A total of 18 samples were discarded due to low quantity sediments or turbidity. Salts from 650 households were titrated for iodine content. The overall prevalence of goiter was 8.1. Among the study participants 315 90.9 had normal UIE gt100 microgL. Iodine deficiency was observed in 2.3 study participants.Conclusion The population in Chikkaballapura at present have iodine levels at par to the recommended but continuous efforts from government and non-government organizations are needed to sustain the availability of iodized salt to keep iodine levels at optimum level.

An Assessment of Iodine Deficiency in School Age Children in Chitradurga District of Karnataka State – A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Iodine deficiency is one of the important nutrition problems in India. The deficiency of this micro-nutrient leads to a wide spectrum of disorders from the intrauterine life extending through childhood and adult life with serious health and social implications. Lack of Iodine in the diet leads to visible and invisible spectrum of health consequences collectively called Iodine Deficiency Disorders IDDs. Globally India has the largest number of children born vulnerable to iodine-deficiency. In India IDD has been identified as a public health problem with 200 million people at risk. Iodine Deficiency Disorders are among the easiest and least expensive of all nutrient disorders to prevent. The addition of a small constant amount of iodine to the salt that people consume daily is all that is needed.Objectives The study aimed to assess the prevalence of Goitre in children aged 6-12 years to determine the median Urinary Iodine Excretion among these children and the salt iodine level at consumer level.Methodology The school authorities were informed to request all the children aged 6-12 years to bring salt samples from their residence 3-4 teaspoon of salt in a plastic cover on the day of survey. On the day of survey 90 children 45 boys and 45 girls aged 6-12 years were selected by disproportionate stratified random sampling class studying as the stratum for clinical examination of goitre by doctors.Results A total of 2900 children from 30 schools were screened for thyroid enlargement. A total 359 Urine samples were collected of which only 296 were analysed for urinary iodine concentration. A total of 63 samples discarded due to low quantity sediments or turbidity. Salts from 650 households were titrated for iodine content.The overall prevalence of goitre was 10.3. 269 90.9 of the study participants had normal UIE gt100 microgL. 27 9.1 study participants had iodine deficiency.Conclusion The population in Chitradurga at present have iodine nutrition at par to the recommended but continuous efforts from governmental and non-governmental organizations are needed to sustain the availability of iodized salt to keep iodine nutrition at optimum level.

A study on the iodised salt use pattern amongst the slum dwellers in Kolkata

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are most important causes of preventable brain damage all over the world. Iodization of salt is used as a weapon to prevent IDD through national iodine deficiency disorders control programme and food safety and standards act, 2006 and regulations, 2011. Climatic condition, knowledge about storage and culinary practices pose a problem in maintaining adequate iodine level in salt at the consumer level.Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in the slum of Baghbazar under the service area of urban health and training centre, R.G. Kar medical college and hospital, Kolkata from 18 April to 30 April 2018. Households were chosen using simple random sampling and one adult representative from each household was interviewed with pre-designed pre-tested schedule.Results: 100% of the households were found to use iodised salt. 19.2% were aware that they were using iodised form of salt. 96.2% people keep the salt in covered container but only 7.7% of them knew that if kept uncovered iodine vaporises from salt. Moreover 40.4% of the respondents were found to keep salt open close to the oven during cooking with 86.5% of them not believing that this practice can have effect on the quality of the salt.Conclusions: Awareness regarding the effect of iodised salt on health, proper storage and use pattern should be initiated for desired sustainable change in practice and strict enforcement of law for curbing sale of non-iodised salt must be implemented so that IDD cease to be a serious public health problem.

Iodine nutrition and prevalence of sonographic thyroid findings in adults in the Heilongjiang Province, China.

