Analysis Of Sales Data Research Articles

Chance and design in proinsecticide discovery.

Many insecticides are inactive on their target sites in the form that is sold and applied, needing first to be bioactivated. This proinsecticide strategy has often been achieved by design, through systematic derivatization of intrinsically active molecules with protecting groups that mask their toxic effects until their selective removal in target insects by metabolic enzymes generates the toxiphore. Proinsecticides can be designed to gain selectivity between target and non-target organisms, or to improve bioavailability by enhancing plant or insect uptake. In most cases, however, chance trumps design in proinsecticide discovery: most first-in-class products that we now know to be proinsecticides were only discovered a posteriori to be such, often after having been on the market for years. Knowing the active form of an insecticide is essential to mode of action identification, and early mode of action studies on novel chemotypes should take into account the possibility that the compounds might be proinsecticides. This paper reviews examples of proinsecticides in the marketplace, strategies for making proinsecticides and techniques for unmasking proinsecticides in mode of action studies. Our analysis of global agrochemical sales data shows that 34% of the dollar value of crop insecticides used in 2015 were proinsecticides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Healthy Concessions: High School Students' Responses to Healthy Concession Stand Changes.

A previous sales data analysis demonstrated success in selling healthier items at a concession stand. Questions remained regarding student satisfaction and whether the intervention reached non-health-conscious students. Cross-sectional anonymous samples of students at a large midwestern high school were surveyed before and after an intervention improved the number of healthier items available at the concession stand. The survey was completed by 301 students preintervention and 314 students postintervention. Satisfaction remained good (3.7 preintervention and 3.6 postintervention). Satisfaction with the variety and taste of foods increased. We compared students who felt having healthy items were important at the concessions to those who did not. Overall satisfaction with concessions did not differ between groups. The latter group (healthy items not important) reported improved satisfaction with food variety (2.8 to 3.1, p = .02) and the former reported improved satisfaction with healthy foods (2.5 to 2.9, p = .03) and overall taste (3.2 to 3.4, p = .02). Of the healthy items not important students 76% reported purchasing at least 1 new healthier food. Adding healthier foods to school concession stands has positive effects on student satisfaction, sales, and reaches all students whether or not they care about having healthy items available.

Stated in-flight service preferences for short to medium-haul air trips

This contribution adds recent empirical findings on airline passengers' preference structures, putting emphasis on the European short and medium-range leisure flight market. The conducted choice experiments specifically tackled the trade-off between the catering service levels and possible variations of air fares. Based on a segmentation of the continental leisure air market, ternary and binary choice situations – with/without consideration of the status quo offering - were created. Choice-based conjoint measurement and discrete choice analysis were deployed as evaluation techniques. The underlying data was generated by two waves of stated preference surveys of slightly varying questionnaire design. The results include new empirical evidence on part-worths and willingness-to-pay of airline passengers; analysis of onboard sales data and extensive choice experiments; choice-based conjoint measurement and discrete choice analysis; and a new compensatory choice model for the up-selling probability of in-flight services.

Stated in-flight service preferences for short to medium-haul air trips

This contribution adds recent empirical findings on airline passengers' preference structures, putting emphasis on the European short and medium-range leisure flight market. The conducted choice experiments specifically tackled the trade-off between the catering service levels and possible variations of air fares. Based on a segmentation of the continental leisure air market, ternary and binary choice situations – with/without consideration of the status quo offering - were created. Choice-based conjoint measurement and discrete choice analysis were deployed as evaluation techniques. The underlying data was generated by two waves of stated preference surveys of slightly varying questionnaire design. The results include new empirical evidence on part-worths and willingness-to-pay of airline passengers; analysis of onboard sales data and extensive choice experiments; choice-based conjoint measurement and discrete choice analysis; and a new compensatory choice model for the up-selling probability of in-flight services.

The Impact of Crunchy Wednesdays on Happy Meal Fruit Orders: Analysis of Sales Data in France, 2009–2013

ObjectiveBeginning in September, 2010, all McDonald's restaurants in France offered free fruit with every Happy Meal sold on the first Wednesday of the month. Sales data were used to determine the impact of free fruit promotion on the proportion of regular Happy Meal fruit desserts sold. MethodsTrend analyses examined the proportion of fruit desserts for 2009–2013. Analyses also compared fruit orders on Crunchy Wednesdays with other weekdays. ResultsHappy Meal fruit desserts rose from 14.5% in 2010 to 18.0% in 2011 and to 19.4% in 2013 (P < .001). More Happy Meal fruit desserts were ordered on Crunchy Wednesdays compared with other weekdays (P < .001). Orders of cherry tomato sides and water as a beverage on Crunchy Wednesdays were unaffected. Conclusions and ImplicationsBased on sales transactions data across multiple years, this study provides evidence of the long-term effectiveness of menu promotions aimed at increasing children's consumption of vegetables and fruit.

