Salmon Meal Research Articles

Mineral digestibility of different animal sources for the silver catfish Rhamdia voulezi

This study aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy, and minerals of marine fish meal (MFM), salmon meal (SM), tilapia by-product meal (TBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), blood meal (BM), and feather meal (FM) by silver catfish Rhamdia voulezi. Groups of 12 fish were fed the experimental diet three times a day until apparent satiation, and the fecal samples were collected from an accumulation device. SM and PBM exhibited the highest digestibility values for dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy, while MBM and FM presented significantly lower ADCs for dry matter. BM and FM exhibited higher ADCs for phosphorus, 65.05 and 63.87%, respectively. The ADCs for calcium were 58.8% for MFM, 56.69% for TBM, and 60.08% for PBM. PBM and FM had the highest iron ADCs, 44.01 and 46.29%, respectively. Magnesium ADCs ranged from 44.87% for MBM to 75.50% for TBM. BM had the highest digestibility for zinc (62.77%), whereas MBM (36.68%) and FM (39.39%) had the lowest. In general, SM and PBM showed higher values as feedstuffs for silver catfish feeds. At the same time, the digestibility was lower for TBM and MBM for macronutrients and minerals such as phosphorus, iron, and zinc.

Effect of the use of different types of fishmeal on the physicochemical properties of a fishfeed for Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia)

The objective of this research was to study the effect of two types of fishmeal on the physicochemical properties of extruded food for Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia). Using Pearson's squares, a diet was formulated (moringa, fish meal and corn flours, gelatin and vitamin and mineral premixes) with a protein content of 30 to 32%. The fish meal (sardine or salmon) was added in a 23.7% with respect to total composition of diet. The treatments were moistened with 13 and 17% water and processed in a single screw laboratory extruder. Extruded foods and a commercial (control), were analyzed according to their moisture, apparent density (DA), expansion index (IE), water absorption index (IAA), water solubility index (ISA), hardness and bulk density. The foods formulated with salmon flour at both moistures and with sardine flour at 17% humidity floated at 100%. The IE and DA values of food with salmon meal were like those of the commercial feed. Concluding that, the type of fishmeal used in the formulation of extruded foods influences the physicochemical properties of the product.

Apparent digestibility coefficients for amino acids of feed ingredients in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) diets

This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of essential (EAA) and non-essential (NEAA) amino acids of 13 ingredients for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) diets. Proteic and energetic ingredients were analyzed separately. The trial with energetic and proteic ingredients were arranged in a randomized block design, with four replicates: energetic ingredients (corn, wheat bran, broken rice, and sorghum) with four treatments, whereas proteic ingredients (corn gluten meal, soybean meal, poultry byproduct meal, salmon meal, fish meal [tilapia processing residue], wheat [...]

Growth, body composition, and distal intestine histology of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus in response to dietary inclusion of hydrolyzed salmon meal and pH adjustment

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to investigate the inclusion effect of hydrolyzed salmon meal (HSM) in combination with enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM) with or without pH adjustment to completely replace dietary FM on the growth, body composition, and the distal intestine condition of the fish. For that purpose, four experimental diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic and to contain 400 g kg−1 crude protein and 80 g kg−1 lipid. A reference diet contained 150 g kg−1 FM, 450 g kg−1 soybean meal (SBM), and 39.5 g kg−1 ESBM, and the second diet was formulated replacing FM with 190.6 g kg−1 ESBM. The third diet was produced by supplementing 40 g kg−1 hydrolyzed salmon meal (4% HSM) into the diet formulation at the expense of ESBM, and the fourth diet was produced similar with the third diet, but the pH of the diet was adjusted to match the value in the reference diet (4% HSMA). All test diets were supplemented with taurine at the level of 5 g kg−1. Diets were fed to apparent satiation to triplicate groups of Florida pompano juveniles (mean weight 11.88 ± 0.18 g). After 8 weeks of growth, there were no significant differences in the final weight, percentage weight gain, thermal growth coefficient, feed intake, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio in fish offered the various diets. Nor were significant differences observed in the dry matter composition of the fish in all treatments and only minor changes in the histomorphological of distal intestine as the FM was replaced by plant ingredients. Overall, the adjustment of pH level of the diet containing 4% HSMA did not have any significant effect on the growth and physiological function of fish compared to the group of fish fed with diet without pH adjustment.

