Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of a Hybrid System with Hybrid Methodologies

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is an important optimization problem in the energy system. Economic Dispatch (ED) is a short-term determination of the optimal performance of a set of power generation assets to meet the system load at the lowest possible cost, taking into account transmission and operational constraints. Economic dispatch problems are solved by dedicated computer software that needs to take into account the operational and system limitations of available resources and corresponding transmission functions. Economic load balancing provides optimal cost savings for power plant operations where methodologies can be applied in a variety of ways, from traditional to advanced. To achieve this, traditional methods have been used from the last few years to the 90's, but in the last few decades AI methods have met their needs and validated satisfactory results. Some advanced hybrid techniques used are the Modified Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (MSSA) with Artificial Intelligent (AI) technique aided with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique, Improved Moth-Fly Optimization Algorithm (IMFOA) with the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), the Improved Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (IFOA) with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) system and Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA) with Genetic Algorithm (GA) which will encourage the researches for providing better solution for economic load dispatch problem is presented in this paper.

Study of image fusion optimization techniques for medical applications

Image fusion is becoming increasingly important in computer vision activities because of the larger number of capture methods. The integration of different views like multi view, multi temporal view and information which is larger together termed as image fusion (IF). In image fusion the information of multiple-sensors are converted into a unified image while maintaining the fidelity of critical characteristics.Healthcare image fusion procedures are used to improve picture quality by achieving the conspicuous characteristics in the fusion findings. As a result, they increase the practical usefulness of medical pictures for issue assessment and identification. Fusion of medical images are generally evaluated using the modalities like MRI-Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRA-Magnetic Resonance Angiogram, PET-Positron Emission Tomography, SPET-Structural Positron Emission Tomography,CT-Computed Tomography, and SPECT-Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Neural network and optimization techniques help in improving the quality of fused image. In this paper various fusion techniques are studied. Along with different fuson approaches, the outcomes of diverse research projects are contrasted in terms of how the pulse coupled neural network is employed and different optimization techniques. The Pulse Couple Neural Networks (PCNN) using various optimization techniques are compared. Among which the swarming mechanism of salps improves the performance of the system. The PCNN is combined with SSO algorithm and evaluated the results.From the results it is shown that PCNN- Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO)ishaving good value of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) with 45.93 and Structural Similarity Index(SSIM) is 0.996.

Chaotic Salp Swarm Optimization-Based Energy-Aware VMP Technique for Cloud Data Centers.

The amount of energy required by Cloud Data Centers (CDCs) has increased significantly in this digital age, and as a result, there is a pressing need to reduce CDC energy ingesting. Consolidation of virtual machines (VMs) and effective virtual machine placement (VMP) techniques are commonly employed in large data middles to reduce energy consumption. The VMP is an NP-hard subject with infeasible optimum explanations even for tiny data middles, and it is dealt with using the Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithm, which is an experiential approach to optimization. With this in mind, this study introduces a novel energy-aware VMP technique for CDCs that is founded on the Disordered Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (EAVMP-CSSA) and is enhanced for energy efficiency (EAVMP-CSSA). The EAVMP-CSSA technique attempts to reduce CDC energy ingesting by dropping the quantity of active servers supporting virtual machines. The recommended EAVMP-CSSA strategy also aims to balance the resource operation of active servers (i.e., CPU, RAM, and Bandwidth), hence reducing waste and increasing efficiency. Furthermore, by combining the ideas of chaotic maps with the standard Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (SSA), the CSSA is intended to improve overall performance and reduce computational costs (SSA). A comprehensive range of experimental analyses are performed to ensure that the EAVMP-CSSA technique performs better, and the findings are compared to current VMP techniques. The EAVMP-CSSA approach achieves an effective outcome with a maximum service rate of 98.12%, whereas the Random, FFD, ACO, and AP-ACO procedures achieve a minimum service rate of 74.40%, 78.80%, 90.70%, and 96.31%, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the EAVMP-CSSA approach outperforms other assessment metrics.