Pharmaceutical expenditure on drugs for rare diseases in Canada: a historical (2007-13) and prospective (2014-18) MIDAS sales data analysis.

BackgroundHealth Canada has defined rare diseases as life-threatening, seriously debilitating, or serious chronic conditions affecting a very small number of patients (~1 in 2,000 persons). An estimated 9 % of Canadians suffer from a rare disease. Drugs treating rare diseases (DRDs) are also known as orphan drugs. While Canada is currently developing an orphan drug framework, in the United States (US), the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983 established incentives for the development of orphan drugs.This study measured total annual expenditure of orphan drugs in Canada (2007–13) and estimated future (2014–18) orphan drug expenditure.MethodsOrphan drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US were used as a proxy for the orphan drug landscape in Canada. Branded, orphan drugs approved by the FDA between 1983 through 2013 were identified (N = 356 unique products). Only US orphan drugs with the same orphan indication(s) approved in Canada were included in the analysis. Adjustment via an indication factoring was applied to products with both orphan and non-orphan indications using available data sources to isolate orphan-indication sales. The IMS Health MIDAS database of audited biopharmaceutical sales was utilized to measure total orphan drug expenditure, calculated annually from 2007–2013 and evaluated as a proportion of total annual pharmaceutical drug expenditure (adjusted to 2014 CAD).ResultsBetween 2007 and 2013, expenditure was measured for a final N = 147 orphan drugs. Orphan drug expenditure totaled $610.2 million (M) in 2007 and $1,100.0 M in 2013, representing 3.3– 5.6 % of total Canadian pharmaceutical drug expenditure in 2007–2013, respectively. Future trend analysis suggests orphan drug expenditure will remain under 6 % of total expenditure in 2014–18.ConclusionsWhile the number of available orphan drugs and associated expenditure increased over time, access remains an issue, and from the perspectives of society and equity, overall spending on orphan drugs is lower relative to the number of patients affected with an orphan disease in Canada. The overall budget impact of orphan drugs is small and fairly stable relative to total pharmaceutical expenditure. Concerns that growth in orphan drug expenditure may lead to unsustainable drug expenditure do not appear to be justified.

Component end-of-life management: Exploring opportunities and related benefits of remanufacturing and functional recycling

Over the past few decades, concerns about resource scarcity along with interest in resource efficiency have become part of the societal discourse. Many companies and research entities have documented efforts to increase resource efficiency with improved management of product end-of-life (EoL) and more specifically, with remanufacturing (reuse) and improved recycling. This paper does something complementary; it presents a case study of a multi-national component manufacturer (the company) and one its main product types, low-alloyed steel components that are utilized in a myriad of applications and industries. Although the company knows that its products are generally recycled and sometimes remanufactured (by its own operations), it wanted to know more about the downstream material flows and related loss of material and function. Using material flow analysis (MFA), simplified LCA and analysis of company sales data, downstream material flows of the components were mapped out and potential environmental benefits related to remanufacturing and recycling were quantified. Results show that there are large differences in the amount of material needed and global warming potential (GWP) incurred depending on what end-users chose to do with the components at EoL. Unsurprisingly, remanufacturing and functional recycling (recycling to alloyed steel) are shown to result in great reductions with regard to both material efficiency and global warming. Notably, many of the EoL components end up in mixed scrap and later, carbon steel, where the function of the alloying elements (Ni, Mo, Cr, Mn) is lost. Combined MFA–LCA results indicate that replacing these lost alloying elements make up a tangible part of the component's total contribution to global warming. Finally, the analysis of company sales data and remanufacturing preferences indicate that there is a large potential to remanufacture more. In total, findings indicate that the limits of “feasible” remanufacturing have not been reached. They also show that dedicated recycling of even low-alloyed steel components into alloyed steel rather than carbon steel could yield tangible environmental gains.