Use of salmon by‐product meals as a replacement for anchovy meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

A series of trials were conducted with Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, to evaluate the efficiency of two salmon meals as compared to anchovy meal. The basal diet contained 200 g/kg anchovy meal, which was systematically replaced (0%, 50%, 75% and 100%) with salmon meal on an isonitrogenous basis. Another two diets were formulated with a hydrolysed salmon meal to replace 50% and 100% anchovy meal. Each diet was randomly fed to four replicate groups of 25 and 30 shrimp per tank in clear (indoor) and green (outdoor) water trials, respectively. The results showed that growth performance and feed conversion ratio were not statistically different when salmon meal replaced anchovy meal in both trials. However, when hydrolysed salmon meal was used to replace 100% of the anchovy meal, growth performance of the shrimp significantly decreased. The four kinds of fish meal (anchovy, salmon by-product meals and menhaden) were evaluated in an ingredient digestibility trial using the 70:30 replacement technique. In general, dry matter, energy, protein and individual amino acids digestibility of salmon meal were significantly higher than those of menhaden and anchovy meal. Results of this study demonstrated that salmon meals are a good protein sources which can replace anchovy meal.

Hydrolysed salmon meal as a replacement for salmon meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

A series of growth, feed stability and consumption trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of salmon by-product in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. This included a salmon by-product meal (Salmon meal: SM) and a silage hydrolysate (hydrolysed salmon meal: HSM). The basal diet containing 120 g/kg SM was incrementally replaced (0. 25, 50, 75, 100%) by HSM to produce five test diets used in two trials. A sixth diet was included which evaluated gelatin supplementation (trial 1) or pH neutralization (trial 2). In trial 1, each diet was produced using two processing conditions (laboratory extruded and formed with meat grinder) and offered to shrimp in a clear water system. The results demonstrate that up to 50% of the SM can be used to replace with HSM; however, further increases resulted in reduced performance of shrimp. The addition of gelatin reduced leaching but there was limited effect of processing on leaching. There were no detectible effects of pH adjustment of the diets. Results indicated that the growth performance of shrimp has not influenced by HSM up to 60 g/kg to replace 50% of the SM in practical diets; however, higher levels resulted in significant decrease in performance.

Feed preference and growth response of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei to supplementation of marine chemoattractants in a fishmeal‐challenged diet

AbstractThis study compared the feed preference and growth response of Litopenaeus vannamei to chemoattractants. A diet with 3% fishmeal was supplemented with either 3% salmon meal (POS), 3% soy protein concentrate (NEG), 3% krill meal (KRM), 3% squid meal (SQM), 3% shrimp head meal (SHM), 3% shrimp meal (SM), 3% squid liver meal (SLM), or 5% liquid sardine hydrolysate (SAH). Shrimp with a body weight (BW) of 0.99 ± 0.08 g were stocked at 100 animals/m2 in 56 tanks of 1 m3 and fed 10 times daily for 74 days. Feed preference was evaluated by feeding shrimp of 10.87 ± 1.82 g in excess twice a day for 10 days in two separate feeding trays allocated in 50 tanks of 0.5 m3. Survival reached 93.3 ± 5.80% and was unaffected by supplementation. Final BW was the highest for shrimp fed the KRM‐supplemented diet (11.97 ± 0.93 g), followed by POS (11.11 ± 0.77 g) and SQM (11.01 ± 1.17 g). Diets SHM, SM, SLM, and NEG showed a lower shrimp BW than POS, but were not statistically different among them. Shrimp fed the SAH diet achieved the lowest BW (10.06 ± 1.02 g). The highest gained yield was obtained with diets KRM and POS. No statistical difference was observed in shrimp yield among other diets. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was achieved with shrimp fed KRM (1.31 ± 0.05) when compared to diets SHM (1.47 ± 0.05), SAH (1.47 ± 0.07), and SLM (1.45 ± 0.17). Two‐by‐two comparisons indicated that shrimp preferred SHM and KRM, except when these were compared to SQM and SLM. No difference in feed preference was found between diets with SQM and SLM. SAH was the least preferred raw material in all comparisons. Results indicated that KRM acts as a powerful feeding effector and growth enhancer in fishmeal‐challenged diets for whiteleg shrimp. A dietary supplementation with 3% KRM is more effective than the same dose of any other chemoattractant evaluated.