BackgroundThyroid disease and thyroid nodules are common clinical problems. Iodine nutrition plays an important role in thyroid disease evolution. Here, we aimed to estimate the iodine nutritional status and prevalence of thyroid disease in the adults of the Heilongjiang Province in northeast China.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional ultrasound (US)-based survey on volunteers aged 20–70 years from 30 regions of the Heilongjiang Province. The participants were recruited using the probability proportional to size (PPS) method, and consent for US screening was obtained from them. The survey was performed by trained technicians using the same US equipment with a 6–15 MHz linear transducer (MyLab 30 cv, Italy) and was hosted in public community locations such as local hospitals and outpatient departments. Information on basic demographic characteristics, such as urinary iodine and iodine intake were collected. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of thyroid disease was determined through direct standardization and reported using the province’s population in 2016 as reference.ResultsFrom December 12, 2017, to March 10, 2019, 3,754 participants with a mean age of 48.65 (±12.39) years participated in the study. Of them, 3,643 had reliable urinary iodine data. The median urinary iodine and salt iodine concentrations within the normal range were 163.30 µg/L and 24.30 mg/kg, respectively. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of thyroid disease was 52.91%. Diffuse thyroid disease (DTD), focal thyroid lesions (FTL), and coexistence of both diseases were prevalent in 8.68%, 36.58%, and 7.65% of the participants, respectively. The prevalence of the five categories according to US-based survey features in the ACR TI-RADS (i.e., TR1, TR2, TR3, TR4, and TR5) was 7.71%, 14.53%, 3.44%, 14.82%, and 3.51%, and the prevalence of nodules that needed fine-needle aspiration was 2.55%.ConclusionsIn Heilongjiang Province, adults aged 20–70 years belong to the optimal iodine status. Further, the salt iodine levels are in the normal range. Thyroid diseases are highly prevalent in this age group; however, the intervention rate is low. We provided population-based estimates of the prevalence of thyroid disease and the iodine status in adults of Heilongjiang Province. These findings are useful to support effective intervention planning for thyroid disease.

Adequately Iodized Salt and Associated Factors at Household Level in Kolfe keraniyo Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem throughout the world. Salt iodization is the commonest type of food fortification well exercised in many countries as the method of choice to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. This study aimed to assess adequately iodized salt and associated factors at the household level in Kolfe keraniyo sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kolfe keraniyo sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from July to August 2019. In this study, 541 samples were included. Rapid test kit was used to get a semi-quantitative estimation of the salt iodine level. Among all samples, 95.5% was adequately iodized (>15ppm). In multivariable analysis, educational level (AOR=3.30; 95% CI: 1.06, 10.32), storing salt in an open container (AOR=10.71; 95% CI: 3.26, 35.23), salt buying frequency (AOR= 6.69; 95% CI: 2.34-19.10), using packed salt (AOR= 4.26; 95% CI: 1.46-12.40) and household monthly income ≥200 ETB (AOR=3.10; 95% CI: 1.11-8.60) had a statistically significant association to availability of adequately iodized salt at household level. In this study, the proportion of households that use adequately iodized salt meets the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD recommended proportion (≥90%). However, a considerable amount of households use inadequately iodized salt. Increasing the awareness of the community on proper storage and utilization of iodized salt should be done.

Iodine nutritional status in urban and rural Mexican schoolchildren

IntroductionDeficient or excess iodine intake has effects on human health. Assessment of the prevalence and risk factors in children can therefore support effective prevention or treatment. MethodA cross-sectional probabilistic study in 631 children aged 5 to 12 years in whom iodine levels were measured in urine and salt samples. Results are reported by type of location and indigenous condition. Association of these variables to urinary iodine levels was assessed using a binary logistic regression. ResultsMedian urinary iodine level was 278.4μg/L (177.3–360.9, IQR), 13.2% of children assessed had iodine levels <100μg/L, and 41.8% had values ≥300μg/L. Indigenous schoolchildren had the greatest risk of urinary iodine levels <100μg/L (β=2.29, CI 1.1–4.6, p<0.05), while children from urban and non-indigenous localities had a high risk of iodine levels >300μg/L (β=2.2, CI 1.3–3.9, p<0.01, and β=3.8, CI 2.2–6.5, p<0.01 respectively). Median iodine level in salt was 35.9ppm (29.1–42.4 IQR), and there were no differences in iodine levels in salt by type of location or ethnicity. ConclusionsIn Mexican schoolchildren living in rural and indigenous areas, iodine levels <100μg/L have not been eradicated. There was high prevalence of urinary iodine levels ≥300μg/L in schoolchildren living in urban areas which was associated to high sodium intake from processed food.