Economic Assessment of Access Management Projects in the Houston, Texas, Region

The goal of the access management study of the Houston–Galveston Area Council in Texas, was to examine the effects of recommended improvements before, during, and after project implementation in three areas: operations (traffic flow, intersection delay, and corridor delay), safety (crash frequency, crash rates, and comparisons with state averages), and economic (comparison of taxable sales receipts and control for other economic factors occurring during those times). This paper focuses on an economic assessment that was not addressed by previous studies and on local concerns about the economic impacts of access management. This economic evaluation methodology focused on collection and analysis of taxable sales data to examine possible changes in business activity before, during, and after any implemented access management improvements for various classes of businesses in the corridor study areas. Three corridors, consisting of principal arterials in a large urban area with retail and residential development, were studied. The trends from the three corridors studied suggested that business sales increased at a greater rate along these corridors than in the adjacent control zip code analysis zone. The data showed that overall economic activity in the three corridors was not negatively affected by the implementation of access management. Although confounding factors (Hurricanes Rita and Ike and the economic recession of 2007 to 2009) were in play in an examination of economic impacts during these types of projects, the results of this evaluation indicated that corridor economic activity typically remained steady, and in many cases, increased after access management projects were implemented.

Reducing Prescriptions of Long-Acting Benzodiazepine Drugs in Denmark: A Descriptive Analysis of Nationwide Prescriptions during a 10-Year Period.

Prolonged consumption of benzodiazepine drugs (BZD) and benzodiazepine receptor agonists (zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone; altogether Z drugs) is related to potential physiological and psychological dependence along with other adverse effects. This study aimed to analyse the prescribing of long-acting BZD (half-life >10 hr), compared to short-acting BZD in Denmark during a 10-year period. Descriptive analysis of total sales data from the Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics, to individuals in the primary healthcare sector, of all BZD and Z drugs in the period of 2003-2013. Prescription data derive from all community and hospital pharmacies in Denmark. The prescribing of long-acting BZD was reduced from 25.8 defined daily doses (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day in 2003 to 8.8 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 2013, a relative reduction of 66%. The prescribing of short-acting BZD was reduced from 26.1 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 2003 to 16.4 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day in 2013, a relative reduction of 37%. Prescription data in this study did not include information about indications for initiating treatments. In addition, due to compliance problems, some of the prescribed drugs may not have been consumed according to the prescription. The observed reduction in BZD use was correlated to the introduction of new national guidelines on prescription of addictive drugs, but this study was not designed to detect a causal relationship. The prescribing of long-acting BZD decreased considerably more than the prescribing of short-acting BZD in the 10-year period.

Drug sales data analysis for outbreak detection of infectious diseases: a systematic literature review.

BackgroundThis systematic literature review aimed to summarize evidence for the added value of drug sales data analysis for the surveillance of infectious diseases.MethodsA search for relevant publications was conducted in Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus and Lilacs databases. Retrieved studies were evaluated in terms of objectives, diseases studied, data sources, methodologies and performance for real-time surveillance. Most studies compared drug sales data to reference surveillance data using correlation measurements or indicators of outbreak detection performance (sensitivity, specificity, timeliness of the detection).ResultsWe screened 3266 articles and included 27 in the review. Most studies focused on acute respiratory and gastroenteritis infections. Nineteen studies retrospectively compared drug sales data to reference clinical data, and significant correlations were observed in 17 of them. Four studies found that over-the-counter drug sales preceded clinical data in terms of incidence increase. Five studies developed and evaluated statistical algorithms for selecting drug groups to monitor specific diseases. Another three studies developed models to predict incidence increase from drug sales.ConclusionsDrug sales data analyses appear to be a useful tool for surveillance of gastrointestinal and respiratory disease, and OTC drugs have the potential for early outbreak detection. Their utility remains to be investigated for other diseases, in particular those poorly surveyed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0604-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data

Antibiotic drug consumption is a major driver of antibiotic resistance. Variations in antibiotic resistance across countries are attributable, in part, to different volumes and patterns for antibiotic consumption. We aimed to assess variations in consumption to assist monitoring of the rise of resistance and development of rational-use policies and to provide a baseline for future assessment. With use of sales data for retail and hospital pharmacies from the IMS Health MIDAS database, we reviewed trends for consumption of standard units of antibiotics between 2000 and 2010 for 71 countries. We used compound annual growth rates to assess temporal differences in consumption for each country and Fourier series and regression methods to assess seasonal differences in consumption in 63 of the countries. Between 2000 and 2010, consumption of antibiotic drugs increased by 36% (from 54 083 964 813 standard units to 73 620 748 816 standard units). Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa accounted for 76% of this increase. In most countries, antibiotic consumption varied significantly with season. There was increased consumption of carbapenems (45%) and polymixins (13%), two last-resort classes of antibiotic drugs. The rise of antibiotic consumption and the increase in use of last-resort antibiotic drugs raises serious concerns for public health. Appropriate use of antibiotics in developing countries should be encouraged. However, to prevent a striking rise in resistance in low-income and middle-income countries with large populations and to preserve antibiotic efficacy worldwide, programmes that promote rational use through coordinated efforts by the international community should be a priority. US Department of Homeland Security, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, US National Institutes of Health, Princeton Grand Challenges Program.