Age and IQ Explained Working Memory Performance in a RCT with Fatty Fish in a Group of Forensic Inpatients.

To investigate the effect of a long-term fatty fish intervention on a pure cognitive mechanism important for self-regulation and mental health, i.e. working memory (WM), controlling for age and IQ. A randomized controlled trial. A forensic facility. Eighty-four young to middle aged male forensic inpatients with psychiatric disorders. Consumption of farmed salmon or control meal (meat) three times a week during 23 weeks. Performance on WM tasks, both accuracy and mean reaction time, were recorded pre and post intervention. Performance on a cognitive functioning tasks taxing WM seemed to be explained by age and IQ. Fatty fish consumption did not improve WM performance in a group of young to middle aged adults with mental health problems, as less impressionable factors such as aging and intelligence seemed to be the key components. The present study improves the knowledge concerning the interaction among nutrition, health and the aging process.

<b>Formulation of fish waste meal for human nutrition

This study aimed to elaborate and characterize meals containing waste from processing of tilapia, tuna, salmon and sardine for human consumption. Carcasses of tilapia and salmon, tuna torsos without fins and sardine tails were cooked, pressed, milled and dehydrated, resulting in waste meal. Greater protein (83.28%) and lower mineral matter (5.31%) were observed in tuna meal. Salmon meal presented greater content of lipids (18.81%) and sardine meal, lower content (3.98%). Tilapia meal presented greater mineral matter (37.66%), calcium (9.37%) and phosphorus (6.08%). Higher content of iron was observed in sardine and tuna meals. Higher amounts of fatty acids from n-3 series were found in salmon (53.71 g kg-1), sardine (47.46 g kg-1) and tuna (36.98 g kg-1). Concerning amino acids, glutamic acid showed greater proportion in all meals, followed by lysine, leucine, glycine and aspartic acid. All meals presented high biological and nutritional values and are regarded as important sources of calcium, phosphorus and iron.

Effect of Salmon Fish on Lipid Profile of Male and Female Albino Rats

Increased serum lipid levels are associated with the increased risk of many metabolic disorders including cardio vascular disease (CVD), obesity and diabetes mellitus. The objective of the current study was to determine whether feeding salmon diet with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) will alter serum lipid profile in male and female rats after three months of feeding. Although many studies have focused on the role of salmon fish on human health the results remain controversial. Consequently, the question of whether or not salmon fish are beneficial or harmful to lipid profile remains unresolved. Male and female Wistar albino rats were used in the present study. Each sex was randomly divided into two groups (n= 20 per group).Control group: fed on the rodent diet AIN-93G which was recommended by the American Institute of Nutrition for growth, pregnancy and lactation. Salmon diet treated group: each rat was fed individually on cooked salmon fish diet 0.34 ـــ 0.69 gm/ rat which is equivalent to 200 gm / 70 kg human body weight then were all given AIN-93G diet ad-libitumfor three months. At the end of the experimental period the results showed that compared to the control group salmon diet significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) and significantly increased serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) level however no effects were detected on serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), glucose, insulin and body weight in male rats. Also in female rats salmon diet significantly decreased serum levels of TC and TG but no effect on HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, insulin and body weight was observed. These results suggest that salmon meal play a protective role from cardio vascular disease (CVD) by decreasing lipid profile.

UV-C Radiation as a Factor Reducing Microbiological Contamination of Fish Meal

Fish meals, added to feeds as a source of protein, may contain pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, effective methods for their sanitizing, such as UV-C radiation, are needed to minimize the epidemiological risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of UV-C radiation on the sanitary state of fish meals. The research materials included salmon and cod meals. Samples of the fish meals were inoculated with suspensions of Salmonella, E. coli, enterococci, and C. sporogenes spores and exposed to the following surface UV-C fluencies: 0–400 J·m−2 for bacteria and 0–5000 J·m−2 for spores. For the vegetative forms, the highest theoretical lethal UV-C dose, ranging from 670.99 to 688.36 J·m−2 depending on the meal type, was determined for Salmonella. The lowest UV-C fluency of 363.34–363.95 J·m−2 was needed for the inactivation of Enterococcus spp. Spores were considerably more resistant, and the UV-C doses necessary for inactivation were 159571.1 J·m−2 in salmon meal and 66836.9 J·m−2 in cod meal. The application of UV-C radiation for the sanitization of fish meals proved to be a relatively effective method for vegetative forms of bacteria but was practically ineffective for spores.