Dynamic response and low voltage ride-through enhancement of brushless double-fed induction generator using Salp swarm optimization algorithm.

A brushless double-fed induction generator (BDFIG) has shown tremendous success in wind turbines due to its robust brushless design, smooth operation, and variable speed characteristics. However, the research regarding controlling of machine during low voltage ride through (LVRT) need greater attention as it may cause total disconnection of machine. In addition, the BDFIG based wind turbines must be capable of providing controlled amount of reactive power to the grid as per modern grid code requirements. Also, a suitable dynamic response of machine during both normal and fault conditions needs to be ensured. This paper, as such, attempts to provide reactive power to the grid by analytically calculating the decaying flux and developing a rotor side converter control scheme accordingly. Furthermore, the dynamic response and LVRT capability of the BDFIG is enhanced by using one of the very intelligent optimization algorithms called the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA). To prove the efficacy of the proposed control scheme, its performance is compared with that of the particle swan optimization (PSO) based controller in terms of limiting the fault current, regulating active and reactive power, and maintaining the stable operation of the power system under identical operating conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed control scheme significantly improves the dynamic response and LVRT capability of the developed BDFIG based wind energy conversion system; thus proves its essence and efficacy.

Asso approach for classifying gene expression data based on optimal features

Gene expression profiles are sequences of numbers, and the need to analyze them has now increased significantly. Gene expression data contain a large number of genes and models used for cancer classification. As the wealth of these data being produced, new prediction, classification and clustering techniques are applied to the analysis of the data. Although there are a number of proposed methods with good results, there is still limited diagnostics and a lot of problems still to be solved. To solve the difficulty, in this paper, an efficient gene expression data classification is proposed. To predict the cancer class of patients from the gene expression profile, this paper presents a novel classification framework in the manner of three steps namely, Pre-processing, feature selection and classification. In pre-processing, missing value is filled and redundant data are removed. To attain the enhanced classification outcomes, the important features are selected from the database with the help of Adaptive Salp Swarm Optimization (ASSO) algorithm. Then, the selected features are given to the multi kernel SVM (MKSVM) to classify the gene expression data namely, BRCA, KIRC, COAD, LUAD and PRAD. The performance of proposed methodology is analyzed in terms of different metrics namely, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The performance of proposed methodology is 4.5% better than existing method in terms of accuracy.

Heuristic Optimization Approaches for Capacitor Sizing and Placement: A Case Study in Kazakhstan

Two methods for estimating the near-optimal positions and sizes of capacitors in radial distribution networks are presented. The first model assumes fixed-size capacitors, while the second model assumes controllable variable-size capacitors by changing the tap positions. In the second model, we limit the number of changes in capacitor size. In both approaches, the models consider many load scenarios and aim to obtain better voltage profiles by minimizing voltage deviations and active power losses. We use two recently developed heuristic algorithms called Salp Swarm Optimization algorithm (SSA) and Dragonfly algorithm (DA) to solve the proposed optimization models. We performed numerical simulations using data by modifying an actual distribution network in Almaty, Kazakhstan. To mimic various load scenarios, we start with the baseline load values and produce random variations. For the first model, the optimization algorithms identify the near-optimal positioning and sizes of fixed-size capacitors. Since the second model assumes variable-size capacitors, the algorithms also decide the tap positions for this case. Comparative analysis of the heuristic algorithms shows that the DA and SSA algorithms give similar results in solving the two optimization models: the former gives a slightly better voltage profile and lower active power losses.