Iodine Content of Salt Use after Years of Universal Iodization Policy and Knowledge on Iodized Salt among Households in the Sissala East Municipality in Upper West Region of Ghana

Background. Iodine deficiency is a global public health concern as it leads to inadequate production of thyroid hormone in the body, causing too many destructive consequences on the roles and functions of different human organs and muscles including brain growth and can manifest into many damaging effects such as intestinal cerebral impedance, cancer of intestine, breast disorders, and physical deformities like goitre and cretinism to one’s body. Despite all these negative effects, there are several important public health programs including universal salt iodization (USI) to improve on households’ iodine intake, notwithstanding this, countless families are still eating foods containing less iodine or no iodine at all. Hence, this study examined the intake of iodized salt after years of universal salt iodization and the knowledge on iodized salt among households in the Sissala East Municipality. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was adopted to collect data for the study. Data were collected from women in charge of household meal preparation using a semistructured questionnaire and rapid field iodine test kits. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for the data analysis and presented in tables and graphs. p value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Findings. Only 41.4% of the households have good knowledge on benefits of iodized salt and dangers associated with iodine deficiency. It was realized that the health workers (46.6%) and television were the main sources of information on iodized salt. Household salt usage with adequate (&gt;15 ppm) levels of iodine was 44.0%; however 85.9% of the salts were stored in covered containers. The study showed significant associations between knowledge on iodized salt and educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.043), religion (p=0.027), and ethnic lineage (p=0.046). Also, the use of iodized salt showed associations with the educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.003), religion (p=0.042), and knowledge on iodized salt (p≤0.001). Conclusions. Only about 4 in 10 households were consuming salt with adequate iodine, and this coverage is very low compared with the 90% or more coverage recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. Having secondary and tertiary education and having good knowledge of iodized salt has a great influence on the use of iodized salt; however, with this low level of knowledge of importance of iodized salt among women responsible for house food preparations, there is the need for health professionals to intensify education and promotion on iodized salt in the area and to monitor and verify iodine content of salts produced and sold in the market all times, as the source of the salt might have contributed to the low levels of iodine in the household salt.

Household Iodized Salt, Iodine Intake, and Thyroid Dysfunction in Reproductive Age Women in Different Regions of Iodine Adequacy.

This was a cross-sectional study, with women of reproductive age (15 to 45 y old) as subjects, conducted in plain area (Yogyakarta) city (n=250), mountainous area (Bukit Tinggi city) (n=249), and combination of mountaneous and plain area (Purworejo regency) (n=249). Urinary iodine (UIE), prevalence of hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism (diagnostic based on combination of TSH and fT4 level), also the presence or absence and level of iodine in salt were assessed. Iodized salt coverage have reached >90% household in all three region, while titration found 75.6% with adequate level of iodine in salt (>30 ppm), with wide range of iodine level in salt (0.00-218.2 ppm). With that condition, population in plain and combination of plain and mountainous area have more than adequate iodine status (218 μg/L and 224 μg/L), while population in mountaneous area still in mild iodine deficiency status (UIE median of 88 μg/L). Most population is in euthyroid condition. Hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, secondary hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and hypothyroidism were found in 0.7%, 4.8%, 0.4%, 8.9%, and 0.9% population consecutively. There were no relationship between iodine status and prevalence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, but subclinical hypothyroidism most prevalent in excess UIE population (12.5% vs 8.3%). All three regions have achieved USI target. But the risk of iodine deficiency still found in mountaneous area. Household iodized salt coverage discrepancy between rapid test and titration strengthen the need of more accurate but efficient test of iodine level in salt.