The effects of varying the percentage of herring versus salmon protein in manufactured diets on the survival, meat content, hepatosomatic index and meat sensory quality of adult red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus held in captivity

The current study investigates whether it is possible to increase the meat content of captive king crab by feeding manufactured diets in which the protein component consisted of varying percentages of either ‘herring’ or ‘salmon’ meal (the total protein content in the diet remained at approximately 50% regardless of the protein source). The latter has been shown to be a cheaper and more accessible source of dietary protein in Norway. A 9week trial was undertaken with groups of king crabs held in 12 land-based holding tanks and fed the Nofima manufactured king crab diet. The protein composition of the experimental diets varied with 0, 25, 50 and 100% salmon meal replacing the respective percentage of herring meal in diets 1–4 respectively. An initial, 4week and final 9week census were conducted to measure the average meat content and mortality of the experimental crabs. The hepatopancreas body index and sensory samples were also collected at the final census. The results showed that at the conclusion of the experiment there were no significant differences in the percentage meat content in the crabs fed the various diets (Diet 1: 50.1%, Diet 2: 50.0%; Diet: 3 45.3%; and Diet 4: 43.4%). On average there was a 1% increase in meat content per week during the experiment. There were no significant differences in the hepatopancreas body index, or in taste quality between crabs fed the different feeds during the experiment, or between king crabs that were fed the artificial diets and those collected from the wild at the conclusion of the experiment. The results of the experiment show it is possible to maintain, and enhance, the meat content of king crab held in captivity for periods up to 9weeks using the Nofima manufactured diet on a commercial scale. Secondly, the Nofima manufactured diet can replace herring meal, which has been used previously, with the cheaper salmon meal, without significant loss in meat gain, or sensory quality in the resulting king crabs.

Evaluación del crecimiento del pulpo común Octopus mimus del norte de Chile alimentado con dietas formuladas

The growth and survival of juvenile octopus, Octopus mimus, from northern Chile, fed three different diets were analyze during 57 days. Two of the diets (A and B) were wet diets stuffed in lamb gut with a gelatin solution, and the third (C) was a natural control. Diet (A) was a mixture of chopped fish meat (Cheilodactylus variegatus) and pellets of salmon meal; diet B was made up of clam (Protothaca thaca) mixed with C. variegatus meat; and diet (C) (control) consisted of fresh frozen clams. The experimental design was based on repetitive measures; the octopuses were supported individually 70-L tanks, with constant sea water circulation and aeration. The octopuses fed diet B did not registred mortality, whereas those fed the control (diet C) presented a mortality of 16.7%. Growth rates were similar (P > 0.05) for these two groups, with absolute growth rates (AGR) of 7.0 ± 0.91 (g d -1 ) and 6.6 ± 1.10 (g d -1 ), respectively. The octopuses fed diet A had a mortality of 33.3% and an AGR of -1.70 ± 0.37 (g d -1 ). Diet A, which contained pellets of ground salmon meal, was not well-accepted, and the weight of the octopuses in this group declined. Diet B, prepared with gelatin from animal origins, was no less palatable or acceptable than the control diet of fresh frozen clams, and the individuals in these two groups showed similar growth. These results will allow us to improve the nutritional quality of artificial diets in order to maximize the growth of O. mimus in captivity.