Optimal knee osteoarthritis diagnosis using hybrid deep belief network based on Salp swarm optimization method

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) damages the articular cartilage of the knee and is a severe degenerative joint condition. Currently, OA diagnosis is carried out by symptom analysis and progressive evaluation of the radiographs, although the method is subjective. This work presents a novel computer aided diagnostic system to diagnose the severity of the disease in its early stages. The proposed method comprises of stages that include image pre‐processing, extraction of features based on discrete wavelet decomposition, histogram, GLCM and texture features, and classification by stacked up‐RBM Deep Belief Networks (Hybrid DBN) finally. The performance of HDBN is improved by optimizing the hyper parameters with the Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (SSA). Experiments conducted on the Kaggle database consisting of 7503 images demonstrated an overall accuracy of 99.45% with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The impact on isolated and combined feature contributions is also analyzed using 10‐fold cross validation (CV). The robustness of the algorithm is tested on degraded images of salt‐pepper, Gaussian, and Poisson noise, which proved the effectiveness of the method. Comparison of the method proposed with similar techniques is done by employing different optimization algorithms and classifiers.

A dual synchronization prediction-based data aggregation model for an event monitoring IoT network

The abrupt changes in the sensor measurements indicating the occurrence of an event are the major factors in some monitoring applications of IoT networks. The prediction-based approach for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks plays a significant role in detecting such events. This paper introduces a prediction-based aggregation model for sensor selection named the Grey prediction model and the Kalman filter-based data aggregation model with rank-based mutual information (GMKFDA-MI) that has a dual synchronization mechanism for aggregating the data and selecting the nodes based on prediction and cumulative error thresholds. Furthermore, the nodes after deployment are clustered using K-medoids clustering along with the Salp swarm optimization algorithm to obtain an optimized aggregator position concerning the base station. An efficient clustering promises energy efficiency and better connectivity. The experiments are accomplished on real-time datasets of air pollution monitoring applications and the results for the proposed method are compared with other similar state-of-the-art techniques. The proposed method promises high prediction accuracy, low energy consumption and enhances the throughput of the network. The energy-saving is recorded to be more than 10 to 30% for the proposed model when compared with other similar approaches. Also, the proposed method achieves 97.8% accuracy as compared to other methods. The method proves its best working efficiency in the applications like event reporting, target detection, and event monitoring.

Recent approach based heterogeneous comprehensive learning Archimedes optimization algorithm for identifying the optimal parameters of different fuel cells

A consistent and precise mathematical modeling play a vital role in the performance analysis of fuel cells (FCs) system. Model's efficiency completely depends on design accuracy. Thereby the modeling and estimation of FCs' parameters attracted numerous researchers. In this article, new innovative algorithms named heterogeneous comprehensive learning Archimedes optimization algorithm (HCLAOA) for effective modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is proposed. To assess the performance of the proposed algorithm, two ratings of PEMFC stacks such as PEMFC 250 W and 500 W (NedStack PS6, BCS 500W, and SR-12PEM 500W) are considered and evaluated under different levels of pressures and temperatures. Further, in case of SOFC, steady-state and dynamic-state models are considered. The steady-state SOFC model is investigated with four different levels of temperatures, and the dynamic SOFC model is evaluated with the subject of change in demand power. To verify the consistency and effectiveness of HCLAOA algorithm, extensive statistical analysis and various evaluation criteria are thoroughly performed and are successfully compared with the state of the art algorithms like Harris hawks optimizer, Atom search optimizer, Salp swarm optimization algorithm. In addition, a non-parametric test for all considered cases is performed. From the carried-out analysis, the obtained results, and the observations, it is derived that the proposed HCLAOA approach is the most suitable for modeling both PEMFC and SOFC.

MPPT mechanism based on novel hybrid particle swarm optimization and salp swarm optimization algorithm for battery charging through simulink