Practical Application of Motion Charts in Insurance

In this paper we explore how motion charts, a novel, dynamic and interactive data visualization tool that is suitable for multivariate, temporal data sets, facilitate the analysis of sales data in an insurance context. We demonstrate that motion charts are a useful tool to visualize the efficiency of an insurance product portfolio as they allow the interactive exploration of many aspects of the sales data and facilitate the visualization of relationships, patterns, outliers and trends.

Tesla: Anatomy of a Run-Up Value Creation or Investor Sentiment?

This paper presents a detailed anatomy of the nearly sevenfold run-up in the price of Tesla stock between March 22, 2013 and February 26, 2014 with the goal of attempting to determine the role played by investor sentiment. Tesla offers a unique opportunity in this context because the run-up was on the order of magnitude experienced by some of the most volatile technology stocks, but Tesla operates in an industry, automotive manufacturing, and a potential industry, battery construction, that are mature and are populated by established competitors. This makes it possible to construct discounted cash flow valuation models that are anchored on established fundamentals. On the basis of these models, in conjunction with a detailed event study and analysis of institutional stock holdings and short sales data, we conclude that the run-up cannot be explained as a rational reaction to fundamental information. Instead, we conclude that at the end of the run-up the stock was overvalued by approximately 150 percent. In our view, the case study provides support for Summers assertion the price and rational value can diverge significantly for prolonged periods of time.

Estimating the budget impact of orphan drugs in Sweden and France 2013–2020

BackgroundThe growth in expenditure on orphan medicinal products (OMP) across Europe has been identified as a concern. Estimates of future expenditure in Europe have suggested that OMPs could account for a significant proportion of total pharmaceutical expenditure in some countries, but few of these forecasts have been well validated. This analysis aims to establish a robust forecast of the future budget impact of OMPs on the healthcare systems in Sweden and France.MethodsA dynamic forecasting model was created to estimate the budget impact of OMPs in Sweden and France between 2013 and 2020. The model used historical data on OMP designation and approval rates to predict the number of new OMPs coming to the market. Average OMP sales were estimated for each year post-launch by regression analysis of historical sales data. Total forecast sales were compared with expected sales of all pharmaceuticals in each country to quantify the relative budget impact.ResultsThe model predicts that by 2020, 152 OMPs will have marketing authorization in Europe. The base case OMP budget impacts are forecast to grow from 2.7% in Sweden and 3.2% in France of total drug expenditure in 2013 to 4.1% in Sweden and 4.9% in France by 2020. The principal driver of expenditure growth is the number of new OMPs obtaining OMP designation. This is tempered by the slowing success rate for new approvals and the loss of intellectual property protection on existing orphan medicines. Given the forward-looking nature of the analysis, uncertainty exists around model parameters and sensitivity analysis found peak year budget impact varying between 2% and 11%.ConclusionThe budget impact of OMPs in Sweden and France is likely to remain sustainable over time and a relatively small proportion of total pharmaceutical expenditure. This forecast could be affected by changes in the success rate for OMP approvals, average cost of OMPs, and the type of companies developing OMPs.

Newsboy Problem: Viability of Optimal Initial Selling Price and Ordering Policies in the Presence of Exogenous Price Decline and Random Lead Time

Analysis of empirical sales data lead us to consider newsboy model for four practical market conditions arising from the presence/absence of stochastic lead time and exogenous linear temporal decline in selling price when distribution of the stochastic demand depends upon initial selling price. Viability of the solutions is discussed for three strategies of obtaining optimal initial selling price and/or ordering quantity. Numerical studies are conducted to assess the effects of lead time and price decline.