Evaluacion del crecimiento del pulpo comun Octopus mimus del norte de Chile alimentado con dietas formuladas

Durante 57 dias se comparo el crecimiento y sobreviviencia de pulpos juveniles Octopus mimus del norte de Chile alimentados con tres diferentes dietas: dos dietas humedas (A y B) aglutinadas con solucion de gelatina embutidas en tripa de cordero y una dieta control (C) natural. La dieta (A) fue elaborada en base a una mezcla de filete triturado del pescado Cheilodactylus variegatus con harina de pellet para salmon, la dieta (B) con pasta de almeja ( Protothaca thaca ) mezclada con filete de Ch. variegatus y la dieta control consistio en el suministro de almejas frescas congeladas (C). Basado en un diseno experimental de medidas repetidas, los pulpos se mantuvieron individualmente en estanques de 70 L con circulacion de agua de mar y aireacion permanente. Los pulpos que consumieron la dieta B no experimentaron mortalidad y la dieta control C presento mortalidad del 16,7%, sus crecimiento fueron similares ( P > 0,05) con tasas de crecimiento absoluta (AGR) de 7,0 ± 0,91 (g d -1 ) y 6,6 ± 1,10 (g d -1 ) respectivamente. Los pulpos alimentados con la dieta A registraron mortalidad de 33,3% y tasa de crecimiento absoluta negativa, AGR= -1,70 ± 0,37 (g d -1 ). La dieta A que contenia como ingrediente pellet para salmon molido como harina no tuvo una adecuada aceptacion y los ejemplares experimentaron disminucion de su peso. La dieta B preparada con gelatina de origen animal como aglutinante, no implico un efecto negativo en la palatabilidad y aceptabilidad en comparacion al control basada en almeja fresca congelada, incluso los organismos lograron crecimientos similares. Los resultados permitiran a futuro mejorar la calidad nutricional de dietas artificiales para maximizar el crecimiento de O. mimus en cautiverio.

Likelihood of buying healthy convenience food: An at-home testing procedure for ready-to-heat meals

The aim of this study is to determine drivers of consumers’ likelihood of buying healthy convenience meals. Convenience meals, like hamburger, pizza and other fast food meals are often perceived as unhealthy food choices, and previous studies have stated different drivers of convenience and healthy food choices.In this study, a new concept of a complete and healthy ready-to-heat (RTH) meal was developed and tested in an at-home study in Norway. Since previous at-home testing of meals has been conducted on products like soup and lasagne, we adapted a new procedure for at-home testing of more complex meals.Based on an extensive literature review of factors previously found to influence consumers’ healthy food choice, a model was developed and tested by multifactor ANOVA and multiple regression. The results indicate that the likelihood of buying healthy convenience food is first of all affected by overall liking of the meal, which is affected by liking of sensory specific product attributes like appearance, flavour, and odour. Effects of socio-demographic factors are found to be product dependent. Gender, age, education, as well as the interaction between health orientation and age, education and age, and education and overall liking influence consumers’ likelihood of buying the salmon meal, while no significant socio-demographic drivers are found for the chicken meal.

Evaluating the Effects of Formulated Moist Diets on Juveniles of Patagonian OctopusEnteroctopus megalocyathus(Gould 1852)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Patagonian octopus fed with moist diets formulated with several local feed ingredients. All formulated diets were based on crab paste (70%) and the experimental feed ingredient (30%). Experiment 1 assayed salmon meal, prime sardine meal, and wheat gluten, using fresh fish as a control; experiment 2 assayed prime fish meal and macroalgal meal against crab paste alone as a control. The ingestion rate was lower than expected for all diets except those of fresh fish, crab paste alone, and crab paste plus prime sardine meal. No significant differences were found in the observed digestibility of the diets, indicating, in general, low digestibility, even for fresh fish. The highest protease values were observed for crab paste plus prime sardine meal in both experiments. The better growth of Enteroctopus. megalocyathus was obtained when these were fed fresh fish, which was associated with the greater consumption observed in this diet, as neither the digestibility nor the enzymatic activities of the hepatopancreas were related to this greater growth.

사료원료에 대한 넙치 Paralichthys olivaceus 소화율 평가

The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and energy in white fishmeal, herring meal, anchovy meal, salmon meal, sardine meal, mackerel meal, squid meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal and wheat flour were determined for olive flounder. Digestibility coefficients were determined using a reference diet and test diets that contained 70% of the reference diet mixture and 30% test ingredients. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as a digestibility indicator. The fish averaging 220 g were held in 500 L tanks at a density of 20 fish per tank. Feces were collected from three replicated groups of fish using a fecal collection column attached to a fish-rearing tank. The apparent dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility coefficient values observed were in the ranges 29-79%, 59-95% and 45-91%, respectively, for various test ingredients. The apparent dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility of white fishmeal, herring meal, anchovy meal, salmon meal, sardine meal, mackerel meal and squid meal were significantly higher than those of soybean meal, corn gluten meal and wheat flour.