In this paper, a battery charging model is developed for solar PV system applications. As a means of photovoltaic power controlling system, buck-boost converter with a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) mechanism is developed in this paper for maximum efficiency. This paper proposed a novel combined technique of hybrid Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) and Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO) models to perform Maximum Power Point Tracking mechanisms and obtain a higher efficiency for battery charging. In order to retrieve the maximum power from the PV array, the Maximum Power Point Tracking mechanism is observed which reaches the maximum efficiency and the maximum power is fed through the buck-boost converter into the load. The buck-boost converter steps up the voltage to essential magnitude. The energy drawn from the PV array is used for the battery charging by means of an isolated buck converter since the buck-boost converter is not directly connected to the battery. The Fractional Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controller handles the isolated buck converter and battery to enhance the efficiency obtained through the Maximum Power Point Tracking mechanism. The simulation results show higher steady efficiency by using the hybrid PSOSSO algorithm in all stages. The battery is charged without losing the efficiency obtained from the hybrid PSOSSO algorithm-based Maximum Power Point Tracking mechanism. The higher efficiency was obtained as 99.99% at Standard Test Conditions (STC) and 99.52% at PV partial shading conditions (PSCs) by using the new hybrid algorithm.

Comparison between P&O and SSO techniques based MPPT algorithm for photovoltaic systems

Solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems are a renewable source of energy that are environmentally friendly and recyclable nature. When the solar panel is connected directly to the load, the power delivered to the load is not the optimal power. It is therefore important to obtain maximum power from SPV systems for enhancing efficiency. Various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques of SPV systems were proposed. Traditional MPPT techniques are commonly limited to uniform weather conditions. This paper presents a study of MPPT for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The study includes a discussion of different MPPT techniques and performs comparison for the performance of the two MPPT techniques, the P&O algorithm, and salp swarm optimization (SSO) algorithm. MATLAB simulations are performed under step changes in irradiation. The results of SSO show that the search time of maximum power point (MPP) is significantly decreased and the MPP is obtained in the shortest time with high accuracy and minimum oscillations in the generated power when compared with P&O.

Improved Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Damping Controller Design for Multimachine Power System

This paper proposes an improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) as an effective metaheuristic method for tackling global optimization issues and damping power system oscillations. In the suggested ISSA, new equations are introduced to update the location of the leader and followers. This modification improves the method’s exploration possibilities while also preventing it from converging prematurely. Benchmark test functions are used to confirm the proposed algorithm’s performance, and the results are compared to SSA and other effective optimization algorithms. According to the extensive comparisons, the enhanced ISSA algorithm has higher convergence accuracy and stability than the original SSA and other researched algorithms. Furthermore, the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method were demonstrated by the simultaneous coordinated design of UPFC based damping controllers. For the two-area, four-machine system, the experimental findings are provided. Simulation experiments reveal that ISSA designed controllers outperform those created using other methods.

Investigation on Optimization Algorithms for Smart Home Energy Management with Different Electricity Pricing

The focus of this paper is on energy consumption optimization in smart homes (with/without RES) and increasing the user comfort level. The paper presents a functional and adaptable home energy management system with RES and an energy storage device for designing and implementing Demand Response (DR) programs. The four meta-heuristic techniques: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Wind-Driven Optimization (WDO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Salp Swarm Optimization (SSA), are used to optimize the energy consumption cost for a home energy environment. In the process of identifying and proposing a dedicated home energy optimization algorithm, this paper investigated four optimization algorithms with four different pricing schemes: Time of Use (TOU) pricing, Real-Time Pricing (RTP), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), and Day-Ahead Pricing (DAP) schemes. The results obtained using these pricing schemes are validated and compared in a common smart home environment. Further, the results show that by integrating Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and a battery reduces the electricity bill by 10.89% (without RES) and 38.88% (with RES), as well as the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) by 59.97% (without RES) and 64.98% (with RES) when compared to the energy consumption cost obtained without-scheduling technique. Moreover, without RES, the SSA algorithm based home energy management system outperforms the other algorithms particularly with the TOU pricing scheme.