Characterization and analysis of sales data for the semiconductor market: An expert system approach

Chip purchasing policies of the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) of laptop computers are characterized by similarity measures and probabilistic rules. Our main goal is to build an expert system for predicting purchasing behavior in the semiconductor market. The probabilistic rules and similarity measures are extracted from data of products bought by the OEMs in the semiconductor market over twenty quarters. We present the data collected and different qualitative data mining approaches to analyze and extract rules from the data that best characterize the purchasing behavior of the OEMs. Our analysis of the similar product selection shows that there are two main groups of OEMs buying similar products. Using our probabilistic rules, we obtain an average score of approximately 95% reconstructing quarterly data for a one year window.

Explanatory Business Analytics in OLAP

In this paper the authors describe a method to integrate explanatory business analytics in OLAP information systems. This method supports the discovery of exceptional values in OLAP data and the explanation of such values by giving their underlying causes. OLAP applications offer a support tool for business analysts and accountants in analyzing financial data because of the availability of different views and managerial reporting facilities. The purpose of the methods and algorithms presented here, is to extend OLAP applications with more powerful analysis and reporting functions. The authors describe how exceptional values at any level in the data, can be automatically detected by statistical models. Secondly, a generic model for diagnosis of atypical values is realized in the OLAP context. By applying it, a full explanation tree of causes at successive levels can be generated. If the tree is too large, the analyst can use appropriate filtering measures to prune the tree to a manageable size. This methodology has a wide range of applications such as interfirm comparison, analysis of sales data and the analysis of any other data that possess a multi-dimensional hierarchical structure. The method is demonstrated in a case study on financial data.

Product Prioritization Matrix A Strategic Tool, to plan Brand Promotion Priority for optimized business growth

Indian Pharmaceutical Market has remained consistently progressive over the decade. The two major contributing parameters of the Industry doctors and patients, were also increasing in numbers and thus adding to the growth of the industry. Due to this continuous growth character of the Industry, the Industry has always remained one of the most attractive business sectors. New players continue to enter the market while the old and existing pharmaceutical companies consolidate their respective business simultaneously. Therefore, Indian Pharmaceutical Market (IPM) is also one of the most competitive market cluttered with too many players (more than six hundred registered pharmaceutical companies) and represented by too branded generic products. The main criterion of success in business in IPM is not just overall sales turnover growth but how to achieve sales growth higher than the market sales growth and at the same time ensure increasing profitability. Intellectual Property Rights were introduced since January 2005, however all most all generic molecules have significant number of participants, with very few patented formulation available in the market, at present. In such a market condition one would necessarily require sharper focus for effective execution. Therefore one would essentially require developing long term and short-term strategic marketing action plan for facilitating effective implementation. To formulate effective strategy one would require studying the market dynamics critically and then develop the required strategy based on the individual organization strengths and weakness. Based on medical doctors prescription habit analysis and particular pharmaceutical marketing company product wise sales data analysis, in this article we have discussed how an unique strategy formulation tool Product Prioritization Matrix (PPM) can be developed, which can be effectively used for strategic product portfolio planning and management. Effective application of PPM would result in faster sales growth and optimize organization profitability.

Getting a Grip on the Saddle: Chasms or Cycles

The saddle is a sudden, sustained, and deep drop in sales of a new product, after a period of rapid growth following takeoff, followed by a gradual recovery to the former peak. This paper tests for the generalizability of the saddle across products and countries and for three rival explanations: chasms in adopter segments, business cycles, and technological cycles. The authors model both boundary points of the saddle: start of the sales drop and recovery to the initial peak, using split-population models. Empirical analysis of historical sales data from 10 products across 19 countries shows that the saddle is fairly pervasive. The onset of the saddle occurs in 148 product-country combinations. On average, the saddle occurs 9 years post-takeoff, at a mean penetration of 30%, lasting for 8 years with a 29% drop in sales at its depth. Results support explanations of chasms and technological cycles for information/entertainment products and business cycles and technological cycles for kitchen/laundry products. The authors discuss findings, contributions, and implications.

Datawarehouse Sebagai Alat Penunjang Pengambil Keputusan Bisnis dalam Analisis Penjualan: Studi Kasus pada Bagian Penjualan PT XYZ

Datawarehouse as a business decision support tool for sales data analysis functions to assist the sales department in making daily decisions. PT XYZ often experiences problems in analyzing its sales data, such as can not identify the highest sales areas and the total highest number of sales. The purpose of this study is to analyze and design a decision support tool which is appropriate to the needs of the sales of PT.XYZ. The design of systems uses object-oriented approach while database design uses data warehouse method. Any result obtained from this study is a design a data warehouse that can be used to assist the sales department to create sales decisions everyday. The designed decision-making system based on data warehouse can help the sales department in their daily activities.