Chemical Characterization of Testes Meals Made from Alaska's Seafood Processing Byproducts

ABSTRACT Our objective was to produce a unique feed ingredient from underutilized walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) testes. Protein content in meals from both species (72% and 80%, respectively) were above the values found in high quality herring meals (∼70%), but both were poor in some essential amino acids, e.g., methionine. Additionally, both were good sources of the amino acid taurine (1.7 and 2.2% of meal, respectively). Pollock meal was very rich in phospholipids (82% of total lipids) and in DHA (28 mg/g meal) and EPA (18 mg/g meal), indicating potential as an ingredient in larval starter diets. The purine contents in both pollock and salmon testes meals were more than 10 times the concentrations found in other fish byproducts or commercial fishmeals. The high concentrations of purines found in these testes, especially in the salmon meal, make it an ideal candidate for an immune system stimulant when added to dietary formulations.

Fish meals, fish components, and fish protein hydrolysates as potential ingredients in pet foods

An experiment to determine the chemical composition and protein quality of 13 fish substrates (pollock by-products, n = 5; fish protein hydrolysates, n = 5; and fish meals, n = 3) was conducted. Two of these substrates, salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) and salmon meal with crushed bones (SMB), were used to determine their palatability as components of dog diets. Pollock by-products differed in concentrations of CP, crude fat, and total AA by 71, 79, and 71%, respectively, and GE by 4.1 kcal/g. Fish protein hydrolysates and fish meals were less variable (approximately 18, 14, and 17%, and 1.4 kcal/g, respectively). Biogenic amine concentrations were much higher in fish protein hydrolysates as compared with pollock by-products and fish meals. Pollock liver and viscera had the highest total fatty acid concentrations; however, red salmon hydrolysate and SMB had the highest total PUFA concentrations (49.63 and 48.60 mg/g, respectively). Salmon protein hydrolysate had the highest protein solubility in 0.2% KOH. Based on calculations using immobilized digestive enzyme assay values, lysine digestibility of fish meal substrates was comparable to in vivo cecectomized rooster assay values and averaged approximately 90.3%. Also, pollock milt, pollock viscera, red salmon hydrolysate, and sole hydrolysate had comparable values as assessed by immobilized digestive enzyme assay and rooster assays. A chick protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay compared SMB and SPH to a whole egg meal control and showed that SMB had high protein quality (PER = 3.5), whereas SPH had poor protein quality (PER value less than 1.5). However, using whole egg meal as the reference protein, both fish substrates were found to be good protein sources with an essential AA index of 1.0 and 0.9 for SMB and SPH, respectively. In the dog palatability experiments, a chicken-based control diet and 2 diets containing 10% of either SPH or SMB were tested. Dogs consumed more of the SPH diet compared with the control, and similar amounts of the SMB and control diets. The intake ratios for each were 0.73 and 0.52, respectively. Salmon protein hydrolysate was especially palatable to dogs. These data suggest that chemical composition and nutritional quality of fish substrates differ greatly and are affected by the specific part of the fish used to prepare fish meals and fish protein hydrolysates.

Comparison of the Nutritional Quality of Fish Meals Made from By-products of the Alaska Fishing Industry in Diets for Pacific Threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis)

The nutritional quality of 13 commercial fish meals (10 from pollock, two from salmon, and one from cod) made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry was determined in diets for the marine fish Pacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis. Pelleted feeds were manufactured containing these meals as complete replacement of a low-temperature processed Norwegian fish meal (control). These feeds were fed to triplicate tanks of fish at the facilities of the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii for a period of 9 wk. At the end of the trial, the final weight, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and survival data were subjected to ANOVA procedures. The performance parameters of the fish fed the white fish meals (pollock and cod) were not significantly different from the control. Of the two salmon meals, one promoted good growth and efficiency and one did not. It is concluded that the nutritional quality of Alaska white (pollock and cod) fish meals is equivalent to that of the low-temperature Norwegian fish meal and are of suitable quality for inclusion in commercial feeds for Pacific threadfin.