Automated classification of valvular heart diseases using FBSE-EWT and PSR based geometrical features

The growing prevalence and high mortality rate due to valvular heart diseases (VHD) are concerned. Therefore, its accurate, rapid, and early diagnosis is important. This study processes the phonocardiogram (PCG) signals for automatic detection of VHD associated with aortic stenosis (AS), mitral stenosis (MS), mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and mitral regurgitation (MR) which is originated by the MVP. In the proposed approach, we have used Fourier-Bessel series expansion-based empirical wavelet transform (FBSE-EWT) for capturing the non-stationary nature of PCG signals. It follows by selecting significant Fourier-Bessel intrinsic mode functions (FBIMFs) and extraction of geometrical features from two-dimensional phase space reconstruction (2D-PSRs) of the FBIMFs. To reduce the real-time processing load, the feature set dimension is reduced by using metaheuristics optimization-based features selection (FS) algorithms, namely, the salp swarm optimization algorithm (SSOA), emperor penguin optimization algorithm (EPOA), and tree growth optimization algorithm (TGOA). These FS methods have been tested and compared with machine learning classifiers. The result indicates the effectivity of FBSE-EWT based features extraction and used FS methods in classifying the intended categories of PCG signals. With the reduced features set, obtained with SSOA, the proposed approach has resulted in the highest classification accuracies of 98.53 %, 98.84 %, 99.07 % and 99.70 % respectively for the five classes, four classes, three classes, and two classes problems. Thus, besides aiding the cardiologists, this approach is also useful for developing wearable cardiac devices (as it uses a reduced feature set) for heart health monitoring and diagnosis purposes.

Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Estimating the Parameters of Photovoltaic Panels Based on the Three-Diode Model

Due to the the lack of information about parameters in the datasheets of photovoltaic (PV) panels, it is difficult to study their modeling because PV behavior is based on voltage–current (V-I) data, which present a highly nonlinear relationship. To solve this difficulty, this study presents a mathematical three-diode model of a PV panel that includes multiple unknown parameters: photoinduced current, saturation currents of the three diodes, three ideality factors, serial resistance, and parallel resistance. These parameters should be estimated in the three-diode model of a PV panel to obtain the actual values that represent the voltage–current profile or the voltage–power profile (because of its visual simplicity) of the PV panel under analysis. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a new application of the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) to estimate the parameters of a three-diode model of a PV panel. Two test scenarios were implemented with two different PV panels, i.e., Kyocera KC200GT and Solarex MSX60, which generate different power levels and are widely used for commercial purposes. The results of the simulations were obtained using different irradiance levels. The proposed PV model was evaluated based on the experimental results of the PV modules analyzed in this paper. The efficiency of the optimization technique proposed here, i.e., SSA, was measured by a fair comparison between its numerical results and those of other optimization techniques tuned to obtain the best response in terms of the objective function.

Localization by Salp Swarm Optimization with Doppler Effect in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have lately been widely used due to its abundant practice in methods that have to be spread over a large range. In any wireless application, the position precision of node is an important core component. Node localization intends to calculate the geographical coordinates of unknown nodes by the assistance of known nodes. In a multidimensional space, node localization is well-thought-out as an optimization problem that can be solved by relying on any metaheuristic’s algorithms for optimal outputs. This paper presents a new localization model using Salp Swarm optimization Algorithm with Doppler Effect (LOSSADE) that exploit the strengths of both methods. The Doppler effect iteratively considers distance between the nodes to determine the position of the nodes. The location of the salp leader and the prey will get updated using the Doppler shift. The performance validation of the presented approach simulated by MATLAB in the network environment with random node deployment. A detailed experimental analysis takes place and the results are investigated under a varying number of anchor nodes, and transmission range in the given search area. The obtained simulation results are compared over the traditional algorithm along with other the state-of-the-art methods shows that the proposed LOSSADE model depicts better localization performance in terms of robustness, accuracy in locating target node position and computation time.

A Sequential Handwriting Recognition Model Based on a Dynamically Configurable CRNN.

Handwriting recognition refers to recognizing a handwritten input that includes character(s) or digit(s) based on an image. Because most applications of handwriting recognition in real life contain sequential text in various languages, there is a need to develop a dynamic handwriting recognition system. Inspired by the neuroevolutionary technique, this paper proposes a Dynamically Configurable Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (DC-CRNN) for the handwriting recognition sequence modeling task. The proposed DC-CRNN is based on the Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm (SSA), which generates the optimal structure and hyperparameters for Convolutional Recurrent Neural Networks (CRNNs). In addition, we investigate two types of encoding techniques used to translate the output of optimization to a CRNN recognizer. Finally, we proposed a novel hybridized SSA with Late Acceptance Hill-Climbing (LAHC) to improve the exploitation process. We conducted our experiments on two well-known datasets, IAM and IFN/ENIT, which include both the Arabic and English languages. The experimental results have shown that LAHC significantly improves the SSA search process. Therefore, the proposed DC-CRNN outperforms the handcrafted CRNN methods.

Improved Content Based Image Retrieval Process Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Salp Swarm Algorithm

Digital image and medical image retrieval from several repositories are improving gradually, so the capacity of repositories increases rapidly. The semantic space is the main issue on content-based image retrieval (CBIR), which exists among the semantic level as well as increases the data recognized through human and low level visible data obtained through the image. The CBIR system utilizes the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), which is trained to medical image characterization and the digital image by salp swarm optimization algorithm (SSA). The average classification accuracy for medical image is 86.805%, a mean average precision is 79%, Average Recall Rate (ARR) is 91.7% and [Formula: see text]-measure is 84.9%, are achieved during retrieval task. For image retrieval, the Average Precision Rate (APR) improved from 39%, 40%, 36% and 42.5% to 86.8% and the ARR enhanced from 39.5%, 40.5%, 35.5% and 42.5% to 86.8%. The [Formula: see text]-measure is improved from 39.5%, 40.5%, 35.5% and 42.5% to 86.8% as different with Local tetra patterns (LTrP), LOOP, local derivative pattern (LDP) and local mean differential excitation pattern (LMDeP) separately on Corel-1K dataset. The presented method is most suitable for multimodal digital images and medical image retrieval for various parts of the body.

Salp Swarm Optimization: A critical review

In the crowded environment of bio-inspired population-based metaheuristics, the Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO) algorithm recently appeared and immediately gained a lot of momentum. Inspired by the peculiar spatial arrangement of salp colonies, which are displaced in long chains following a leader, this algorithm seems to provide an interesting optimization performance. However, the original work was characterized by some conceptual and mathematical flaws, which influenced all ensuing papers on the subject. In this manuscript, we perform a critical review of SSO, highlighting all the issues present in the literature and their negative effects on the optimization process carried out by this algorithm. We also propose a mathematically correct version of SSO, named Amended Salp Swarm Optimizer (ASSO) that fixes all the discussed problems. We benchmarked the performance of ASSO on a set of tailored experiments, showing that it is able to achieve better results than the original SSO. Finally, we performed an extensive study aimed at understanding whether SSO and its variants provide advantages compared to other metaheuristics. The experimental results, where SSO cannot outperform simple well-known metaheuristics, suggest that the scientific community can safely abandon SSO.

Interfacial Heat Flux Estimation in a Funnel-Shaped Mould and Analysis of Solidification Characteristics in Thin Slab Continuous Casting

Abstract An inverse heat transfer model based on Salp Swarm optimization algorithm is developed for prediction of heat flux at the hot faces of a mold in thin slab continuous casting. The industrial mold considered in this work is a funnel-shaped mold having complex arrangement of cooling slots and holes. Significant variations of heat flux along the casting direction, as well as across the width are observed. Subsequently, the obtained heat flux profile estimated by the inverse method is used to analyze the fluid flow and thermal characteristics of the solidifying steel strand inside the mold. Three different recirculatory zones are present due to molten steel flow, affecting the thermal and solidification characteristics significantly. The effect of these recirculatory flows on remelting phenomenon, and consequent formation of thinner shell at the mold outlet leading to quality control issues in the casting process have been discussed. Another practical issue of depression in the wide face shell thickness at the mold outlet has been identified, and its cause has been related to the location of the submerged entry nozzle and the high speed of the molten steel inflow.